Carbohydrates are the important organic compounds of the cell, which are the main source of energy of body. They consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen which are found in the ratio of 1:2:1. General formula of the carbohydrate is CnH2n or (CH2O)n chemically. Carbohydrate are the aldehyde or ketone derivatives of the polyhydric alcohols.

1. CARBOHYDRATE
By
KAUSHAL KUMAR SAHU
Assistant Professor (Ad Hoc)
Department of Biotechnology
Govt. Digvijay Autonomous P. G. College
Raj-Nandgaon ( C. G. )

2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 CLASSIFICATION
 STRUCTURE
 FUNCTION
 PROPERTIES

3. INTRODUCTION
 Carbohydrates are the important organic
compounds of the cell, which are the main
source of energy of body.
 They consist of carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen which are found in the ratio of
1:2:1.
 General formula of the carbohydrate is
CnH2n or (CH2O)n chemically.
 Carbohydrate are the aldehyde or ketone
derivatives of the polyhydric alcohols.

4. CLASSIFICATION OF
CARBOHYDRATE

5. carbohydrate
Monosaccharid
Functio
nal
group
No. of
carbon
atoms
oligosaccharid
diasacc
harids
reducin
g
Non-
reducing
trisacc
harids
tetrasa
ccharid
polysaccharid
homop
olysacc
harid
hetropo
lysacch
arid

6. INTRODUCTION OF
MONOSACCHARIDS
 The simplest of the carbohydrate the
monosaccharids are either aldehydes or
ketos with two or more hydroxyl group.
 They have the general formula
Cn(H2O)n and they cannot be further
hydrolysed.
 Example – glucose and fructose.

7. SUBDIVISION OF
MANOSACCHARIDS
 FUNCTIONAL GROUP
a. Aldoses ( -CHO)
b. Ketoses ( -C=0)
 NO. OF CARBON ATOMS
a. Trioses (C3H6O3)
b. Tetroses (C4H8O4)
c. Pentoses (C5H10O5)
d. Hexoses (C6H12O6)
e. Heptoses (C7H14O7)

8. Erythroses
(tetroses)
Glyceraldehyde
(trioses)
Riboses
(pentose)

9. Sedoheptulos
(heptose)
Glucose
(hexoses)

10. MONOSACCHARIDE
STRUCTURAL ASPECTS
 SterEochemistry is the study of
arrangement of atom in thREE
dimensional space.
 SterEoismerEs are the compound that
same Structural formula but differ in
their spatial configuration.

11. GLYCERALDEHYDE-THE
REFERENCE
CARBOHYDRATE
 Glyceraldehyde (trioses) is the simplest
monosaccharide with one asymmetric
carbon atom.
 It exists as two steroisomers and has
been chose as the reference
carbohydrate to represent the structure
of all other carbohydrate.

12. D-AND L-ISOMERS
 The D and L isomers are mirror images
of each other.
 The spatial orientation of -H and
-OH group on the carbon atom.

13. L -
glyceraldehyde
D -
glyceraldehyde

14. OPTICAL ACTIVITY OF
SUGARS
 Optical activity is a characteristics
feature of compounds with asymmetric
carbon atom.
 The term dextrorotatory(+)and
levorotatory(-)are used to compounds
that respectively rotate the plane of
polarized light to the right or to the left.

15. CONFIGURATION OF D-
ALDOSES
 The configuration of possible D-aldoses
starting from D-glyceraldehyde is
depicted in.This is representation of
killiani fischer projection.

16. STRUCTURE OF FISCHER PROJECTION

17. CONFIGURATION OF D-
KETOSES
 Starting from dihydroxyacetone
(triose),there are five keto-sugar are
physiologically important.
D-xyluloseDihydroxyacetone

18. D-ribulose
D-sedoheptulose
D-fructose

19. EPIMER
 If two monosaccharide differ from each
other in their configuration around a
single specific carbon atom.
 They are referred to as epimer to each
other for instance glucose and
galactose are epimer.

20. D-mannoseD-glucose
D-galactose

21. ENANTIOMERS
 Enantiomers are a special type of
stereoisomers that are mirror images of
each other.
 The two members are designated as D-
and L-sugar.

23. PROPERTIES OF
MONOSACCARIDE
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES – It is
colourless , sweet tasting ,soluble in
water.
 Exit in different isomeric forms.

24. TAUTOMERIZATION OR
ENOLIZATION

25. REDUCING PROPERTIES
a.Reducing sugar
b.Non reducing sugar

26. OXIDATION

27. REDUCTION

28. DEHYDRATION

29. glucose
OSAZONE FORMATION
glucosazoneglucohydrazone

30. FUNCTION OF
MONOSACCHARIDE
 Used as food by animals.
 Glactose and fructose are converted into
glucose by liver.
 During respiration.
 In all animals ,fat and amino acid are
formed from glucose.
 Constituent of agar –agar.
 Glucose is blood sugar

31. INTRODUCTION OF
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
 Oligosaccharide are formed by
condensation of a few monosaccharides
unit(2-10).
 The unit are linked through on oxygen
brige know as GLYCOSIDE BOND.

32. Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

33. CLASSIFICATION OF
OLIGOSACCHARIDE
 Disaccharides
a.Reducing (maltose)
b.Non Reducing (sucrose)
 Trisaccharide (raphinos)
 Tetreasaccharide (stachyouse)

35. PROPERTIES:-
 Oligosaccharide is a colourless
crystalline,solide.
 Found in glycoside bond.
 Reducing and Non Reducing agent.
 Monosaccharide joined by glycosidie
bond.

36. FUNCTION OF
OLIGISACCHARIDE
 It is an storage product.
 It used in sweets, drink etc.
 They are used in the production of
transparent soap.
 Sucrose is used for the synthesis of
oxalic acid.

37. INTRODUCTION OF
POLYSACCHARIDE
 Polysaccharide (simple glycans)consist
of monosaccharide or their derivatives
held together by glycosidic bond.

38. CLASSIFICATION OF
POLYSACCHARIDE
 Homopolysaccharide (starch,celluose)
 Heteropolysaccharide
(mucopolysaccharide,hyaluronic acid)

39. Some homopolysaccharide are
stored from of fuel
 EXAMPLE:-
STARCH:-Starch is a homopolymer
composed of D-glucose unit held by α-
glycosidic bond.

41. GLYCOGEN
 Glucose is the unit is glycogen joined
together by α(1→4)glycosidic bond and
(1→6)glycosidic bond at branching
point.

42. HETROPOLYSACCHARID
 Hetropolysacchraids contain two or
more different kinds

43. EXAMPLE
 Mucopolysaccharid – these are found in
combination with protein to form muco
protein or mucoids or prototeoglycons.

44.  Hyaluronic acid – it is composed of
alternate unit of D-glucuronic acid and
N-acelty , D – glucosamine. These two
molecule form disaccharid unit held
together by β (1→3) glycosidic bond.

45. PROPERTIIES
 They are tasteless and colourless.
 Insoluble in water ,alcohol and ether.
 Some polysaccharide from colloidal
solution.
 Molecular weight is high.
 Easily hydrolyzed into their
monosaccharide unit.

46. FUNCTION
 Polysaccharide serve as stored fuel.
 They consist of D – glucose with
( 1→4) linkage and all three contain
some branches.
 The homopolysaccharides cellulose,
chitin and dextrans serve structural role.

47. REFERENCES
 Medical Biochemistry,3rd edition
chaterge & Sidhu.
 Lehninger principle of biochem 5th
edition david L.Nelson &michal n.cox.
 Biochem 3rd edition,dr.Satyanarayan
&Dr.Chakrapani.
 J.L.Jain,Sunjay Jain,Nitin Jain,6th
revised and enalarged eddition.