Cellular respiration is the process by which organisms break down food molecules and release energy stored in chemical bonds. It occurs in the mitochondria and involves three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and yields some ATP. If oxygen is present, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain produce much more ATP through aerobic respiration. If oxygen is absent, fermentation allows glycolysis to continue by producing lactic acid or ethanol. Overall, cellular respiration releases energy from nutrients through breakdown and oxidation to fuel cellular functions and produce 36-38 ATP molecules. [/SUMMARY]
9 - Metabolism and Transfering Energy - Part TwoAhmad V.Kashani
سلولهای زنده برای انجام بسیاری از وظایف خود به انتقال انرژی از منابع خارجی نیاز دارند. همه ارگانیسمها باید از طریق فتوسنتز و تنفس سلولی این انرژی را از مولکول های آلی موجود درغذا بدست آورند. تنفس با استفاده از اکسیژن و تولید ATP، باعث شکستن این سوخت میشود. مواد زائد این نوع تنفس، دی اکسید کربن و آب، مواد اولیه فتوسنتز هستند. در این اسلاید، من سعی می کنم چگونگی برداشت سلولها از انرژی ذخیره شده در مولکولهای آلی و استفاده از آن برای تولید ATP از طریق تنفس سلولی را توضیح دهم.
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Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks. All organism need to obtain this energy from organic molecules of food through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Respiration breaks this fuel down, using oxygen and generating ATP. The waste products of this type of respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are the raw materials for photosynthesis. In this slide, I try to explain how cells harvest this energy stored in organic molecules and used it to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
9 - Metabolism and Transfering Energy - Part TwoAhmad V.Kashani
سلولهای زنده برای انجام بسیاری از وظایف خود به انتقال انرژی از منابع خارجی نیاز دارند. همه ارگانیسمها باید از طریق فتوسنتز و تنفس سلولی این انرژی را از مولکول های آلی موجود درغذا بدست آورند. تنفس با استفاده از اکسیژن و تولید ATP، باعث شکستن این سوخت میشود. مواد زائد این نوع تنفس، دی اکسید کربن و آب، مواد اولیه فتوسنتز هستند. در این اسلاید، من سعی می کنم چگونگی برداشت سلولها از انرژی ذخیره شده در مولکولهای آلی و استفاده از آن برای تولید ATP از طریق تنفس سلولی را توضیح دهم.
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Living cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources to perform their many tasks. All organism need to obtain this energy from organic molecules of food through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Respiration breaks this fuel down, using oxygen and generating ATP. The waste products of this type of respiration, carbon dioxide and water, are the raw materials for photosynthesis. In this slide, I try to explain how cells harvest this energy stored in organic molecules and used it to generate ATP through cellular respiration.
Define what is respiration
Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
Explain the 4 main stages of aerobic respiration
Explain the process of fermentation
This ppt covers all the basic and important points of chapter respiration in higher plants .
It will help to revise all the important concepts and points of this chapter quickly .
As this is one of the most important and long chapter of plant physiology so se, concised it into short to make easy to ready.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Define what is respiration
Differentiate aerobic from anaerobic respiration
Explain the 4 main stages of aerobic respiration
Explain the process of fermentation
This ppt covers all the basic and important points of chapter respiration in higher plants .
It will help to revise all the important concepts and points of this chapter quickly .
As this is one of the most important and long chapter of plant physiology so se, concised it into short to make easy to ready.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. What is Cellular Respiration?
• The process in which organisms take
molecules broken down from food and
release the chemical energy stored in the
chemical bonds of those molecules.
• It’s important to remember that food is not
the direct source of energy.
3. • The energy that is released from chemical
bonds during cellular respiration is stored
in molecules of ATP.
4. What types of organisms undergo
cellular respiration?
• While only autotrophs undergo
photosynthesis both
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
AND
Undergo cellular respiration.
5. What types of molecules are
broken down?
• Any food (organic)
molecule, or nutrient,
including carbohydrates,
fats/lipids, and proteins
can be processed and
broken down as a source
of energy to produce
ATP.
6. What will the ATP be used for?
• ATP will release energy for cellular
metabolic processes.
• Examples:
1) Active transport of molecules across the cell
membrane.
2) Protein synthesis
3) Muscle contractions
7. Cellular Respiration Simple
Equation
Nutrients + Oxygen Water + Energy (ATP) + Carbon Dioxide
Photosynthesis Simple
Equation
Water + Carbon Dioxide + Energy (sunlight) Nutrients + Oxygen
8. Cellular Respiration and
Photosynthesis
• Notice that the cellular respiration equation
is the breakdown of those molecules made
through photosynthesis and that it also
uses the waste products of
photosynthesis.
• Notice that photosynthesis uses those
products made by cellular respiration.
• This is representative of a cycle.
9. The Cellular Respiration Equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP)
Glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water
10. Biochemical Pathway
• Cellular Respiration is a biochemical
pathway just like photosynthesis in which
each step (chemical reaction) of the
process is dependent on the products of
the previous step.
• The cellular respiration equation
represents many steps that have taken
place.
11. • Overall, cellular respiration is a process
that is aerobic. Aerobic means that it
requires the presence of oxygen.
• Some steps within the process of cellular
respiration do not require the presence of
oxygen and are therefore anaerobic.
12. Where does cellular respiration
occur?
• Cellular respiration takes place in the
mitochondria of the eukaryotic cell.
• Recall that the mitochondria is considered
to be the “powerhouse” of the cell because
it produces the majority of a cell’s ATP.
13. Label the Parts of the Mitochondria
• Many similarities exist
between the chloroplast
and the mitochondria
• Mitochondria has a
double membrane
• Mitochondria have their
own DNA and only come
from preexisting
mitochondria.
14. •Mitochondria have a
smooth outer membrane
•Mitochondria have a
folded inner-membrane
called the cristae. A
folded inner membrane
allows more surface area
for chemical reactions to
occur.
•Mitochondria have a
center called the matrix.
16. Glucose
For the sake of simplicity (as it is in
photosynthesis), glucose is used as the
example for cellular respiration.
Remember that many different types of
organic molecules are broken down
through cellular respiration.
17. Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration breaks down into these
major steps.
1. Glycolysis (anaerobic)
2. Krebs Cycle (aerobic)
3. Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)
18. Energy Carriers Found in Cellular
Respiration
• ATP
• NADH (similar to NADPH in photosynthesis)
• FADH2
19. Glycolysis
• Glycolysis is an anaerobic step in the
cellular respiration pathway therefore it
doesn’t require oxygen.
• Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of
the cell and is a series of reaction using
enzymes.
20. Glycolysis
• Glycolysis is the splitting of a molecule of
glucose.
• The products of glycolysis are broken
down in the mitochondria to make more
ATP
21. What are the products of
glycolysis?
• When a molecule of glucose is split,
pyruvic acid, NADH, and ATP are
produced.
• Glycolysis makes 4 molecules of ATP but
it takes 2 molecules of ATP for the
reaction to occur. Therefore Glycolysis
yields a net of 2 ATP molecules.
22. What moves on to the next Stage?
• Pyruvic acid is the main goal of glycolysis
and these molecules will move on to the
Krebs Cycle.
• Pyruvic Acid Krebs Cycle
• NADH ETC
• ATP Usable Energy
23. After Glycolysis What Happens?
Glycolysis
If O2 is present
If O2 is not present
Fermentation Krebs Cycle
Aerobic Respiration
25. Pre-Krebs Cycle
(Acetyl- CoA)
• Before pyruvic acid enters the Krebs
Cycle, it combines with an enzyme called
Coenzyme A (CoA).
• This reaction produces a molecule of
Acetyl CoA.
• Acetyl CoA is a molecule produced by
almost all nutrients (carb., protein, lipids)
before entering the Krebs cycle.
26. Pathway to the Krebs Cycle
(citric acid cycle)
Glycolysis
Pyruvic Acid
Acetyl CoA
Krebs Cycle
27. Krebs Cycle
(Citric Acid Cycle)
• Named after Hans
Krebs who won the
Nobel Prize for the
pathway he
discovered in cellular
respiration.
28. Krebs Cycle
• Cyclical series of oxidation reactions that
give off CO2 and produce one ATP per cycle
• Requires Oxygen (Aerobic)
• Turns twice per glucose molecule (produces
1 ATP per turn).
• Produces two ATP
• Takes place in matrix of mitochondria
29. Krebs Cycle
• Acetyl CoA (formed from Pyruvic Acid)
combines with a four-carbon molecule to
make a molecule of citric acid.
• Citric acid is broken down in several steps
providing the energy to make NADH,
FADH2, , ATP.
32. Krebs Cycle Product Summary
• 2 ATP Usable energy
• NADH Goes to ETC
• FADH2 Goes to ETC
• CO2 Byproduct
33. The Electron Transport Chain
• The ETC is a series of proteins located in the
mitochondrial membrane.
• It uses high energy electrons from the NADH
and FADH2 provided by the Krebs Cycle to
move H+(protons) across the concentration
gradient.
• These protons pass back down the
concentration gradient through ATP synthase to
form ATP. Very much like the ETC in the light
reactions of photosynthesis.
34. ETC
• Oxygen is used as the final electron
acceptor at the end of the ETC.
• Oxygen receives electrons and
H+(hydrogen ions) and produces a
molecule of water.
40. What happens to the products of
glycolysis when O2 isn’t present?
41. Fermentation
• Breathing provides
enough oxygen for
your body to carry out
normal activities.
• When you are
conducting a high
level of activity,
breathing doesn’t
supply enough air for
your cell’s activities.
42. • If oxygen is not present, the products of
glycolysis (pyruvic acid and NADH) will
enter an alternative process called
fermentation.
• Fermentation provides enough ATP and
recycles NADH into NAD+ so that
glycolysis may continue until more oxygen
becomes available.
44. Two Types of Fermentation
• Lactic Acid
• Alcoholic
45. Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Occurs in muscle cells in the body.
• Lactic acid is a waste product of
fermentation that will build up and cause
your muscles to “burn” during hard
exercise.
46. Lactic Acid Fermentation
• Lactic acid
fermentation also
occurs in some
bacteria and molds.
• Waste products of the
fermentation process
give cheese different
flavors.
• Yogurt is another
product of lactic acid
fermentation.
47. Alcoholic Fermentation
• Alcoholic fermentation is a process used
by many yeasts and plants.
• Also uses the products of glycolysis
(NADH and pyruvic acid) to provide
enough NAD+ and ATP for glycolysis to
continue.
49. Fermentation
• Bacteria that rely upon fermentation play a
very important role in digestive systems of
animals.
• They breakdown molecules by taking
undigested material for their needs.
• Without these bacteria we’d be unable to
fully digest food.
50. Questions
1. What is the real benefit of fermentation?
2. What is the cellular respiration equation?
3. What factor determines the pathway that
pyruvic acid takes after leaving glycolysis?
4. What is the importance of cellular respiration to
us?
5. Explain how cellular respiration complements
photosynthesis.
6. What is the ultimate end product of cellular
respiration?