4. Metabolism p 101 Anabolism  Synthesis Energy transferred commonly measured in calories: 1 cal =  1 g of H 2 O by 1 ° C 1 Kcal =  temp. of 1L H 2 O by 1 o C. = Calorie (capital C) Energy released in catabolic reactions is trapped in 1) Phosphate bonds 2) Electrons Catabolism  Energy

5. Metabolic pathways: Network of interconnected chemical reactions Linear pathway Circular pathway Branched pathway Intermediates

8. ATP = Energy Carrier of Cell (not very useful for energy storage) ATP : ADP ratio determines status of ATP synthesis reactions ATP Cycle

10. The Steps of Glycolysis Net gain?

11. Pyruvate has 2 Possible Fates: Anaerobic catabolism: Pyruvate Lactate Aerobic catabolism: Pyruvate Citric Acid Cycle

13. Energy Yield of Krebs Cycle See Fig. 4-24 NADH NADH NADH FADH 2

16. Cellular Respiration Maximum potential yield for aerobic glucose metabolism: 30-32 ATP synthesized from ADP H 2 O is a byproduct Summary of CHO catabolism

19. Synthetic Pathways Unit molecules Macromolecules Polysaccharides Lipids DNA Protein nutrients & energy required Anabolic reactions synthesize large biomolecules Glucose Amino Acids

21. Protein Synthesis Proteins are necessary for cell functions Protein synthesis is under nuclear direction  DNA specifies Proteins DNA mRNA Protein ? ?

25. mRNA Processing (Fig. 4-33)

26. Protein synthesis fig 4-27

27. Translation mRNA is translated into string of aa (= polypeptide) mRNA + ribosomes + tRNA meet in cytoplasm Anticodon pairs with mRNA codon  aa determined Amino acids are linked via peptide bond. 2 important components ??

28. Fig 4-34 Primary Structure