The document provides details of a group project to construct a 1:5 scale model of a temporary bus shelter focusing on skeletal structures. It includes an introduction outlining the objectives to understand skeletal structures and how they react under loading. Subsequent sections describe the design development process including massing studies and orthographic drawings. Construction details are shown for the foundations, frame, roof, and seating areas. Load analysis diagrams illustrate how dead loads, live loads, wind loads, and precipitation are transferred through the structure.

1. BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II
BLD67303
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION II
BLD67303
OW XUN CONG 0321997
NG ZHIANG HAN 0331394
TERENCE THIA 0327661
TAN YOW HUE 0327550
GRACE WONG 0324575
NG YU JIE FREDERICK 0327607
PROJECT 1 : SKELETAL
STRUCTURES (TEMPORARY
BUS SHELTER)

2. CONTENTS
Introduction 01
1 1 Conclusion
02
03 Massing
05 Orthographic Drawings
06 Exploded Axonometric
Design Consideration
07Construction Process
08Construction Details
09Design Analysis
1 0Final Model And Rendering
1 2 Reference
04 Design Development

3. 01INTRODUCTION
THIS PROJECT AIMS ARE TO CREATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF SKELETAL STRUCTURAL
AND ITS RELEVANT STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS TO LET USER EXPERIENCE AND
IMPROVE OUR UNDERSTANDING ABOUT SKELETAL CONSTRUCTIONS AS ONE OF THE
MOST IMPORTANT WIDELY USED STRUCTURE FOR BUILDING SUPPORT.
IN A GROUP OF SIX PEOPLE, WE WERE REQUIRED TO CONSTRUCT A TEMPORARY BUS
SHELTER WITH THE SCALE OF 1:5 BY FOCUSING ON THE STRENGTH AND FLEXIBILITY
OF THE MATERIALS AND THE STABILITY OF THE STRUCTURE ITSELF WOULD BE TESTED
TO SEE HOW IT COULD ENDURE LATERAL FORCE.
THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS PROJECT ARE AS FOLLOWS:
● TO CREATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND ITS
RELEVANT STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
● TO UNDERSTAND HOW A SKELETAL STRUCTURE REACTS UNDER LOADING.
● TO DEMONSTRATE A CONVINCING UNDERSTANDING OF HOW SKELETAL
CONSTRUCTION WORKS.
● TO BE ABLE TO MANIPULATE SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION TO SOLVE AN
OBLIQUE DESIGN PROBLEM
LEARNING OUTCOMES ASSESSED IN THIS PROJECT INCLUDE :
● APPLY CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM IN DESIGN.
● RECOGNIZE THE IMPLICATION OF CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM IN DESIGN.
● ANALYZE THE ISSUES OF STRENGTH, STIFFNESS AND STABILITY OF
STRUCTURES INCLUDING MODES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS, FORCES,
STRESS AND STRAIN AND LAWS OF STATIC.
1

4. WEATHER RESISTANT
USAGE OF MATERIALS THAT IS ABLE TO
WITHSTAND HOT AND HUMID MALAYSIAN
CLIMATE WHILE PROVIDING PROTECTION FROM
RAINS
02DESIGN
CONSIDERATION
2
SUNLIGHT
USAGE OF POLYCARBONATE ROOF TO ALLOW
DIRECT NATURAL SUNLIGHT TO BE PENETRATED
THROUGH BUT STILL PROTECTING THE USERS FROM
UV LIGHT AS IT IS UV RESISTANT. THE RAFTERS OF
THE ROOF ALSO ACT AS SHADING DEVICES FOR THE
SHELTER.
VENTILATION
OPENINGS TO ENCOURAGE GOOD AIR FLOW
THROUGH THE BUS SHELTER WHILE PROVIDING
AIR VENTILATION TO MEET USER’S THERMAL
COMFORTABILITY
RAIN
WATER FLOW
SUN PATH
AIR FLOW

5. STABILITY
SKELETAL STRUCTURE THAT IS ABLE TO RESIST
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL LOADS WHICH PREVENTS
THE BUS SHELTER FROM COLLAPSING, AND ABLE TO
RESIST UPLIFT AND OVERTURNING FROM WIND LOADS
MATERIALITY
SELECTION OF THE MATERIAL FOR THE BUS SHELTER
ARE BASED ON STURDINESS, WORKABILITY,
AVAILABILITY AND LEAST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ACCESSIBILITY AND VIEWABILITY
EASILY ACCESSIBLE FROM IN AND OUT OF THE BUS SHELTER,
MAXIMUM VISIBILITY TO ALLOW VIEWINGS OF TRAFFIC
CONDITION AND SURROUNDING. TAKES INTO CONSIDERATION
OF HUMAN ERGONOMICS AND ANTHROPOMETRY TO ALLOW
CONVENIENCE OF USE.
3
POLYCARBONATE
ROOF
CONCRETE PAD
FOOTING
MERBAU WOOD
ACCESSIBILITY
LOADS

6. 03
THE TWO BASIC FORMS CHOSEN FOR OUR FINAL
DESIGN INCLUDE A CUBOID AND A TRIANGULAR PRISM.
THE FORM CUBOID ARE CHOSEN FOR THE BASE OF THE
BUS SHELTER BECAUSE IT PROVIDES GREAT STABILITY
WHILE GIVING MORE UTILIZATION OF SPACE DUE TO ITS
LARGE BASE. THE FORM TRIANGULAR PRISM ARE
CHOSEN AS DESIGN FOR THE ROOF AS IT HAS A
SLANTED CHARACTERISTIC WHICH HELPS IN DIRECTING
THE RAINWATER AWAY AND AN EFFECTIVE SHED
DEVICES.
MASSING
4

7. Initially, the design of the bus shelter was to have a
double roof design with polycarbonate and
perforated metal sheet because it provide shading
while still allowing sunlight penetrate through. The
form of the shelter was originated from a cuboid as
it is stable and rigid.
To enhance the user experience of the bus
shelter, we developed the design of the bus
shelter into two connected cuboid. Which
allows for more openings to allow better
circulation.
Before designing our bus shelter, we started
with selecting two basic forms for our
inspiration. At first we wanted to have a
basic design that is firm and rigid, so we
choose the form cuboid as our base
because it has a stable base.
The final design of our model is different from our previous
designs as we wanted to create a more challenging design
so we added a slanted roof which prompted changes in
method of joineries, as we also changed our materials to
timber because it is more local adapted. We also added
some structural support to allow our shelter to be more
1 2 3
4
04 DESIGN
DEVELOPMENT
5

8. 05ORTHOGRAPHIC
DRAWINGS
6
FRONT ELEVATION
Scale 1:25
RIGHT ELEVATION
Scale 1:25
4150 2350
32003200

9. 7
REAR ELEVATION
Scale 1:25
LEFT ELEVATION
Scale 1:25
2500
4150 2350
2500
3200

10. ROOFTOP PLAN
Scale 1 : 25
FLOOR PLAN
Scale 1 : 25
8
4150
2350
4150
2000

11. 06EXPLODED
AXONOMETRIC
9
Solid Timber Post
Spaced Timber Post
Dado Joint
Roof Beam
Angular Woodseat Piece
Timber Deck
Floor Joist
Base plate - Through Bolt
Steel plate
Main Ground Beam
Pad Footing B
Polycarbonate Sheet
Wood Screw
Roof Rafter
Seat Plank
Sub Ground Beam
Cross Halving Joint
Pad Footing A
Tee-Half Joint

12. Wood is measured and cut
accordingly to the
dimension. Skeletal joint for
the base are formed after
joining the wood with the
joints.
Wooden blocks are built and
represent to the foundation
footing for the bus stop.
Joists are combined on the
skeletal wood base frame
after measured and cut out.
Columns and the roof beam
are cut out together with the
joint
Columns are fixed on the
foundation and the base
structure. Roof beam are joint
together with the main
column.
Rafter are cut out and screwed
on the roof beam
L bracket are added between
the main column and the roof
beam to make it more stable
Plywood are measured before
proceed to the cutting process
as well as the opening for the
columns
1 2 3 4
5 6 87
07CONSTRUCTION
PROCESS
10

13. The cut plywood are now
fixed on the wood base
structure
Completion of the main
structure of the bus stop
Wood are customized to
pieces for the fixing of the
benches in between the main
columns
Completion of the benches
for the bus stop
The wood surface of the bus
stop are clean and smooth
Wood preserver and
shellac are spray on it and
leave it dry
Grey concrete color are spray
on each wooden foundation
which representing the
concrete material
Polycarbonate roof are
measured and cut out by the
cutting machine
9 10 11 12
11
13 13 14 15

14. The polycarbonate roof are
attached on to the rafters by
screwing mechanically
Customized steel plates are added
between the columns and the base
structure to make the whole
structure become more stable
12
16 17

15. Composed of large
stumps of concrete, the
concrete pad footing
are used as the
foundation of the bus
shelter. The pad
footings receives
vertical forces and loads
from the shelter and
transfer it to the ground
which helps in
supporting the
structure.
08CONSTRUCTION
DETAILS
13
FOUNDATION DETAILS
A
B
FRONT
BACK
PAD FOOTING A
Connectivity of Column
to Footing B
Threaded steel rod
A threaded steel rod is epoxied into
concrete and drilled into the bottom
of the post. The rod extends up to a
mortise, and is bolted to a plate
washer.
Steel angle bracket, bolt, nut
Steel angle brackets mounted through
with anchor bolts are used to secure
the column with footing at the side.
Connectivity of Column
to Footing B
PAD FOOTING B
CONNECTIONS
Connectivity of Beams
to Footing A
Steel plate, Anchor bolts
Anchor bolts are first mounted on
top of footings and are then
connected through the beams. A
steel base plate is then used to
secure the bolts together with nuts.
Smaller in size, the pad footings
of our bus shelter serves as
foundation to support the loads.
It has a total of 6 small pad
footings with two at each side
and two in the middle to provide
efficient support for the whole
shelter.
The size of the footings at the
back are bigger compared to
other footings to accommodate
for the area usage of columns
and to counterbalance the load of
overhanging roof.

16. BASE DETAILS
Connectivity of Main
beam to Sub beam
Connectivity of Main
beam to Sub beam
Halving joint, Steel plate
Using a type of halving joint known as
Tee Halving Joint, It is used to connect
the end of the main ground beam
together to the sub ground beam. After
attaching both beams together
Cross halving joint, Steel plate
Known as a Cross halving joint, it is
used to connect the main beam
intersecting the sub beam in the middle
which is then secured using a steel
plate.
The halving joint works when a
section with half of its thickness is
removed from the end of the
secondary beam and half of its
thickness are removed from the
primary beam and are connected
together.
Connectivity of Column
to Ground Beam
Steel Plates
Steel plates are used in the connections
between the columns and the ground
beam. Ensuring maximum stability, it is
placed at the side locking both the beam
and columns together.
Main Ground Beam
Sub Ground Beam
The main ground beam is the main support of the base.
It is responsible of transferring load from the decking to
the foundation and to the ground
The sub ground beam transfer any excess load from
the decking to the main beam then to the
foundation.
HALVING JOINT
14
CONNECTIONS

17. FLOOR JOIST
DECKING
Timber floor joist is the secondary floor structure of the
bus shelter. The floor joist rest directly on top of the
ground beam. The timber are arranged accordingly to
transfer load to the ground beam. The joist are connected
to the ground beam. To further secure the joist and beam
together, L Bracket are used to keep the joist in place.
15
FLOORING DETAILS
The decking is placed directly on top of the floor joist.
The decking is then nailed into the floor joist to secure the
flooring of the bus shelter. The choice of decking over
panels is because it provide a flat surface for users.

18. TIMBER FRAME - The columns are intersected and tilted in
angles bilaterally to support the cantilevered roof beams and to
create a pitched roof.
PERSPECTIVE OF TIMBER FRAME
Bolt, angle bracket, L bracket
The beam rests on top of the solid
timber post and is fastened with an
anchor bolt. The connection is secured
with an angle bracket. L brackets are
also installed at a 90 degree angle to
further secured the beam to the post.
Lap Joint, through bolt
The beam rests upon the half lap of the
spaced post and is secured by a
through bolt.
Dado Joint, through bolt
Solid timber post intersects through the
dado joints of spaced post. Connections
are secured with through bolts.
Connectivity of Posts
Connectivity of Beam to
Spaced Post
Connectivity of Beam to
Post
Through bolt
TIMBER FRAME DETAILS
16
CONNECTIONS
Dado Joint on posts
Lap Joint on the
spaced post
5°
5°
15°

19. Connectivity of Seat
Backing with Column
Mortise and tenon joint
The tenon from the timber plank of seat
backing joins into mortise cut out in main
column at a 90° angle. It supports the seat
securely by conjoining the seat backing with
the main column.
PERSPECTIVES OF SEATING AREA
Connectivity of Seat with
Column
Bolt and nut
The seating is supported by an angular
wood piece which is bolted onto the main
column, transferring most load to the main
supporting member.
The angular woodpiece spans the seats
width and rests on the decking, which is
supported by joists and then beams.
17
SEATING DETAILS
CONNECTIONS
A
A
B
B

20. The roof of the bus shelter is
tilted to a 5 degree angle. The
reason behind that is to allow
rainwater to flow to the back
of the bus shelter and prevent
stagnation of water on the
roof. The roof consist of 3
layer which is the
polycarbonate roofing, the
rafter and the roof beam.
ROOF DETAILS
18
The roof rafter sits atop the roof beam, it acts as a
support for the polycarbonate sheets. It is connected
with screws onto the beam as it supports only a
lightweight polycarbonate sheet. The proximity of
arrangement also provides slight filtering of sunlight.
Connectivity of Roof Rafter
Polycarbonate roof
Rafters
Perspective view of roof structure
Perspective view of roof structure Exploded axonometric of roof structure
Wood screw
Floor Joist

21. The excellent properties of polycarbonate panels make
them the preferred material for building greenhouses.
These panels are resistant to heat, sunlight, snow, and
rain, which enable them to last for many years without
fading or discolouring.
Fixing Buttons
Connectivity of Polycarbonate Roof to Rafter
The fixing buttons are designed to connect the rafter and
roof sheet together. The cap creates a larger surface of
contact for the screw and the polycarbonate sheet. The
cap also prevents rusting of the screw as it prevents
rainwater from getting contact with the screw. A silicon
sealant is applied to prevent any water from entering the
screw
Polycarbonate roof is tightened in place by fixing buttons
which secures the sheet onto the roof rafters
19

22. DEAD LOAD/ STATIC LOAD
09DESIGN
ANALYSIS
20
LOAD AND FORCES
LIVE LOAD
FORCE TRANSFERRED FROM THE STRUCTURE’S PERMANENT
ELEMENTS THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN. ELEMENTS SUCH AS
THE ROOF, BENCH AND THE BEAMS TRANSFER THEIR LOAD
DOWNWARDS THROUGHOUT THE COLUMNS TO THE PAD
FOOTINGS.
FORCE APPLIED BY NON PERMANENT OBJECTS SUCH AS HUMANS,
ANIMALS AND PRECIPITATION. THE INTENSITY OF THE FORCE
VARIES ACCORDING TO THE NUMBER AND WEIGHT OF NON
PERMANENT OBJECTS ON THE BUS SHELTER. THE DECKING ARE
DESIGNED TO CARRY LIVE LOADS AND RELIEVE THE STRESS OF THE
LOADS PLACED ON THE STRUCTURES.
PRECIPITATION
HUMAN LOAD
LOAD
LOAD
LOAD OF PERMANENT
STRUCTURE

23. 21
WIND LOAD
AIR MOVEMENT CAUSES UPLIFTING UPON THE ROOF, AND
POTENTIALLY OVERTURNING OF STRUCTURE. THIS FORCE IS
COUNTERBALANCED BY THE TENSION AND VERTICAL SUPPORT
OF THE COLUMNS, AND FURTHER ANCHORED DOWN BY PAD
FOOTINGS.
WIND ACTING UPWARDS ON
ROOF
WIND PASSES
THROUGH
WIND PASSES
THROUGH
WIND FORCE ACTING UPON THE MAIN STRUCTURE AND THE
POLYCARBONATE ROOF
THE STRUCTURE OPTIMIZES ON NATURAL VENTILATION WHILE
REDUCING WIND LOADS ACTING UPON THE STRUCTURE BY
EMBRACING OPENNESS THROUGH ITS SKELETAL DESIGN

24. MATERIAL ANALYSIS
MERBAU
Used as overall material for the
temporary bus shelter. Merbau is
a local building material that
offers superior performance in
withstanding harsh environmental
conditions, making it optimal for
outdoor construction
Characteristics: High tensile
strength, good strength to weight
ratio, weather resistant, minimal
maintenance
POLYCARBONATE SHEET
Used as material for roof of the
temporary bus shelter, it allows
direct sunlight to brighten the
interior while providing suitable
thermal comfort for the users.
Characteristics: Resilient,
extremely lightweight, UV
protection, light permeability
CONCRETE
Simplest and most cost-effective material
option for footing for vertical support while
transferring load downwards
23

25. 22
LOAD TESTS
To test out the bus shelter structural capabilities. We initiated with a
6 liter water bottle. We placed the bottle on every horizontal flat
surface to simulate live loads imposed on the structure.
We placed it on the decking to test the ground beam structure.
Then we placed it on the seating to test the seating joints and the
column structure. Finally we placed it on the roof to test its load
transfer from roof to the ground. From the test we could tell that no
damage or cracks have happened, and that the structure is
successful at withstanding the loads.
To wrap it up, we decided to let one of our teammate to sit on top
of the roof. Grace weighs 45 kilograms. Still, no damage have
happened to the bus shelter. With proper structural and joint
system, The strength of the bus shelters skeletal structure in
withstanding forces and stresses while maintaining stability is
confirmed.

26. 10FINAL MODEL &
RENDERING
24

27. 11CONCLUSION
25
THROUGHOUT THIS ASSIGNMENT, WE LEARN TO COMMUNICATE WELL AMONG EACH OTHER AS WE WORK
TOGETHER AS A TEAM. WE TOGETHER AS A TEAM LEARN AND UNDERSTAND HOW A SKELETAL CONSTRUCTION
FUNCTION AND CONSTRUCTED. WE LEARN TO CONSTRUCT OUR OWN DESIGN BASED ON THESE
UNDERSTANDING TO RECREATE A STRUCTURE OF A BUS SHELTER THAT IS ABLE TO OVERCOME ITS STRESS
AND LOADS WITH ITS SKELETAL STRUCTURE. NOT ONLY THAT, WE HAVE LEARNT TO TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS ON OUR BUS SHELTER SO THAT IT HAS THE ABILITY TO OVERCOME OUR LOCAL
CLIMATE WHILE MAINTAINING STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY. TO CONSTRUCT OUR OWN BUS SHELTER THAT
FEATURED ITS OWN CONSTRUCTION SKELETAL STRUCTURE AND IN THE END WRITE DOWN OUR
UNDERSTANDING OF JOINTS.

28. 12REFERENCE
26
BOOK SOURCE
1 ) Ching, F. and Adams, C. (2008). Building construction illustrated. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
2 ) Volz, M., Herzog, T., Natterer, J., Schweitzer, R. and Winter, W. (2012). Timber Construction Manual. Basel: De
Gruyter.
3 ) Chudley, R. and Greeno, R. (1999). Construction technology. Harlow: Longman.
INTERNET SOURCE
1) JOINTS METHOD : Chestofbooks.com. (2010). The Halved Joint. [online] Available at:
http://chestofbooks.com/home-improvement/woodworking/Woodwork-Joints/The-Halved-Joint.html [Accessed 15 May
2018].
2) TIMBER FRAMEWORK : Vermonttimberworks.com. (2018). Post Bases for Timber Frames and Post and Beam
Buildings. [online] Available at: http://www.vermonttimberworks.com/learn/timber-frame-joinery/post-bases/ [Accessed
15 May 2018].
3) DEAD LOAD AND LIVE LOAD : Pieglobal.com. (2018). Live Loads vs. Dead Loads: Determining Building Design Loads
for Structural Claims | Pie Consulting & Engineering. [online] Available at:
http://www.pieglobal.com/live-loads-vs-dead-loads-determining-building-design-loads-for-structural-claims/ [Accessed
15 May 2018].
4)