Clasification of primates
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Primates show trends toward more elaborate brains and longer gestation periods, allowing for increased offspring development. Prosimians differ from anthropoids in having tooth combs and smaller brains. Platyrrhines have prehensile tails while catarrhines do not. Cercopithecoids are quadrupedal while hominoids include brachiators. Great apes have larger canines and dimorphism than humans.
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Clasification of primates
- 2. The difference of the order primate from other mammalian order is that its existing members fall into a graded series or scale of organization which suggests an actual evolutionary trend leading from the most primitive to the most advance (humans)
- 4. Dog Monkey
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- 11. The most primitive of the primates. All prosimians : lemurs, lorises, galagos and tarsier Characteristics: • Reliance on olfaction • Laterally placed eyes • Shorter gestation and maturation periods • Dental specialization called the "dental comb” Prosimians
- 12. Found on the island of Madagascar and other islands off the coast of Africa. Extinct elsewhere in the world. Characteristics: • Larger lemurs are diurnal and eat vegetable foods: fruit, leaves, buds, and bark. • Smaller lemurs are nocturnal and insectivorous (insect -feeding). Lemurs
- 14. Found in tropical forests and woodlands of India, Sri Lanka, southeast Asia, and Africa. Characteristics: Use a climbing quadrupedalism. Some are insectivorous; others supplement their diet with fruit, leaves, gums, and slugs. Females frequently form associations for foraging or in sharing the same sleeping nest. Lorises
- 17. Small nocturnal primates found on the islands of southeast Asia. Eat insects and small vertebrates which they catch by leaping from branches. Basic social pattern appears to be a family unit consisting of a mated pair and their offspring. Tarsiers
- 19. Anthropoids (Monkeys, Apes and Humans) Common traits: Larger brain and body size Reduced reliance on the sense of smell Greater degree of color vision Bony plate at the back of the eye socket Different female reproductive anatomy Longer gestation and maturation periods Fused mandible Anthropoids
- 20. Primate Anthropoids (Monkeys,Apes and human)Prosimians (Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers) Catarrhines (All old world monkeys, apes and humans) Platyrrhines (All new world monkeys)
- 26. Represent about 70% of all primate species. Divided into two groups separated by geography and several million years of evolutionary history: New world monkeys Old world monkeys Monkeys
- 27. Almost exclusively arboreal. Found in southern Mexico and central and south America. Two families: Callitrichidae and Cebid New world monkey (platyrrhines)
- 28. Callitrichidae • Give birth to twins • Live in families composed of a mated pair or a female and two adult males, plus the offspring. • Males are involved with infant care.
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- 34. Cebid • Possess prehensile tails. • Most live in groups of both sexes and all ages. • Others live as monogamous pairs with subadult offspring.
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- 40. Habitats range from tropical forests to semiarid desert to snow-covered areas in Japan and china. Characteristics: Most quadrupedal and arboreal All belong to the Cercopithecidae family. Divided into subfamilies, the cercopithecoids and the Hominoids. Old world Monkeys (Catyrrhines)
- 41. Primate Anthropoids Prosimians CatarrhinesPlatyrrhines Cercopithecoids (All old world Monkeys ) Hominoids (great apes and human)
- 44. Hominoids
- 46. The Old World monkeys are native to Africa and Asia today, inhabiting a range of environments from tropical rain forest to savanna, shrubland and mountainous terrain, Cercopithecoids
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- 49. Characteristics distinguishing hominoids from monkeys: Larger body size Absence of a tail Shortened trunk More complex behavior More complex brain Increased period of development and dependency Hominoids (Apes and humans)
- 50. Primate Anthropoids Prosimians CatarrhinesPlatyrrhines Cercopithecoids Hominoids Hominids (Great apes and human) Hylobates (Lesser apes : Gibbons and siamangs)
- 51. Gibbons and siamangs • Found in the tropical areas of southeast Asia. • Adaptations for brachiation may be related to feeding while hanging from branches. • Diet is largely fruit with leaves, flowers, and insects. • Basic social unit is a monogamous pair and their offspring. • Males and females delineate their territories with whoops and “songs”. Hylobates
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- 58. Gorilla Orangutan Chimpanzee Homo Sapiens
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- 62. Orangutans (Pogo pygmaeus) • Found in heavily forested areas of Borneo and Sumatra. • Almost completely arboreal. males = 200 lbs, females = 100 lbs • Pronounced sexual dimorphism. • Solitary • Principally frugivorous (feed-eating). • 260 days of gestation Pongids
- 63. Researchers believe that many species of them once existed. Unfortunately only two of them have been able to successfully continue to evolve and last until now. They are the Sumatran and the Bornean. Both of them are in danger of becoming extinct in the near future though if efforts aren’t taken to save them. Borneon Orangutan
- 65. The Bornean have a population from 45,000 to 56,000. Even so, they are dropping in numbers very quickly. have very slow reproduction rates. Exploitation of these species of orangutans continues to be a huge problem. Many of them are illegally kept in all parts of the world as pets. Females have one offspring and care for it about 7 years.
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- 68. The Sumatran species are more at risk with only about 7,300 of them left in the world. They will teach their young a variety of skills so that they can take care of themselves when they part ways. This will be when the young is about 8 years of age. This is the longest period of care for any of the great apes. It is also a reason why it is so hard to get their numbers back up. As long as a female has her young to care for she won’t be mating with a male for all of those years. Sumatran orangutan
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- 71. Gorillas (Gorilla Gorilla) • Largest of the living primates. Confined to forested regions of central Africa. • Males can weigh up to 400 pounds, females 200 pounds. • Primarily terrestrial, using a posture called “knuckle –walking”. • Groups consist of one large silverback male, a few adult females, and their subadult offspring. • 257 days of gestation
- 72. There are only two species of gorillas in the world – the Eastern and the Western. There are the Eastern Lowland gorillas and the Western Lowland gorilla. The Mountain gorillas have very low numbers and then there are the Cross River gorillas. All of these types of gorillas are considered to be endangered due to low numbers, destruction of their habitat, and poaching. Those that live in the mountains are at very low numbers, less than 300. Just about all gorillas that you see in captivity are Western gorillas.
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- 74. Poaching of the gorillas to get their food sources, to consume for meat, and to sell on the black market continue as well. It is very difficult to offer enough protection for them even though it is desperately needed. There has been plenty of research on the gorilla species and they won’t be able to survive without humans changing their ways. Gorillas have very few predators but man has make survival very difficult for these animals.
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- 77. Cross river
- 78. Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) • Found in equatorial Africa. • Anatomically similar to gorillas particularly in limb proportions and upper-body shape. • Locomotion includes knuckle-walking on the ground and brachiation in the trees. • Eat a variety of plant and animal foods. • Large communities of as many as 50 individuals. • 227 days gestation
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- 80. Bonobos (Pan paniscus) • Only found in an area south of the Zaire river. • Population is believed to only number a few thousand individuals. • Exploit the same foods as chimps, including occasional small mammals. • Male-female bonds constitute the societal core. • Sexuality includes frequent copulations throughout the female's estrous cycle.
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- 82. • The only living species in the family Hominidae. • Human teeth are typical primate teeth. • Dependence on vision for orientation to the world • Flexible limbs and grasping hands • Omnivorous diet • Cognitive abilities are the result of dramatic increases in brain size. • Bipedal Humans (Homo Sapiens )
- 83. SUMMARY
- 84. A trend in primate evolution has been toward a more elaborate brain. The brain of anthropoids is larger relative to body weight, than that of prosimians and is characterised by a complicated pattern of the folds and fissure.
- 85. Another evolutionary trends involves the development of offspring both before and after birth, gestation periods are relatively long, allowing the development of the more complex brain.
- 86. Primates Other mammals Hand Prehensile hands none nails Some claws Face Less prognathism More prognathism Brain case Bigger Smaller Eyes Have enclosure to protect the eyes No enclosure to protect the eyes Primate Vs. Other Mammal
- 87. difference Prosimians Anthropoids Face More prognatic Less prognatic Braincase Smaller Larger Tooth comb Have tooth comb Don’t have tooth comb Enclosure of the eye Post orbital bar Post orbital plate and bar Prosimians vs. Anthropoids
- 88. Platyrrhines Catyrrhines Nose shape Round nostrils that are widely space Narrow space Dental formula 3 premolar 2 premoral Tail Prehensile tails don’t have prehensile tail Platyrrhines Vs. Catyrrhines
- 89. Cercopithecoids Homonoids Locomotion Quadropedal Brachiators Length of the Lumbar region Longer shorter Tails have none Scapula (shoulder blade) More on the side Rotated towards the back of the body Clavicle shorter longer Forelimb Forelimb and hind limb is relatively equivalent Longer forelimb compared to hind limb Elbow Have elongated elbow (ulnar olecranon process) No such extension Molar Bilophodont Y-5 molar Cercopithecoids vs. Homonoids
- 90. Homo Sapiens Great apes Skull (brain case) Larger brain case. Almost the whole skull Smaller braincase. Size of the brain is relative to overall size of the skull. Canine Very much the same with the other teeth. Larger and very visible face Flat face prognatic Sexual Dimorphism : Sagital Crest Homo Sapiens are not much dimorphic For male apes, it is more bigger. For female, smaller Pongids vs. homonins
- 91. Homo sapiens Great Apes Pelvis shape Shorter from top to bottom Longer from top to bottom Iliac blade Curve like bowl shape flat Abductor muscles Muscles are attach to the side Muscles are attach at the back Feet Use their feet to carry their body Feet look like hands, maintaned for grasping Post Crania