This document provides an overview of timber as a construction material. It begins with definitions of timber and discusses how trees are converted into usable wood. It then covers the various uses of timber in construction, including as forms for concrete, in scaffolding, and as a primary building material. The document discusses common timber species used in India and includes photos. It also examines the local market for timber, the workshop process, and cost comparisons. Finally, it details various defects that can occur in timber, grouping them by cause such as natural forces, fungi, insects, and the conversion process.

1. Tutorial Presentation (2013-14)
On
Timber as a Construction
Material
Department of Civil Engineering
Prepared By:
Paritosh Vyas (U11CE079)
Ganga Singh Chouhan(U11CE080)
Kaushal Kumawat(U11CE081)
Dharmesh Kaithwas(U11CE082)

2. Timber: The Preface
Timber refers to wood used for construction works. In
fact the word timber is derived from an old English
word ‘Timbrian’ which means ‘to build’. A tree that
yields good wood for construction is called ‘Standing
Timber.’ After felling a tree, its branches are cut and its
stem is roughly converted into pieces of suitable
length, so that it can be transported to timber yard. By
sawing, rough timber is converted into various
commercial sizes like planks, battens, posts, beams etc.
Such form of timber is known as converted timber.
Timber was used as building material even by primitive
man. Many ancient temples, palaces and bridges built
with timber can be seen even today.

3. U
S
E
S
Timber as a cast and
support for concrete
casting of ;
Beams
Columns
Slabs
Foundation
Source: Extension to EED, SVNIT
While Bamboo is used
for scaffolding in Asian
countries, Timber is
occasionally used in
scaffolds as platforms
and in shoring
Source: Extension to EED, SVNIT

4. U
S
E
S
In zones with cold climates
and earthquake prone
areas,
structures
are
entirely constructed out of
timber. These buildings
have a distinct architecture
and all structural elements
are made of timber.
Hadimba Temple, Manali
Timber is frequently
used in the frames of
doors and windows.
Type of Wood used:
Shorea robusta
Vernacular name:
Source: KAASHTHA Timber Traders, Surat

5. Pragati Woodply, Icchanath, Surat

6. Source: KAASHTHA Timber Traders, Surat

7. Types of Timber
There are over 150 species of timber which are produced in India. Following are
the chief varieties of timber trees which are used for engineering purposes in
India:
Terminalia arjuna (
Source: Google Images
It is heavy and strong. It has such uses
as beams, rafters, and posts.
)

8. Cedrus deodara (
)
Source: Sample
Deodar is in great demand as building material because of its
durability, rot-resistant character and fine, close grain, which is capable of
taking a high polish. Its historical use to construct religious temples and in
landscaping around temples is well recorded.

9. Tectona grandis(
)
Google Images
Teak is often an effective material for the construction of
both indoor and outdoor furniture. Teak's high oil
content, high tensile strength and tight grain makes it
particularly suitable for outdoor furniture applications.
Teak is used extensively in India to make doors and window
frames, furniture, and columns and beams in old type
houses. It is very resistant to termite attacks.

10. Market Analysis
 L Local Market Scenario
- In the local market, most of
the timber is imported.
Only inferior woods are
from domestic sources.
- This is due to a ban on tree
felling in India.
- Imported timber also
serves better quality.
- This material is generally
from African, South East
Asian or Latin American
countries.
- So high costs of importing
and processing makes
timber a lavish feature of
KAASHTHA Timber Mart, Nr. SOSYO Circle, Surat
construction.

11. Workshop works
- Once the material reaches
port. It is transferrred to
workshop by trucks (road
ways).
- EOT ( electric overhead
travelling ) crane lifts logs
from store to the working
zone.
- It travels over 2 rails on
which motion is controlled
by a powerful electric
motor.
KAASHTHA Timber Mart
EOT Crane

12. table wood cutter
Its blade fitted on a table by making a
Grove on it.
Its generally used for rough cutting.
KAASHTHA Timber Mart
It’s a multi purpose
machine which is
used for cutting
, grooving as well as
filing.
KAASHTHA Timber Mart

15. Cost Comparison
c
- The rate of timber in market is given in terms of cubic feet.
( varying from 650 to nearly 4000 )
- The cost of timber generally depends on the measure of
the white part in the woody brown color of sample. This is
a feature which is important for furniture wood.
- Its capability to bear compressive and tensile load.
- Resistance to the environmental conditions.
- Resistance to attack of insects.
- On the size of trunk of tree available.
- Non-uniformity in the internal texture of the timber.

16. Local Market Rates of Timber
Sr. no.
Timber type
Market rate
1
Burma teak
3800-4000
2
Tanzania teak
3100-3200
3
Valsadiya teak
2800-3000
4
Burma border teak
2000
5
Ghana teak
1450-1550
6
Sevan
1900
7
Saal teak
1200-1300
8
Pine
650
*the given rates are in cubic feet.

17. Defects in Timber
An irregularity or abnormality occurring in or on the
surface of timber
Defects are responsible for the following;
Reduction in Strength
Lowering of Durability
Poor Appearance
Decay


18. Google Image Results

19. Classification of Defects
Natural
Forces
Fungi
Insects
Seasoning
Conversion

20. Defects due to Natural Forces
Chemical Stain:
Discoloration caused
external agency.
by
Rind Galls:
Source: Ovara,Old Surat
Rind means bark and gall
means abnormal growth.
The
peculiar
curved
swelling developed on the
body of a tree at points
where branches have been
improperly cut off or
removed.
Location: CED parking Lot

21. Defects due to Natural Forces
Coarse Grained:
If the tree grows rapidly, the
annual rings are widened. Such a
timber possesses less strength.
Knots:
The portion from which branch is
removed receives nourishment for a
long time and results in the
formation of dark hard rings called
knots. Continuity of wood fibers is
broken by knots, they induce
weakness.
KAASHTHA Timber Mart

22. Defects due to Natural Forces
Shakes:
These are longitudinal separations
in wood between the annual rings.
These are cracks which partly or
completely separate fibres of wood.
KAASHTHA Timber Mart
Twisted Fibres:
These are also known as wandering
hearts and are caused by the
twisting of young trees by fast
blowing wind. Unsuitable for
sawing.
Location: CED Parking Lot

23. Beetles
Defects Caused by Insects
Termites
Google Images
Google Images
Tunnel formation by larvae of
beetle, bore holes of 2 mm
diameter.
Convert Timber to a flour like
powder.
Do not disturb the outer shell
or cover
Live in colony and multiply fast.
Bore tunnels without disturbing
outer core. The Timber piece may
look sound until completely
hollowed.
Good quality timber like Teak, Sal
etc. can resist action of termites.

25. Defects Due to Fungi
Wet Rot:
Dry Rot:
KAASHTHA Timber Mart
CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITIONGREYISH
BROWN
POWDER.-UNSEASONED
OR
IMPROPERLY SEASONED TIMBER EXPOSED
TO RAIN AND WIND
WELL SEASONED TIMBER USED FOR
EXTERIOR OR UNDERGROUND WORK COVERED BY TAR OR PAINT- PROTECTION
AGAINST MOISTURE
DRY POWDERFORM-NO FREE CIRCULATION OF
AIR SUCH AS IMPROPERLY VENTILATED
BASEMENTS,ROOMS
AND
DAMPED
SITUATIONLIKE KITCHEN TOILET ETC
-ABSENCE OF SUNLIGHT,DAMPNESS,PRESENCE
OF SAP,STAGNANT AIR AND WARMTH
- FREE FROM SAP- COPPER SULPHATE

26. Defects during Conversion
Chip Mark:
This defect is indicated by a mark
or sign placed on the finished
surface of timber. Formed by
Planing machine.
KAASHTHA Timber Mart
Diagonal Grain:
Formed due to improper Sawing of
timber
Indicated by diagonal marks on
straight grained surface of timber.

27. What If

28. Thank You.