construction

1. Skeletal Construction (Temporary Bus Shelter)
building construction ii
Tutor: Mr Edwin
Group Members:
Lee Yet Yee 0322328
Liew Cherng Qing 0322613
Madeline Liew Zhi Qi 0322150
Ng Kwang Zhou 0322802
Tan Min Chuen 0322938
Tang Ying Jien 0322357
(BLD 60703 / ARC 2513)

2. 01 Introduction
02 Design Consideration
03 Design Development
04 Final Design
05 Material Selection
06 Specifications
07 Construction Details
08 Construction Process
09 Structure and Load
10 Final Outcome
11 Conclusion
12 Reference
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8-11
12-14
15-16
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CONTENT

3. introduction
Experiencing and understanding skeletal construction is vital as it is one of the most widely used structures for building
support. In a group of six, we are required to select two shapes from the selection and merged to achieve a form to build
upon. The temporary bus shelter designed must be accommodated five to six users in a scale of 1:5. We were assigned
to create a skeletal structure and understand how a skeletal structure reacts under loading.
1

4. Design consideration
SPACIOUS CAPACITY
Adequacy of platform and
waiting area required to ac-
commodate at least 6
pending passengers.
SHELTER
Bus stop needs to provide
sufficient cover and
screening from downpour
and daylight to pedestri-
ans and passengers while
supplying air ventilation
and water permeable
waiting platform (drain-
age).
ACCENTUATE
Bus stop should play up to
attention of bus drivers
and intuitive in purposes
and operations to passen-
gers.
TRANSPARENCY
Bus stop needs to provide
high visibility spaces be-
tween pending passengers,
pedestrians, oncoming
traffic and bus drivers, and
reduces pedestrian-vehicle
points of conflict.
!
2

5. Design Development
Our preliminary bus stop designs were generated by using different
geometrical forms and shapes including hexagonal prism, cuboid
and triangles. Geometrical forms are selected due to their stability
and existing manufacture ability.
Hexagonal prism yields high rigidity and stability with its packed sup-
porting frames.
Cuboid communicates stability and consistency in form, as well as
minimizes space wastage with its right angle arrangements and
surfaces.
Triangle distributes force applied on any point of triangle equally
to other 2 points, reduces risk prone to bending at joints.
Consideration of the weather as well as the circulation and access
of the bus shelter are made.
3
FIRST DESIGN
SECOND DESIGN
FINAL DESIGN

6. orthographic drawings
SCALE 1:50
4
FINAL DESIGN
Roof Plan Floor Plan
Left Elevation Front Elevation Rear Elevation

7. Exploded isometric view
SCALE 1:60
FINAL DESIGN
5
Polycarbonate roof
T beam
C-channel
H-column
Base plate
C-channel
I-beam
StairsSeating
Concrete footing
Timber flooring
Polycarbonate panel

8. Materials selectionPOLYCARBONATE SHEET
A lightweight material with high impact
strength and flame resistance, which will be
the most suitable roofing material. It provides
shade for the user and narrow down the diffu-
sion of sun rays penetrating through it. Be-
sides, polycarbonate sheet is flexible and can
be easily bent, which contributes to its dura-
ble characteristic.
STEEL COLUMN
Corrosion resistant steel with high strength
are able to withstand high tension force that
cause it to bend without cracking. Besides,
steel columns have high ductility, which is an
important characteristic for resisting shock
loads such as blast or earthquake.
TEAK WOOD
Teak wood will be used as flooring material
due to its durability and strength coated with
anti-scratch coating characteristics. Be-
sides, teak wood is good for wood’s wa-
ter-resistance qualities, hence it has a longer
lifespan although it is affected by moisture. In
the model, plywood is used to substitute the
teak wood.
CONCRETE
Concrete is used to construct the foundation
of the structure. The mixture of cement is
poured into metal formwork to form a rectan-
gular shaped concrete block that allow loads
of the structure to be transmitted equally onto
the earth.
6

9. specification 7
250
250
10
15
Length: 3100
Length: 3500
H-COLUMN
I-BEAM
STEEL-CHANNEL
UNEQUAL-ANGLE
FITTINGS
T BEAM
40
105
5
Length: 4025
Length: 2000
Length: 1920
Concrete footing
550 x 550 x 500
Teak wood planks
100 x 125 x 4000
100
200
10
5
Length: 1500
Length: 700
Length: 3825
Length: 300
Length: 900
30
40
5
100
100
190
10
5
Length: 2000
Length: 4800
1200 x 2400 10mm thick
polycarbonate roof sheet
All dimensions are labeled in mm
10.5
150
9 9
100
Hex nut and bolt
Self drilling screw

10. Construction Details
COLUMN TO FOOTING
COLUMN
Concrete footing with rebar
Base plate to the concrete footing
Weld and bolt the steel columns in place
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Strip Footing
Steel column
Anchoring Bolts Rebar
Base Plate
Sectional Cut
Sectional Cut
Spread Footing
Steel column
Rebar
Plate washer
and nut
Anchor Rods
Base Plate

11. Construction Details
STEEL CHANNEL TO
FLOOR BEAM
FLOOR BEAM TO FOOTING
FLOOR
TIMBER FLOORING TO
FLOOR JOIST
FLOOR JOIST TO
FLOOR JOIST CONNECTION
FLOOR BEAM TO
FLOOR BEAM CONNECTION
C-channel
Angle cleat
Floor beam
C-channel
Stiffener plate
I-beam
Stiffener plate
C-channel
Angle cleat
Floor beam
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Sectional Cut
Sectional Cut
Sectional Cut
Floor beam to footing Steel channel to floor beam
Timber flooring to steel channel
Floor beam
Anchor Rod
Timber flooring
Self drilling
screw
Floor joist

12. Construction Details 10
SEATINGSTEPS TO FLOOR BEAM
STEPS AND SEATING
T beam is bolted to the steel
floor column
Timber planks are screw onto the
T beam
The metal bracket is bolted to
the steel column
End plate is added to increase
support
Sectional Cut
Sectional Cut
End plate
Nuts and bolts
H-column
Metal brackets
Stair
Self drilling screw
Weld
T beam

13. Construction Details
POLYCARBONATE ROOF TO JOIST
METAL BRACING
BEAM TO COLUMN
ROOF
Joiner cap
Sealant
Polycarbonate roof
Steel channel
Rubber stopper
Washer head screw
Install of T beam Install of roof joist
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Steel beam
Steel column
Bolts
L-profile
Sectional Cut
Steel beam Steel beam
Steel column
Bolts
Bolts
L-profile
L-profile
Elevation
Steel column
Steel beam
Beam
L-plate
Welded gusset plate
L-plate
Welded gusset plate
Nuts and bolts
Column
The roof is slanted backwards with an inclination
of 1° which allows rainwater to flow backwards
which directs the rainwater flow away from the
front entrance of the bus stop.
SEALANT

14. construction process 12
PREPARATION, FORMWORK
Preparation of materials : base plate for columns, formwork with rebar for concrete footing
Mixing concrete with ratio of 1:2:4 of sand : gravel : concrete, pouring the concrete mix to the formwork
Arranging timber flooring according to levelMeasuring placement for c-channel Assembling the components togetherRemoving metal formwork

15. Arranging the steel columns in order, priming the surface with paint
Welding the components together Half completed skeletal steel frame
construction process 13
ASSEMBLING FLOOR AND ROOF SKELETAL STRUCTURE

16. Screwing on the timber flooring to floor joist
Cutting the polycarbonate roof to size and screw on Assemble gutter in place Apply sealant to the roof
Screwing on the timber step to T beam
construction process 14
ASSEMBLING TIMBER FLOORING AND POLYCARBONATE ROOF

17. force and load
H-column T-beam
I-beam
Purlins
Bracing
As a compression structure, the H-column sole
purpose it to transmit the load on top of it and
distribute the load's pressure equally on the
foundation.
T beam are used to subsitute the common
beams as it has lesser mass and reduce the
overall load acting on the columns. It also
has better head room and allows the bus
stop's users to have a more breathable
space.
The purlins are added in the structure to suport
the polycarbonate roofing and prevents it from
collapsing. As T beam has no bottom flange to
deal with the tensile force, bracing was added to
provide additional support while retaining the
head room.
15
PRIMARY STRUCTURE SECONDARY STRUCTURE

18. force and load
Transferred Load
Distributed Load
Resolved Load
Force distribution
to the Ground
The main load is transferred from the T-beam to the
H-column, which the active load from the roof is
distrubuted by the I beam connecting the H-column.
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19. The bus stop is able to withstand the weight of six individuals, which is around
65 kg per person. In total, the structure can withtand a total of 390kg.
Test object: 6 x 500ml water
Each water bottle represent one person
Structure can withstand heavy loads while remaining upright.
final outcome 17

20. conclusion
Through the project, we were able to create an understanding of skeletal structure and how each and every single joint
interconnects. Besides, we also able to understand how the skeletal structure reacts under loading by understanding
the calculation dimension of the entire dimension clearly so that it is suitable to accommodate five to six people.
Moreover, material also plays a vital role in the whole design, by selecting the appropriate material and its physical
and chemical properties, the bus shelter would be functioning more appropriately.
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21. Chudley, R. 2006, Construction Technology. 4th edition. Pearson and Prentice Hall
TEAK WOOD. (2014, March 15). Retrieved May 15, 2017, from http://eluxemagazine.com/homestech/is-teak-sustain-
able/
Teak. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2017, from http://www.wood-database.com/teak/
Steel material properties. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2017, from http://www.steelconstruction.info/Steel_material_prop-
erties
Solar panel - plate vs. tempered glass. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2017, from http://www.energymatters.com.au/pan-
els-modules/panel-tempered-glass/
Outdoor Shades: Shade Materials and Their Special Features. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2017, from http://www.allout-
cool.com/outdoor-shade-materials.html
Concrete Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved May 15, 2017, from http://www.fao.org/3/a-s1250e/S1250E0i.htm
REferences 19