This document discusses the planning and construction of fish farms. It covers fish farm planning considerations like available land, water, target production, and capital. It also describes two main types of fish farming systems - extensive (earthen pond) and intensive. For extensive systems, the document outlines pond design factors and considerations for pond shape, slope, and depth. It also lists the major buildings and equipment needed for a fish farm, including aeration equipment, nets, boats, pumps, and trucks. Proper planning and equipment selection are emphasized as essential for successful aquaculture.
Nursery Pond Management
Objectives:
To obtain required amount of desirable species at desired time at desired price all the year round.
After completing these stages of management the nursery pond is prepared for rearing fry and fingerlings.
The next stage is to select culturable species for stocking in the prepared pond and other management.
If we prepare a good nursery pond we will get a good production .
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
Nursery Pond Management
Objectives:
To obtain required amount of desirable species at desired time at desired price all the year round.
After completing these stages of management the nursery pond is prepared for rearing fry and fingerlings.
The next stage is to select culturable species for stocking in the prepared pond and other management.
If we prepare a good nursery pond we will get a good production .
Broodstock And Hatchery Management Of Penaeus Monodonsush_p
Shrimp aquaculture is an important and valuable production sector that has been growing rapidly over the past two decades. Success is largely based on the quality of post larvae, particularly their health condition, thus making hatchery production of quality post larvae crucial to the sector’s sustainability. Vietnam is the leading producer of black tiger shrimp in the world with a production of 300,000 tons in 2011, followed by India and Indonesia with a production of 187,900 tons and 126,200 tons respectively.
Major contribution of the tiger shrimp to global shrimp production and the economic losses resulting from disease outbreaks, it is essential that the shrimp-farming sector invest in good management practices for the production of healthy and quality seed. The Indian shrimp hatchery industry has established a detailed guidance and protocols for improving the productivity, health management, biosecurity and sustainability of the sector. Following a brief review of shrimp hatchery development in India, the major requirements for hatchery production are discussed under the headings: infrastructure, facility maintenance, inlet water quality and treatment, wastewater treatment, biosecurity, standard operating procedures (SOPS), the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) approach, chemical use during the hatchery production process and health assessment. Pre-spawning procedures include the use of wild, domesticated and specific pathogen free/ specific pathogen resistant (SPF/SPR) broodstock, broodstock selection and holding techniques, transport, utilization, health screening, maturation, nutrition and spawning, egg hatching; nauplius selection, egg/ nauplius disinfection and washing and holding, disease testing and transportation of nauplii. Post-spawning procedures include: larval-rearing unit preparation, larval rearing/health management, larval nutrition and feed management, important larval diseases, quality testing/selection of PL for stocking, PL harvest and transportation, nursery rearing and record keeping.
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SHRIMP HATCHERYKartik Mondal
Shrimp is a valuable aquatic food resources high In protein and command good export markets. The tiger shrimp P.indicus and p.merguiensis are important candidate or aquafarming.The seed requirement presently meet from the wild and insufficient to meet growing demand. Hence there is a good potential for hatchery production of shrimp seed.
The success of a shrimp hatchery depend on:
1.The choice of suitable site
2.Effectiveness and efficiency of the hatchery design
3.Experience of hatchery technicians
4.Efficiency of operational management.
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) operate by filtering water from the fish (or shellfish) tanks so it can be reused within the tank. This dramatically reduces the amount of water and space required to intensively produce seafood products.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
تربية أسماك البلطي
الباب الأول : أسماك البلطي :
- أنواع أسماك البلطي :
النيلي .
الحساني .
الأخضر .
الجليلي .
الموزمبيقي .
الباب الثاني : أسس إنشاء المزارع السمكية :
- الأسس التى تبني عليها دراسة جدوى المشروع .
- أسس اختيار المزرعة السمكية :
اختيار الموقع .
جغرافية الموقع .
طبيعة التربة .
المورد المائى .
- أنواع أحواض الأسماك :
أحواض الأراضي المستوية .
أحواض السدود والحواجز الصناعية .
- مراحل الإنشاء .
- تقسيم المزرعة ومواصفاتها .
عدد الأحواض .
حجم الأحواض .
عمق الأحواض .
شكل الأحواض .
ميول الجسر .
معالجة التربة .
- تقسيم أحواض المزرعة السمكية :
أحواض الأمهات .
أحواض الأقلمة .
أحواض التهجين .
أحواض التحضين .
أحواض التربية :
احتياجات أحواض التربية
أحواض التسمين .
أحواض البيع .
- أنظمة الاستزراع السمكي :
النظام الغير مكثف .
النظام شبه المكثف .
النظام المكثف .
استزراع البلطي فى الأقفاص العائمة .
الاستزراع السمكي المتكامل .
زراعة الأسماك مع مزارع البط .
زراعة الأسماك فى حقول الأرز .
- أعمال تحضيرية تتم فى أحواض الحضانة والتربية :
تنظيف الأحواض .
ضبط عمق المياة .
تسميد الأحواض .
- الأعمال المتبعة فى إدارة الأحواض :
فحص الأحواض .
تنظيف المصافي والمرشحات .
مراقبة سلوك الأسماك .
الباب الثالث : مفاهيم مهمة فى تربية أسماك البلطي :
- مفاهيم الاستزراع السمكي .
- مفاهيم هامة فى التربية .
- مفاهيم فى تخزين الزريعة .
- مفاهيم فى معدلات التخزين فى الأحواض .
- مفاهيم فى الطاقة التحميلية ( السعة التحميلية ) .
- مفاهيم فى نوعية طرق الاستزراع :
الاستزراع المتعدد : إيجابيات - سلبيات
الاستزراع الفردي .
- مفاهيم فى تجهيز أحواض الاستزراع :
تجفيف الحوض .
تطهير الحوض .
التسميد الابتدائي للحوض .
نقل الزريعة .
- المشكلات الأساسية فى حوض التربية :
نقص كمية الأكسجين .
زيادة درجة حرارة الماء ( التغير فى درجة الحرارة ) .
الحموضة الزائدة والقلو
fish nutrition and feeding of fish. different methods of feeding fish. fish feeding behavior. daily feed requirements for fish. storage and selection of quality feeds keeping records of fish feeding and feeder types for fish. FCR and Uniform growth of fish are the ultimate goals to be achieved. university of veterinary and animal sciences Lahore.
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF SHRIMP HATCHERYKartik Mondal
Shrimp is a valuable aquatic food resources high In protein and command good export markets. The tiger shrimp P.indicus and p.merguiensis are important candidate or aquafarming.The seed requirement presently meet from the wild and insufficient to meet growing demand. Hence there is a good potential for hatchery production of shrimp seed.
The success of a shrimp hatchery depend on:
1.The choice of suitable site
2.Effectiveness and efficiency of the hatchery design
3.Experience of hatchery technicians
4.Efficiency of operational management.
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) operate by filtering water from the fish (or shellfish) tanks so it can be reused within the tank. This dramatically reduces the amount of water and space required to intensively produce seafood products.
Introduction
Fish Health Management GOALS
Principles of fish health management
Factors affecting fish health
Common symptoms of diseases
General preventive measures
Proper Health Management through manipulating the disease triangle
Conclusion
References
تربية أسماك البلطي
الباب الأول : أسماك البلطي :
- أنواع أسماك البلطي :
النيلي .
الحساني .
الأخضر .
الجليلي .
الموزمبيقي .
الباب الثاني : أسس إنشاء المزارع السمكية :
- الأسس التى تبني عليها دراسة جدوى المشروع .
- أسس اختيار المزرعة السمكية :
اختيار الموقع .
جغرافية الموقع .
طبيعة التربة .
المورد المائى .
- أنواع أحواض الأسماك :
أحواض الأراضي المستوية .
أحواض السدود والحواجز الصناعية .
- مراحل الإنشاء .
- تقسيم المزرعة ومواصفاتها .
عدد الأحواض .
حجم الأحواض .
عمق الأحواض .
شكل الأحواض .
ميول الجسر .
معالجة التربة .
- تقسيم أحواض المزرعة السمكية :
أحواض الأمهات .
أحواض الأقلمة .
أحواض التهجين .
أحواض التحضين .
أحواض التربية :
احتياجات أحواض التربية
أحواض التسمين .
أحواض البيع .
- أنظمة الاستزراع السمكي :
النظام الغير مكثف .
النظام شبه المكثف .
النظام المكثف .
استزراع البلطي فى الأقفاص العائمة .
الاستزراع السمكي المتكامل .
زراعة الأسماك مع مزارع البط .
زراعة الأسماك فى حقول الأرز .
- أعمال تحضيرية تتم فى أحواض الحضانة والتربية :
تنظيف الأحواض .
ضبط عمق المياة .
تسميد الأحواض .
- الأعمال المتبعة فى إدارة الأحواض :
فحص الأحواض .
تنظيف المصافي والمرشحات .
مراقبة سلوك الأسماك .
الباب الثالث : مفاهيم مهمة فى تربية أسماك البلطي :
- مفاهيم الاستزراع السمكي .
- مفاهيم هامة فى التربية .
- مفاهيم فى تخزين الزريعة .
- مفاهيم فى معدلات التخزين فى الأحواض .
- مفاهيم فى الطاقة التحميلية ( السعة التحميلية ) .
- مفاهيم فى نوعية طرق الاستزراع :
الاستزراع المتعدد : إيجابيات - سلبيات
الاستزراع الفردي .
- مفاهيم فى تجهيز أحواض الاستزراع :
تجفيف الحوض .
تطهير الحوض .
التسميد الابتدائي للحوض .
نقل الزريعة .
- المشكلات الأساسية فى حوض التربية :
نقص كمية الأكسجين .
زيادة درجة حرارة الماء ( التغير فى درجة الحرارة ) .
الحموضة الزائدة والقلو
Bottom clean Aquaculture system and It’s Engineering PrincipleDegonto Islam
Bottom clean Aquaculture method is considered an updated version of bio-floc.
The most important tasks here are scientifically removing the waste from the bottom of the reservoir and the rotation of oxygen and food supply to the fishes
In this type of culture system, as the amount of oxygen is higher, it is able to culture fishes 10- 20 times more.
Introduction
Hydrology
Water cycle
Watershed Development
Integrated Watershed Management
Water Conservation & Harvesting
Basic introduction of hydraulic structures.
conclusion
references
Community ecology, study of the organization and functioning of communities, which are assemblages of interacting populations of the species living within a particular area or habitat.
In terms of biomass, the greatest migration in the world is the migration of Zooplankton .
Zooplankton migration is different because it moves up and down through the ocean's depths rather than traversing a landscape.
The evolutionary development or history of a species or of a taxonomic group of organisms (The phylogeny of a group of taxa (singular: taxon) (species, etc.) is its evolutionary history)
Detailed consideration of the mechanisms of
reproduction and look instead at human fertility patterns,
and at the factors, both natural and artificial, that may
influence them.
The tiny fertilized egg sitting in the oviduct now has to
perform a heroic task. It must somehow communicate its
presence to the mother and convert the whole of her physiology
and anatomy from a cyclic reproductive state to a
pregnant one.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Unveiling the Energy Potential of Marshmallow Deposits.pdf
Fish farm design & construction
1. Fish Farm- Design &
Construction
Done by: Sumaiah Alghamdi
Submitted to Dr : Maie Al Obeid
2. Content
• Introduction
• Fish farm Planning
• Extensive and Intensive Systems types
• Extensive (Design of earthen ponds)
• Buildings
• Other major equipment
• conclusion
• References
3. Introduction
• The success of any production system in industry , agriculture
and aquaculture relies heavily on design and construction. A well
designed and constructed system provides the foundation for
successful operations. Aquaculture has developed some unique
equipment and some unique uses for equipment.
• Typical fish farm was developed by forming small ponds by
hand, or an even simpler method of trapping tidal water flow in
estuaries by building simple water retaining structures.
4. Fish farm Planning
Planning a fish farm is an important step in the farming investment.
1- The size of a fish farm which determined by:
• Amount of water available
• The land available and usable for fish culture
• The technology to be employed.
• The target production
• Capital available for investment
5. Fish farm Planning (cont..)
2-The number and the shape of ponds which determined by:
• Land size
• Topography of the land
• The species to be produced
• Frequency of harvest
• Target quantity per harvest
However, rectangular ponds are easier to manage.
6. Fish farm Planning (cont..)
3-Selection of region: In general, knowledge of local geography
and local and geology, climate and weather
• Free of pathogens , Pollution and undesirable organism
• Open space for aeration
• Future expansion of the project
• susceptibility of the site to flooding
• availability of suitable manpower to operate the farm
• proximity of markets easy transportation
• Electricity and Water availability and good Temperature and Soil.
7. Extensive and Intensive Systems types:
IntensiveExtensivetypes
Tanks, raceways, troughs,
cages, small earthen ponds
Earthen pondLocation
Complete feeding. Generally,
prepared feeds; highly
managed ponds with regular
water exchange/management
Built to farm fish, specific
and shape; water level and
water quality monitored and
maintained; some
supplementary feeding;
predator control.
characteristics
8. Extensive (Design of earthen ponds)
a good pond should be designed in such a way to allow total control
of During the process of designing ponds
decisions should be made.
• Total area of the pond water surface needed
• The length and the width of the pond water surface
• The water depth and the total pond depth at both the deep and
shallow ends
• The slope of the dykes and the pond bottom
• The width of dykes
9. Extensive (Design of earthen ponds)
(cont..)
Type and Shape :There are three basic structural types.
• excavated pond
• Levee ponds
• Combination Watershed-Levee Ponds
Ponds should be square or rectangular to make the most efficient
use of available land. It is more economical to construct square
ponds; however, rectangular ponds are easier to manage.
11. Buliding
• Office ,toilet and washroom laboratory
• general workroom with tanks for holding, sorting ,and treating
fish, with vehicular access
• meal room and room with filters and air blowers.
• store rooms for chemicals, feed, equipment
• garages for vehicles, boats, pumps, traps, nets, mowers
• workshop for repairing and making equipment
• handling and packaging room for preparing fish for packaging
and dispatch
12. Other major equipment
• Aquaculture uses a wide range of devices, such as aeration
equipment ,nets and seines, boats, pumps, tractors, and trucks.
1- Aeration Equipment
Aerators work in
A- increasing the area of contact between air and water.
B-circulate water so that fish can find areas with higher oxygen
concentrations.
13. Cont..))Other major equipment
• Most aerators are in one of the following categories: surface
spray or vertical pump, pump sprayer, paddlewheel,
diffused air, and propeller aspirator pump.
surface spray or vertical pump
15. Cont..))Other major equipment
2-Seines net
.Seines should be made of polyethylene or nylon.. Also, seines need
to be treated so they do not rot The mesh size to be used varies
according to the minimum size of the fish to be captured.
16. Cont..))Other major equipment
3-Live-Cars or Socks
• Holding live fish is sometimes necessary if the market cannot
take all the catch in one day, or because of a delay between
capture and hauling fish to market. They are made of the same
material as seines.
17. Cont..))Other major equipment
4-Transporting
Transporting live fish requires maximum care to avoid losses.
5-Oxygen Testing Equipment
6-Boats: Boats are used for dispensing certain chemicals directly
into the water.
7-Trucks: One or more ½- to ¾-ton pickup trucks are necessary
for routine work around the farm.
8-Tractors : needed for such things as pulling a feeder, providing
power for a paddlewheel aeration device and pulling a seine
18. Conclusion:
• Although pond culture still predominates, the use of raceways,
tanks,, cages, and recirculating systems has increased. .
Regardless of the culture system, planning is essential for
successful aquaculture. Next, the aquaculturalist must completely
understand the type of production facility being used. Each
aquaculturalist needs to select carefully the best equipment for
his or her facility and be knowledgeable in the use of the
equipment.
