The Brazilian wandering spider, or Phoneutria fera, is considered the world's most venomous spider. It lives in forests from Costa Rica to northern Argentina. The spider has a leg span of 13-15 cm and hunts insects, small lizards, and mice. Its venom is very dangerous to humans, causing pain, paralysis, breathing problems, and potentially death if not treated. The spider displays a defensive posture when threatened by holding its front legs high and swaying from side to side.
Sand flies have a four-stage life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs hatch after 4‒20 days, although this is likely to be delayed in cooler weather
Sand flies have a four-stage life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa and adult. Eggs hatch after 4‒20 days, although this is likely to be delayed in cooler weather
This presentation explains in detail the World's Deadliest animal...THE MOSQUITO...!!!!
(Public health aspects of this arthropod is discussed in detail)
Objectives:
To morphologically Identify mosquito species (In India)
To elaborate the Life Cycle of mosquito
To know the unique features (Habits) of each mosquito
To understand their role in disease transmission and the Diseases transmitted
To identify and differentiate eggs of various mosquito
To learn about mosquito control measures
Types of Cockroaches and there AttributesMANISH JADHAV
Cockroaches are among the most important pest of households and
commercial establishments.
2) Cockroaches are oval in outline, body usually flattened, head partially or entirely concealed beneath pronotal shield. Front wings lathery with veins, although veins may be reduced. Antennae long and threadlike. Abdominal cerci usually long, not forceps-like. Tarsi 5-segmented. Mouth part chewing.
Spiders, Are they scare you? Or do you scare them?
Actually It doesn't matter because Some spiders scare you and you scared some spider. The only difference is The venomous and power of it. Here we are going to share top 5 most venomous spiders in the word that often scared us if not kill!
Yeah, These spiders can easily kill human and domestic animals by injection venom to animal body.
This presentation explains in detail the World's Deadliest animal...THE MOSQUITO...!!!!
(Public health aspects of this arthropod is discussed in detail)
Objectives:
To morphologically Identify mosquito species (In India)
To elaborate the Life Cycle of mosquito
To know the unique features (Habits) of each mosquito
To understand their role in disease transmission and the Diseases transmitted
To identify and differentiate eggs of various mosquito
To learn about mosquito control measures
Types of Cockroaches and there AttributesMANISH JADHAV
Cockroaches are among the most important pest of households and
commercial establishments.
2) Cockroaches are oval in outline, body usually flattened, head partially or entirely concealed beneath pronotal shield. Front wings lathery with veins, although veins may be reduced. Antennae long and threadlike. Abdominal cerci usually long, not forceps-like. Tarsi 5-segmented. Mouth part chewing.
Spiders, Are they scare you? Or do you scare them?
Actually It doesn't matter because Some spiders scare you and you scared some spider. The only difference is The venomous and power of it. Here we are going to share top 5 most venomous spiders in the word that often scared us if not kill!
Yeah, These spiders can easily kill human and domestic animals by injection venom to animal body.
One mutational event is the integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome, The exogenous forces responsible for this event range from UV and ionizing radiation exposure to a defect in the virus itself.[a.3]
An additional event important in MCPyV-induced carcinogenesis is the mutation of the viral genome in a manner that renders the virus unable to replicate. The most common mutations occur in the carboxy terminus of LT, which generate a truncated LT that lacks the helicase domain required for replication yet preserve its oncogenic functions.[a.3]
Persistent expression of truncated LT and sT from the integrated MCPyV genome can inactivate pRb tumor suppressor function and promote and/or deregulate cap-dependent translation initiation, respectively. [a.3]
Ultimately, the cells in which integration of a replication-defective MCPyV is successful become addicted to viral oncogene expression and undergo clonal expansion and neoplastic progression to cause the development of MCC.[a.3]
This is a PPT presentation that cover the general description, morphology, characteristics, and feeding habits of Order Siphonaptera. This presentation includes the first three classifications.
A large, non venomous python species native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
It’s common names includes Indian python, black-tailed python, Indian rock python, and Asian rock python.
The convoluted filaria
It is common in parts of tropical African and central America
Habitat nodules in the subcutaneous tissue of man
Intermediate hos black fly simulium
Human become infected by bite of black fly which possession in its mouth the infective 3rd stage larvae
The adult worms live in deep fascia or in the subcutaneous tissue.
The females release actively motile, unsheathed microfilariae which migrate to the skin and eyes of infected subjects.
When a black fly again bites diseased human, the microfilariae migrate into thoracic muscles, they moult twice and develop into infective larvae.
The larvae migrate to the mouth parts of black fly where they transmitted to humans at next blood meal.
In this presentation, Phylum Entoprocta is described. fter watching this you will learn the characteristics and examples Urnatella gracilis, Pedicellina cernua, ectoprocts and cycliophorans The brief description of Phylum Entoprocta along with reproduction and fertilization. It is part of BS Zoology Course Animal diversity.
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
In terms of biomass, the greatest migration in the world is the migration of Zooplankton .
Zooplankton migration is different because it moves up and down through the ocean's depths rather than traversing a landscape.
The evolutionary development or history of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms (The phylogeny of a group of taxa (singular: taxon) (species, etc.) is its evolutionary history)
Detailed consideration of the mechanisms of
reproduction and look instead at human fertility patterns,
and at the factors, both natural and artificial, that may
influence them.
The tiny fertilized egg sitting in the oviduct now has to
perform a heroic task. It must somehow communicate its
presence to the mother and convert the whole of her physiology
and anatomy from a cyclic reproductive state to a
pregnant one.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
3. Introduction :
• Phoneutria, commonly known as Brazilian wandering
spiders, armed spiders ("armadeiras", as they are known
in Brazilian ), are a genus of aggressive and venomous
spiders of potential medical significance to humans.
• Wandering spiders are so-called because they wander the
jungle floor at night, rather than residing in a lair or
maintaining a web. During the day they hide inside
termite mounds, under fallen logs and rocks.
• The Brazilian wandering spiders appear in Guinness
World Records from 2010 as the world's most venomous
spider.
5. Characteristic
• The genus Phoneutria (Ancient Greek for
"murderess") contains eight scientifically described
species , the most notorious being P. fera and
P. nigriventer.
• The spiders in the genus can grow to have a leg
span of 13 to 15 cm , Their body length ranges
from 17 to 48 mm.
• the largest Phoneutria species have the longest
body and the greatest body weight in this group.
7. Characteristic
They have eight eyes, two of which are large.
Brazilian wandering spiders are fast-moving
spiders, their legs are strong and spiny and they
have distinctive red jaws which they display when
angered.
9. Characteristic
• The presence of a dark linear stripe or stripes on
the frontal (dorsal) palps and presence of a single
thin black line running anterior-posterior along the
dorsal carapace may help identify Phoneutria.
• Other features are the strong ventral marking on
the underside of the legs with contrasting dark mid-
segments and lighter joints, and the pattern on the
ventral (underside) of the abdomen with several
rows of black dots, or an overall reddish colour..
11. Defensive posture
• The characteristic defensive posture with frontal
legs held high is an especially good indicator to
confirm a specimen is Phoneutria,
• specially alongside correct colour patterns. During
the defensive display the body is lifted up into an
erect position, the first two pairs of legs are lifted
high (revealing the conspicuous black/light-banded
pattern on the leg underside), while the spider
sways from side to side with hind legs in a cocked
position.
13. Habitat
• Phoneutria are found in forests from
Costa Rica, and throughout South
America east of the Andes into
northern Argentina, including
Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas,
Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and
Paraguay. Phoneutria fera lives in the
middle of the Amazon rainforest,
nowhere near the Brazilian banana
fields. In fact, Brazil exports very
few bananas
14. Diet
• Adult Brazilian Wandering spiders eat crickets,
other large insects, small lizards and mice. Spider
lings of this species eat flightless fruit flies and
pinhead crickets.
15. Male and female
• Mature male spiders have swollen bulbs on the end of
their palps for mating purpose and this is a useful way
to identify whether the spider is male or female.
16. Reproduction & life cycle
• Brazilian Wandering spiders reproduce by means of
eggs, which are packed into silk bundles called egg
sacs. The male spider must (in most cases) make a
timely departure after mating to escape before the
females normal predatory instincts return.
17. • Once the sperm is inside the female spider, she stores
it in a chamber and only uses it during the egg-laying
process, The Brazilian Wandering spider's life cycle is
1 – 2 years.
• they mates during the dry season from April to June,
which leads to frequent observations of the species
during this time
Reproduction & life cycle
19. Medical Importance
• Bites from the Brazilian Wandering spider may result
in only a couple of painful pinpricks to full-blown
envenomed. In either case, people bitten by this
spider should seek immediate emergency treatment as
the venom is possibly life threatening.
• It produces 1.069 mg of venom a day and it takes just
a fraction of that amount to kill a human.
20. Medical Importance
• Brazilian wandering spiders' venom is a complex
cocktail of toxins, proteins and peptides. The venom
affects ion channels and chemical receptors in
victims' neuromuscular systems. Phoneutria fera
being the most venomous. Venomous cause a
progression of intense pain, inflammation, loss of
muscle control, breathing problems, paralysis and
asphyxiation.
• If the venom doesn’t kill you, the looks can certainly
be paralyzing.
