Nutrient Cycles
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The document discusses nutrient cycles at multiple levels - within ecosystems, globally, and how they interconnect. At the ecosystem level, nutrients cycle between living organisms and non-living components like soil, water and atmosphere through various processes. Globally, nutrient loss from one ecosystem becomes a gain for others, and the cycling of elements like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and water occur at the planetary scale through the biosphere, atmosphere and lithosphere. Human activities are increasingly impacting global nutrient cycles.
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The document discusses the greenhouse effect and its causes and impacts. It begins by defining a greenhouse as a structure for growing plants and traces the history of greenhouses back to Roman times. It then explains that the greenhouse effect occurs naturally, trapping heat from the sun within the atmosphere due to greenhouse gases like water vapor and CO2. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased CO2 levels and are enhancing the greenhouse effect, causing the planet to warm. Some impacts of this global warming include melting ice caps and rising sea levels, changes to weather and ecosystems, and threats to human health.
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โข Gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally
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โข Still, gains and losses from outside of the ecosystem are generally small when compared to the rate at which nutrients are cycled within the system.
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There are three main biogeochemical cycles - the hydrologic, gaseous, and sedimentary cycles. The sedimentary cycle involves mineral elements being obtained initially from inorganic sources in the soil and occurring as dissolved salts. The phosphorus cycle begins with phosphorus contained in sedimentary rocks in the form of apatite, which weathers into the soil where plants uptake it. Phosphorus then moves through the food chain and sometimes aquatic systems before settling in sediments or being lost to leaching. The sulfur cycle involves sulfur being found in rocks underground and ocean sediments, moving between organic and inorganic forms through microbial processes, and cycling through the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.
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1) Nutrient cycling involves the movement of elements like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and water through biotic and abiotic components of the biosphere.
2) There are two main types of nutrient cycles - gaseous cycles like carbon and nitrogen that occur globally in the atmosphere, and sedimentary cycles like phosphorus that tend to accumulate in sediments.
3) Nutrient cycles can operate globally, with gases circulating worldwide, or locally within ecosystems, with nutrients like phosphorus and calcium cycling within soils. Photosynthesis and respiration drive the global carbon cycle, while nitrogen is transformed between chemical forms by both biological and non-biological processes.
Energy flow in ecosystems
1) Energy from the sun is captured by producers like plants through photosynthesis and converted into chemical energy stored in organic molecules. 2) Primary consumers, like herbivores, obtain this energy by consuming producers. Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. 3) Energy is lost at each trophic level, with only about 10% transferred between levels. This limits the length of food chains and the number of organisms an ecosystem can support.
Ecosystem Concepts
The document defines ecology as the scientific study of the interaction between living organisms and their environment. It discusses key concepts in ecology like ecosystems, biotic and abiotic components, energy flow, nutrient cycling, and trophic structure. Some key types of ecosystems mentioned are forests, grasslands, deserts, aquatic, urban, and agricultural ecosystems.
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This document outlines the syllabus and important concepts for the Ecology & Ecosystems unit. It covers topics like introduction to ecology, ecosystem structure and function, components of ecosystems including producers, consumers, and decomposers. It also discusses biogeochemical cycles like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, etc. and energy flow within ecosystems. Other topics covered are food chains, ecological pyramids, and different ecosystem types. The document provides definitions and explanations of key terminology used in ecology. It also includes important questions related to the syllabus.
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This presentation is all about the Terrestrial Biome..made for Environmental Science Students.This came from different authors which I browsed from the net..Hope this will help=)
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The document discusses extinction and biodiversity loss. It defines extinction as occurring when the last member of a species dies. The passenger pigeon is provided as an example, with the last one dying alone in a zoo in 1914 after the species was already functionally extinct in the wild. Major causes of extinction discussed include habitat degradation and destruction from human activities like pollution, climate change, and overpopulation. Statistics are given on current extinction rates from human impacts being 1500 times the natural rate, with many species projected to be lost in the coming centuries if trends continue. The major impacts of biodiversity loss on human concerns like medicine, agriculture, ecosystem services, and moral obligations are also briefly touched on.
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The document discusses the greenhouse effect and its causes and impacts. It begins by defining a greenhouse as a structure for growing plants and traces the history of greenhouses back to Roman times. It then explains that the greenhouse effect occurs naturally, trapping heat from the sun within the atmosphere due to greenhouse gases like water vapor and CO2. However, human activities like burning fossil fuels have increased CO2 levels and are enhancing the greenhouse effect, causing the planet to warm. Some impacts of this global warming include melting ice caps and rising sea levels, changes to weather and ecosystems, and threats to human health.
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intro, climate , location, types, soil and its adaptation , animal and its its adaptations, plants and its adaptations , impact of human,suggestions.
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Biogeochemical cycles
โข Nutrient cycles referred to as biogeochemical cycles
โข Gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally
โข Less mobile elements, including phosphorous, cycle on a more local level
โข Still, gains and losses from outside of the ecosystem are generally small when compared to the rate at which nutrients are cycled within the system.
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Biogeochemical cycles describe the cycling of essential nutrients like carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur between the biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components of ecosystems. Energy from the sun drives these cycles as nutrients are exchanged between organisms, water, air, soil, and rock. Humans have disrupted natural biogeochemical cycles through activities like burning fossil fuels, clearing vegetation, using fertilizers, and pollution, which has contributed to issues like climate change and algal blooms.
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Unit 5, Lesson 5.6- Nutrient Cycles
Lesson Outline:
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GCSE Biology Nutrient cycle
The document discusses nutrient and carbon cycling in the environment. It provides information about decomposers such as bacteria and fungi that break down dead materials and wastes from organisms. Decomposers recycle nutrients back into the environment by breaking down biodegradable wastes and dead organisms, making the nutrients available to producers through decomposition. The document also mentions the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers in nutrient cycling and the carbon cycle.
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I apologize, upon reviewing the document I do not see any clear questions or statements that can be summarized in 3 sentences or less. The document appears to be providing information about various nutrient cycles but does not contain a conclusion or main point that can be briefly summarized.
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The document discusses biogeochemical cycles and how they sustain life on Earth. It describes the water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycles. For each cycle it outlines how nutrients flow through the cycle and the impact of human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation and industry. These activities alter the natural cycles by withdrawing or adding excess nutrients, polluting sources, and contributing to climate change. The document also discusses the Gaia hypothesis that life on Earth influences or controls its life-sustaining processes through biogeochemical cycles.
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B sc micro, biotech, biochem i es u 4 biogeochemicalcycles
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles, which describe the movement of chemical elements through the biosphere, lithosphere, atmosphere, and hydrosphere. It specifically examines the carbon, water, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, and sulfur cycles. Each cycle involves the movement of an element through various pools and fluxes between the biotic and abiotic components of Earth, driven by both physical and biological processes. Human activities have significantly impacted these natural cycles through activities like burning fossil fuels, agriculture, deforestation, and industrialization. Maintaining the natural biogeochemical cycles is essential for sustaining life on Earth.
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foodchain
The sun provides energy to plants through photosynthesis. Primary consumers like mice obtain about 10% of the energy by eating plants, and secondary consumers like owls obtain around 5% of the energy by preying on primary consumers, with the rest of the energy lost or transferred through the food chain. Upon death, secondary consumers decompose into fungi which continue the nutrient cycle.
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Nutrient cycles occur at both the local ecosystem level and global level. At the local level, nutrient cycling involves the biota, while at the global level it involves geological processes and atmospheric circulation. The carbon, nitrogen, water, and phosphorus cycles are some of the major nutrient cycles. Carbon and nitrogen circulate between the biotic world and abiotic reservoirs like the atmosphere and oceans through various processes like photosynthesis, respiration, nitrogen fixation, and denitrification. On a global scale, these nutrient cycles regulate the transport and transformation of nutrients between ecosystems and link all life on Earth.
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Nutrient cycles occur at both the local ecosystem level through biological processes, and the global level through geological processes and atmospheric circulation. Key nutrients like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle through biotic and abiotic compartments of ecosystems, including organisms, soils, atmosphere, and oceans. At the global scale, the hydrosphere and atmosphere drive the water cycle, while carbon and nitrogen cycle through oceans, soils, atmosphere, and biosphere. Human activities are altering global nutrient cycles, such as through the large amounts of nitrogen added to ecosystems from fossil fuel combustion.
microbial cycling p3ANutrientCycling.ppt
Nutrient cycles occur at both the local ecosystem level through biological processes, and the global level through geological processes and atmospheric circulation. Key nutrients like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle through biotic and abiotic compartments of ecosystems, including organisms, soils, atmosphere, and oceans. At the global scale, the hydrosphere and atmosphere drive the water cycle, while carbon and nitrogen cycle through oceans, soils, atmosphere, and biosphere. Human activities are altering global nutrient cycles, such as through the addition of nitrogen to ecosystems from fossil fuel combustion.
Carbon cycle
Microorganisms play an important role in biogeochemical cycles such as the carbon and oxygen cycles. The carbon cycle involves the exchange of carbon between the biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere. Microbes are responsible for decomposing organic matter into carbon dioxide through aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Different groups of microbes cycle carbon under aerobic and anaerobic conditions through processes like photosynthesis, methane production, and carbon monoxide oxidation. The oxygen cycle similarly involves microbes that use oxygen during respiration and cyanobacteria that produce oxygen through photosynthesis, maintaining an equilibrium between oxygen production and consumption on Earth.
biogeochemical cycle
This document discusses biogeochemical cycles, specifically the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles. It defines biogeochemical cycles as pathways by which chemical substances move between biotic and abiotic parts of Earth. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation, ammonification, assimilation, nitrification, and denitrification to transform nitrogen between its various forms. The phosphorus cycle is slower than other cycles and does not involve the atmosphere. Phosphorus cycles between rocks, soil, organisms, and sediments.
Biogeochemistry 303
1. Biogeochemistry is the study of the cycles of chemical elements like carbon and nitrogen through biological and geological systems over space and time. Key cycles include the carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles.
2. These biogeochemical cycles involve the movement of elements between living and non-living components of the Earth system, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere.
3. Microbes play an important role in transforming elements between their various chemical forms and facilitating their movement between different Earth reservoirs as part of these global element cycles.
Biogeochemical Cycle
The document discusses biogeochemical cycles, which describe how chemical elements move through biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems. It describes several important cycles, including the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles. The carbon and nitrogen cycles involve gaseous forms and are considered closed or perfect cycles. The sulfur and phosphorus cycles are sedimentary and imperfect, as elements are eventually deposited as sediments. Biogeochemical cycles sustain life by recycling essential elements and maintaining chemical balances in ecosystems.
BIO GEOCHEMICAL CYCLES.pptx
The document summarizes several biogeochemical cycles. It describes the carbon, nitrogen, water, and sulfur cycles. For each cycle it explains the sources, pathways, and how elements are exchanged between living organisms and the environment. It also discusses some human impacts such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, fertilizer use, and industrial emissions which can disrupt the natural cycling of these elements.
Presentation on biogeochemical cycles 2
The document summarizes key aspects of the nitrogen and phosphorus biogeochemical cycles. It defines biogeochemical cycles and describes the major types. It then provides details on the nitrogen cycle, including its ecological and biological functions, the processes of nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification. It also discusses how human activities have influenced the nitrogen cycle through increased nitrogen fixation and emissions. Similarly, it outlines the phosphorus cycle, its functions, processes, and how human overuse of phosphorus fertilizers has polluted bodies of water and harmed ecosystems.
NUTRIENT CYCLING IN NATURE.pptx
The document discusses several nutrient cycles that are important for plant growth. It focuses on the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles. The carbon cycle describes how carbon is exchanged between the atmosphere, organisms, oceans, and geologic reservoirs through processes like photosynthesis, respiration, and rock weathering. The nitrogen cycle explains how nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere into usable forms through lightning, industrial processes, and symbiotic bacteria. These fixed nitrogen sources are then incorporated into living tissues and recycled through the decomposition of organisms.
Biogiochemical cycle ppt
The biogeochemical cycle involves the movement of nutrients between living organisms and their non-living environment. This includes gaseous cycles like the carbon and nitrogen cycles, as well as sedimentary cycles involving phosphorus and sulfur. The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, organisms, oceans, soils, rocks and fossil fuels. Photosynthesis captures carbon from the air and incorporates it into organic molecules, while respiration and combustion release carbon back into the atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and deforestation have increased carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere.
Biological cycles
This document discusses biogeochemical cycles, which involve the movement of elements through organisms and the environment. It provides examples of major biogeochemical cycles including the water cycle, carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, and oxygen cycle. It also discusses how these cycles are essential to ecosystems and influence human health, such as through nitrate accumulation in drinking water.
The Cycle Of Life1
The document discusses the carbon and nitrogen cycles. The carbon cycle involves carbon dioxide being absorbed by plants through photosynthesis and released through respiration and decay. Carbon is also stored long-term in fossil fuels, limestone, and other carbonate rocks. The nitrogen cycle similarly involves nitrogen being fixed from the atmosphere by lightning and bacteria, entering ecosystems, and being released through decay. Both cycles are impacted by human activities like fossil fuel use and fertilizer production.
Nutrient Cycle.pptx
The document describes several nutrient cycles that are important for life. It discusses the nitrogen cycle in depth, explaining the key processes of fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification that convert nitrogen between its various gaseous, mineral, ionic, and organic forms. It also briefly outlines the carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, and hydrologic cycles. The nitrogen cycle is critical as it makes nitrogen available to living things in forms they can use to build DNA, RNA, proteins, chlorophyll, and other essential biomolecules.
Biogeo cycles
Biomes are characterized by abiotic factors like climate and soil type, as well as biotic factors such as the plants and animals present. The document discusses the carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen cycles, noting that oxygen is released during photosynthesis and taken up during respiration by autotrophs and heterotrophs. All oxygen in the atmosphere comes from photosynthesis, and it took autotrophs like cyanobacteria around 2 billion years to increase atmospheric oxygen levels to the current 21%.
Bio Cycling
Matter cycles through ecosystems in biogeochemical cycles. The water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles are especially important. In the water cycle, water moves between the atmosphere, land, and oceans through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. In nutrient cycles, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are used by organisms and recycled through the environment. The availability of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus can limit primary productivity in ecosystems. Human activities like burning fossil fuels and excessive fertilizer use impact nutrient cycles globally.
Cycling of materials in ecosystem
1) Carbon, water, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycle through ecosystems, with organisms using these elements and releasing them back into the nonliving environment through processes like respiration, decomposition, and erosion.
2) The water cycle involves water evaporating from plants and surfaces, condensing in the atmosphere, and falling as precipitation before infiltrating the ground and flowing into rivers and oceans.
3) In the carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and enters animals when they eat plants or each other, and it is released back through respiration and decomposition.
L-10-C Cycle.pptx
1. Carbon dioxide is incorporated into organic compounds by autotrophs through photosynthesis and chemosynthesis. These compounds provide nutrients for heterotrophs.
2. Upon death, heterotrophs decompose organic matter and release carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere, completing the carbon cycle.
3. Carbon is also removed from the cycle when it is incorporated into calcium carbonate and fossil fuels. The carbon cycle is essential for life and involves the exchange of carbon between living organisms and the nonliving environment.
Organisms and Environment - Part I
This document discusses key concepts related to organisms and their environments. It defines environment as the sum of all external biotic and abiotic factors affecting an organism. It also defines important ecological terms like ecosystem, habitat, and ecological niche. The document outlines the components of ecosystems, including biotic factors like producers, consumers, and decomposers and abiotic factors like climate and soil. It discusses ecosystem structure and patterns, productivity, nutrient cycles, ecological succession, and ecosystem services. Finally, it covers some environmental issues like agricultural chemicals, biomagnification, solid waste management, and global warming.
Ppt on Biogeochemical Cycle USacademy.in
The document provides information about various biological cycles including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon cycles. It discusses:
1) The stages of the nitrogen cycle including nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification. Nitrogen is transformed between different reservoirs and made usable by organisms.
2) The oxygen cycle moves oxygen between the atmosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere. Oxygen is released during photosynthesis and used in respiration and other processes.
3) The carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon between the atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and pedosphere in elemental and combined states. Carbon is recycled through different carbon reservoirs on Earth.
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The document discusses organizational development and different types of organizational structures. It outlines the key characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of line, line and staff, and matrix organizations. It then discusses important principles of organization, including consideration of objectives, division of work, delegation of authority, parity of responsibility and authority, span of control, unity of command, coordination, efficiency, separation of line and staff functions, consideration of policies and procedures, job groupings, flexibility, communication, and balance. Finally, it outlines the steps in organizational development, including defining objectives, listing activities, determining structure, securing personnel, considering resources, preparing and implementing the organization, and conducting periodic audits.
Information and Communication Technology
ICT refers to technologies used to transmit, store, create, display, share or exchange information electronically. This includes technologies like radio, TV, phones, computers, and services like videoconferencing and email.
Information technology is the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.
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Junhel C. Dalanon is a dentist and holds a Doctor of Dental Medicine degree as well as a Master of Arts in Teaching degree. He provides dental care services and has advanced training to effectively teach patients about oral health and proper dental hygiene practices. Dr. Dalanon is dedicated to helping improve patients' oral health through preventative care, restorative procedures, and health education.
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Saint Blaise was a physician and bishop of Sebastea who was martyred by being beaten with iron combs and beheaded. He is the patron saint of wool combers and is associated with blessing throats on February 3rd. Saint Catherine of Alexandria was a Christian martyr and scholar who was tortured on a spiked wheel and beheaded. Saint Christopher is venerated by Catholics and Orthodox as a martyr killed under Roman emperor Decius, though the details of his life are uncertain.
Levels Of Reverence
The document discusses the different levels of reverence offered in Christianity. Latria refers to the supreme honor and worship due to God alone. Dulia refers to the honor and veneration given to the saints and angels but is distinct from and lesser than Latria. A further distinction is made between Dulia, the honor given to persons, and the honor given to inanimate objects associated with them. The Blessed Virgin Mary is given a special veneration called Hyperdulia, which is higher than Dulia but still less than Latria reserved for God.
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This document discusses the immense sorrow experienced by Mary, the mother of Jesus, throughout key events in his life according to the Christian gospels. It describes Mary's grief at Jesus' presentation at the temple when Simeon prophesied his suffering, her fear and hardship when the family fled to Egypt to escape Herod, her panic and three days of searching when Jesus went missing at age 12, her anguish witnessing his condemnation and crucifixion, and her mourning upon his death and burial. The document aims to convey the depth of Mary's sorrow and suffering as Jesus' mother and encourage reflection on one's own sins which cause her pain.
Water & Soil Conservation
Water is essential for life and makes up most of the Earth's surface and living things. It is involved in critical processes like transporting nutrients and regulating temperatures. However, water quality and availability are threatened by pollution, erosion, and improper land management. Conservation practices that protect soil and water resources, like crop rotation, terracing, and limiting runoff, are needed to ensure sustainable access to fresh water.
Sun
The Sun is a star located at the center of the Solar System. It contains over 99% of the mass of the entire Solar System. The Sun is composed primarily of hydrogen and helium and has a diameter of approximately 1.4 million km. It emits light and heat energy that supports life on Earth and is the dominant factor in Earth's climate and weather.
Telescopes
The document discusses different types of telescopes and factors that impact their performance. It describes how the size of a telescope's aperture impacts its light-gathering power and angular resolution. Larger telescopes are able to see fainter objects but the atmosphere limits resolution to around 1 arcsecond. Techniques like adaptive optics and interferometry are discussed as ways to overcome atmospheric limitations and achieve higher resolutions than single large telescopes.
Moon
- The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite and orbits Earth every 27.3 days. It has a diameter of 3,474 km and its surface area is less than 1/10 that of Earth.
- The near side of the Moon always faces Earth due to tidal locking. The far side was first photographed by the Soviet probe Luna 3 in 1959 and lacks the large dark basins (maria) found on the near side.
- Internally, the Moon is differentiated with a crust, mantle, and small core. Its crust is largely composed of oxygen, silicon, magnesium, iron, calcium, and aluminum.
Ecosystem
The document defines key terms related to ecosystems, including ecosystem, biotic and abiotic components, trophic levels, and food webs. It explains that an ecosystem is the interaction between a living community and its non-living environment. Ecosystems have biotic components like producers, primary consumers, and decomposers, as well as abiotic components like sunlight and inorganic materials. Energy and nutrients flow through ecosystems via food chains and food webs that link organisms across trophic levels.
Ecology
The document discusses key concepts in ecology including:
1) Ecology is the study of living organisms and their interactions with the non-living environment. It examines different levels of organization from organisms to populations, communities, ecosystems, biomes, and the biosphere.
2) Ecologists study how energy flows through ecosystems from the sun and how matter cycles through different abiotic and biotic components.
3) Ecosystems depend on energy from the sun, cycling of matter, and gravity to sustain life on Earth.
Nervous System
The nerve cell is the basic unit of communication in the vertebrate nervous system. A neuron consists of a cell body with dendrites that receive signals and a long axon that transmits impulses. An action potential is generated when the voltage across the membrane is briefly switched and moves down the axon. Neurotransmitters are released at the synaptic cleft between neurons to transmit signals to the next cell. The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Sensory neurons carry signals to the CNS while motor neurons carry signals away from the CNS to effector cells like muscles.
Endocrine System
The document discusses the endocrine system, which controls many body functions by releasing hormones into the blood. It describes several endocrine glands such as the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads and ovaries. It also discusses endocrine emergencies like diabetes mellitus and the role of insulin in facilitating glucose entry into cells.
Earth History
The document summarizes the major eras of geological time from the formation of the Earth 4.6 billion years ago to the present. It outlines four eras: Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic. The Precambrian era saw the earliest life forms and atmosphere. The Paleozoic era brought marine diversity and early land plants and animals. Dinosaurs dominated during the Mesozoic before an asteroid caused their extinction. The current Cenozoic era began after this mass extinction and saw the rise of mammals and modern humans.
Biomes
There are 8 major biomes on Earth: tropical rainforests, tropical savannas, deserts, chaparral, grasslands, temperate deciduous forests, temperate boreal forests, and tundra. Biomes are defined by similar climate conditions and types of plants and animals. Climate, especially temperature and rainfall, are the primary factors determining the location and characteristics of different biomes. Latitude and elevation also impact climate and therefore affect biome distribution globally.
Spanish American War
The document summarizes key events in Philippine history from the Spanish-American War to the establishment of the Philippine Commonwealth. It describes how the US helped Cuba gain independence from Spain, leading to the Spanish-American War. The US then gained control of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines. The Battle of Manila Bay and siege of Manila weakened Spanish control, and the Malolos Congress established the first Philippine Republic. However, hostilities grew between Filipino and American forces, contributing to the end of the Philippine Revolution. The Commonwealth era was then established to transition the Philippines to independence.
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The Suez Canal, which opened in 1869, connected the Red Sea and Mediterranean Sea, shortening travel time between places like Barcelona and Manila from 3 months to 32 days. This made trade in the Philippines more profitable and brought foreign merchants and progressive ideas. However, it also sparked desires for freedom and improvement. There was also a controversy between regular priests belonging to religious orders and secular priests over authority in parishes. In 1774, the Archbishop assigned secular priests to replace regular priests who refused bishops' visits to parishes, though regulars considered Filipinos unfit to be priests. The issue took on racial overtones as Spaniards favored their own regular priests over Filipinos.
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The document discusses the history of trade in the Philippines under Spanish colonial rule. It describes how the Spaniards established the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade in the 16th century, which became the main trade route between Mexico and the Philippines. It also allowed for liberal ideas to enter the country. Later, Governor General Jose Basco y Vargas implemented economic reforms in the late 18th century to make the Philippines more self-sufficient and established a tobacco monopoly to raise government revenues.
Spanish Expeditions To The Philippines
1) Ferdinand Magellan led the first circumnavigation of the globe from 1519-1522 while trying to find a western route to the Spice Islands.
2) Magellan was killed in the Philippines in 1521 during a battle with Lapu-Lapu, but Juan Sebastian Elcano eventually completed the journey, becoming the first to circumnavigate the globe.
3) Spain then sent several expeditions to colonize the Philippines between 1525-1564, with Miguel Lopez de Legazpi finally succeeding in 1565 by establishing settlements in Cebu and Manila with the help of alliances with local leaders.
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