This document discusses threats, impacts, and preparedness for bioterrorism. It outlines various threats including threats to the economy from spreading animal and plant diseases, threats to wildlife and biodiversity, and psycho-social impacts on the population during a bioterrorism attack. It also discusses key elements of bioterrorism threats including the actor, agent, target, and mode of attack. The document then covers impacts on the population size and environment. Finally, it discusses various aspects of bioterrorism preparedness including prevention, detection, response, and the roles of clinicians, laboratories, and surveillance systems.
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Biological Warfare.....
Straight and Short Information on Biological Warfare.....
Now In 2020, The COVID-19(The Novel Corona Virus) is the best example of Biological Warfare.......
Contents-
#Historical Events
#Biological Warfare
#Bio-Weapons
#Biological Agents
#Weapons Development Cycle
#Advantages
#Disadvantages
#Conclusion
#References
#Case Study
Introduction to bioterrorism , history of bioterrorism, key features of biological agents used as bioweapons, biological agents and effects, bioterrorism agents, effects of biological attacks, COVID-19 used as bioweapon , technology at work, preventive measures.
This presentation focuses on a short history of bioterrorism, description, its advantages and disadvantages and organisms incorporated into weapons are also shown here.
Biological Warfare.....
Straight and Short Information on Biological Warfare.....
Now In 2020, The COVID-19(The Novel Corona Virus) is the best example of Biological Warfare.......
Contents-
#Historical Events
#Biological Warfare
#Bio-Weapons
#Biological Agents
#Weapons Development Cycle
#Advantages
#Disadvantages
#Conclusion
#References
#Case Study
Bioterrorism is using living organsims as weapons of mass destruction or to cause panic in population. it has existed since ancient times and yet pose a potential future threat. this compilation is not exhaustive and contains references at the end for further reading
biological weapons, an weapons which can kill many and that also by means of biology this may refer as silent killer as being describe in many science fiction movies like resident evil etc
“Microbial forensics” has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence
from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution
purposes” (Budowle et al., 2003). This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of
development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies
for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular
person or group. The unlawful use of biological agents poses substantial dangers to individuals,
public health, the environment, the economies of nations, and global peace. It also is likely that
scientific, political, and media-based controversy will surround any investigation of the alleged
use of a biological agent, and can be expected to affect significantly the role that scientific
information or evidence can play. For these reasons, building awareness of and capacity in
microbial forensics can assist in our understanding of what may have occurred during a biothreat
event, and international collaborations that engage the broader scientific and policy-making
communities are likely to strengthen our microbial forensics capabilities. One goal would be to
create a shared technical understanding of the possibilities—and limitations—of the scientific
bases for microbial forensics analysis._ NCBI
Bioterrorism is using living organsims as weapons of mass destruction or to cause panic in population. it has existed since ancient times and yet pose a potential future threat. this compilation is not exhaustive and contains references at the end for further reading
biological weapons, an weapons which can kill many and that also by means of biology this may refer as silent killer as being describe in many science fiction movies like resident evil etc
“Microbial forensics” has been defined as “a scientific discipline dedicated to analyzing evidence
from a bioterrorism act, biocrime, or inadvertent microorganism/toxin release for attribution
purposes” (Budowle et al., 2003). This emerging discipline is still in the early stages of
development and faces substantial scientific challenges to provide a robust suite of technologies
for identifying the source of a biological threat agent and attributing a biothreat act to a particular
person or group. The unlawful use of biological agents poses substantial dangers to individuals,
public health, the environment, the economies of nations, and global peace. It also is likely that
scientific, political, and media-based controversy will surround any investigation of the alleged
use of a biological agent, and can be expected to affect significantly the role that scientific
information or evidence can play. For these reasons, building awareness of and capacity in
microbial forensics can assist in our understanding of what may have occurred during a biothreat
event, and international collaborations that engage the broader scientific and policy-making
communities are likely to strengthen our microbial forensics capabilities. One goal would be to
create a shared technical understanding of the possibilities—and limitations—of the scientific
bases for microbial forensics analysis._ NCBI
Its all about Bio terrorism. Here i am trying to involve all content(maximum) those are available on online like ready.gov; CDC. i think it will cover all information that are need to know.
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
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3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
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5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
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ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
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Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
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1. Threats,Impacts & Preparedness Of
Bioterrorism
• “...the intentional release of an
infectious particle, be it a
virus or bacterium,
from the confines of a
laboratory or medical
practice must be formally
condemned as an irresponsible
threat against the whole human
community.” (Lederberg)
2. Threats (silent threats)
• Threat To Economy
• Threat To Wildlife and
Biodiversity
• Psycho-social Factors During
Bioterrorism
• Threat To Population Size
3. Key elements of the threat
•
•
•
•
The who (the actor),
The what (the agent),
The where (the target),
How (the mode of attack).
4. THREAT TO ECONOMY
• The terrorists have an option to use exotic organisms to
spread disease in animals and plants.
• Animals Disease
• Imagine somebody spread:
• Foot and Mouth disease
• Rinderpest (infectious,viral)
• Glanders (contagious,bacterial)
• Swine fever (contagious disease of pigs and wild boar)
• Fowl plague
• Rabies and so on.
5. THREAT TO ECONOMY (continued)
• Similarly Plant Diseases
• Rice blast (Fungal disease)
• Late blight of potato (A Serious Disease of Potatoes and Tomatoes)
• Black Rust (fungal disease)
• Maize Rust and so on would destroy all the crops and shatter the
economy of the country.
• Eg:-Irish Potato Famine
•
In 1940 due to potato blast half a million people died of starvation and
half a million people migrated. It took one century for the country’s
economy to recover.
• Highly pathogenic avian influenza, Hong Kong
• The outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) type A (H5N1) in
live market chickens in Hong Kong resulted in 6 million deaths and killing
of 1.4 million birds.
6. Threat To Wildlife & Biodiversity
• Wildlife populations are more vulnerable to biological
terrorist attacks than are domesticated species.
• Access to free-ranging wildlife is unrestricted, chances
of a perpetrator being noticed are very low, and
wildlife disease surveillance activities are minimal in
most areas.
• Bioterrorist easily spread bioweapons to wild life,due
to which extinction of species occurs.
• Due to extinction of species threat to biodiversity also
confronted.
• As wild animals and plants are the key elements for
food,medicines,industries and other things.Nonavailability of these things cause much problems to
particular country being attacked.
7. Is distance between human and
urban wildlife necessary?
The close proximity
between humans & urban
wildlife provides a “bridge”
for the delivery of
infectious disease that
easily could be exploited
by bioterrorists
because of inadequate
disease surveillance and
monitoring of these
wildlife.
8. Psycho-social Factors during
bioterrorism
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Horror
Anger at Terrorist/Government
Panic ( anxiety )
Magical thinking about microbes
Fear of invisible agents and contagion
Social isolation
Loss of faith in social institutions
Attribution of arousal symptoms to infection
9. MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE WITH
PSYCHOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
• Care of health workers.
• Confidence building by the medical workers.
• Critical incidence stress management (CISM) for rescue
workers.
• Dealing with emotional and psychological problems while
dealing with the dead.
• Care of emergency workers, medical and paramedical workers
• Critical incidence of stress debriefing(CSID)
10. Threat To Population Size &
Non.Targeting Organisms
• Due to lethal bioweapons,death rate increases
and population size of particular area
decreases.
• Along with targting,other organism also
affected by bioterrorism.
12. Preparedness
• Prevention:
•
•
•
•
Regulating environmental and agricultural conditions to
minimize threats.
Limiting access to certain biological agents.
Improving intelligence to uncover plans for biological or
chemical attacks.
Detection:
Health care provider training and education to improve
diagnosis
Enhanced surveillance & epidemiology to detect
outbreaks
improved laboratory capabilities
13. Preparedness (continued)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Response:
establishment of response plans,
regular drills or exercises of those plans
regional and interagency coordination and
communication
medical capacity for decontamination, immunization,
and treatment
Most of these capacities has dual use
For natural and bioterroric attacks
14. PREPARATION FOR BIOTERRORISM
ATTACK
• Familiarize medical staff with BT agents
• Incorporate into Disaster Planning
• Decontamination & Infection Control
• Communications with key agencies
• Laboratory, CDC, Police, FBI, etc.
• Contacts to obtain stockpiled supplies: antibiotics,
immune sera, vaccines, etc.
• Security preparations
15. Familiarisation
• Nature of Bioterroric Weapons:
Biological weapons are
contagious,virulent,robust,difficult to detect
drug-resistant, user-controllable.
Awareness
Public should be warn of invisible enemies
Medical professionalist back to school
16. DETECTION
Is this the real thing?
Indications of a bioweapon attack
• A rapidly increasing disease incidence (e.g., within hours or
days) in a normally healthy population.
• An unusual increase in the number of people
seeking care, especially with fever, respiratory,
or gastrointestinal complaints
• The rapid outbreak of any disease
that is not indigenous to the local
area (i.e., vector-borne illness)
• Large numbers of casualties
concentrated in a certain area
or with wind direction.
17. • Lower attack rates among people who have
been indoors, especially in areas with filtered
air or closed ventilation systems, compared
with people who have been outdoors
• Clusters of patients arriving from a single
locale
18. Even a single case may be a signal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Caused by an uncommon agent
Unusual for region, age group or season
Fulminant(sudden) disease in otherwise healthy patient
Other clues
Similar genetic type of agent from distinct source
Unusual, atypical, genetically engineered, or
antiquated strain
Atypical aerosol, food, or water transmission
Concurrent animal disease
19. Biosurveillance(Monitoring System
• Biosurveillance is the science of real-time
disease outbreak detection”.
• Made its debut in 1999. This collects data
from labs,hospitals, and environmental
studies in order to detect bioterror attacks as
early as possible.
• Detection system
• RODS (Real-Time Outbreak Disease
Surveillance).
20. Detecting the existence of a threat
• Electronic Chips
• Tiny electronic chips that would contain living nerve cells to warn of
the presence of bacterial toxins (identification of broad range
toxins)
• Fiber-optic
• Fiber-optic tubes lined with antibodies coupled to light-emitting
molecules (identification of specific pathogens, such as anthrax,
botulinum, ricin)
• Ultraviolet Avalanche Photodiodes(New research )
• Ultraviolet avalanche photodiodes offer the high gain, reliability and
robustness needed to detect anthrax and other bioterrorism agents
in the air.
• biodetectors molecular identification
21. WHAT WE NEED TO
PREPARE FOR BIOTERRORISM
• More trained epidemiologists
to speed detection
• Increased laboratory capacity
• Health Alert Network
• SPECIAL PROBLEMS WITH BIOTERRORISM
• Specialized labs needed
• for some agents
• • Risks to laboratory workers
• • Limited resources
• • Communication
between agencies
22. WHAT TO DO IF YOU SUSPECT A
BIOTERRORIST DISEASE
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
IMMEDIATELY NOTIFY:
• Hospital Infection Control
• Isolation: Smallpox,
plague, hemorrhagic
fevers
• Laboratory
• Hospital Administration
• Local Public Health
Department
23. HOW CAN HOSPITALS PREPARE?
• Familiarize medical staff and lab with bioterrorist
threat and agents
• • Incorporate BT planning into disaster planning
• • Infection control
• • Notification procedures and contact numbers
• • Daily surveillance and reporting
• • Security preparations
• • Media
• • Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
24. Role of Clinicians & Labs
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Be prepared to diagnose and treat BT diseases
Keep alert to unusual disease patterns
Use reportable disease system to alert
public
Health officials of a potential problem
Get involved in disaster planning process
Labs should work on
advanced detection systems to detect
early attacks,
identify at-risk areas, and to
give proper Treatment
•
•
• Forensic teams
• work hard to identify biological agents,
• their origins and effects
25. Factors contribute to the emergence and re-
emergence of infectious diseases
1. Unprecedented worldwide population growth draining the natural
resources
2. Overcrowding in cities with poor sanitation.
3. Rapid and increased international travel.
4. Increased international trade in animals and food products.
5. Mass distribution of food and unhygienic food preparation practices
6. Increased exposure of humans to disease vectors and reservoirs in
nature
7. Man-made changes to the environment and climatic changes which
have a direct impact on the population of insect vectors and animal
reservoirs.
8. Misuse of antibiotics leading to the evolution of resistant microbes.
26. What is being done?
•
National Pharmaceutical Stockpile Program (NPSP) -- This resource of
medical supplies can be sent anywhere in the country within 12 hours of a
biological attack.
•
The Health Alert Network (HAN) – this organizations is developing a national
communication system on the Internet.
•
Health department lab preparedness -- The CDC is working with other
officials to ensure that all state health departments are equipped to test
suspicious substances.
•
The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.
(APIC) has worked with the CDC to develop the Bioterrorism Readiness Plan
27. Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP), a decentralized and state-based
surveillance program, was introduced in November 2004 in India.
•
It integrates
public sector
private sector
rural and urban
health system
• There is incorporation of International Health Agencies (WHO, CDC, etc.).
• Its major components include
•
integration and decentralization of surveillance activities,
• strengthening of public health laboratories
•
human resource development
• Use of information technology for
collection, collation, compilation, analysis, and dissemination of data.
28. CONCLUSION
• The threat of bioterrorism is real. To prepare
for it, we must educate our health care team,
incorporate bioterrorism preparedness into
disaster plans, and support cooperation and
communication between the public health
department and hospitals
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