Acanthocephala are a diverse group of endoparasitic worms that infect the intestines of fish and other aquatic animals. They have a complex life cycle requiring an arthropod intermediate host and a vertebrate definitive host. In the intermediate host, eggs hatch into acanthors which develop into cystacanths. When the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host, usually a fish, the cystacanths mature into adult worms in the intestine. Adult worms attach to the intestine using a spined proboscis, which can cause damage and inflammation. Their life cycles enhance transmission between hosts. Acanthocephalans have morphological features adapted for their parasitic lifestyle and infection can cause clinical signs in hosts.
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
The most common fish diseases, particularly in freshwater aquaria, include columnaris, gill disease, ick (ich), dropsy, tail and fin-rot, fungal infections, white spot disease, pop-eye, cloudy eye, swim bladder disease, lice and nematode worms infestation, water quality induced diseases, constipation, anorexia, ...
Life cycle of Protozoan parasite
fish parasite
parasitologyClinostomum compalanatum and Clinostomum marginatum are unsegmented flatworms of the class Trematoda and the order Digenea.
They are also called as yellow grub
They occur frequently in the skin and the muscle of the freshwater fish.
Small cream coloured nodules or cysts ranging from pinhead size up to 2.5 mm depending on their age
The number of cysts may vary from 1-100 or more than
They have an oval or round shape.
The skin of the fish in reaction to the infection produces the cysts, which contain worms.
It may take 3 weeks to make clearly visible cysts after the infection and 7 weeks to reach full size
Induced breeding is a technique where organism is stimulated by particular hormone or other synthetic hormone or by providing condition, introduced to breed in captive condition.
Parasitism:
It is defined as an intimate and obligatory relationships between two heterospecific organisms during which the parasite, usually the smaller of the two partners is metabolically depended on the host.
Parasitology:
The term ‘parasitology’ is originated from Greek word- ‘Para’ means beside, ‘sitos’ means food and ‘logus’ means study.
It is the branch of science which deals with the study of the relationship between the parasite and host. This discipline includes several approaches to the study of parasitic organisms such as phylogeny, morphology, ecology, life history, physiology, chaemotherapy, serology, immunology and bio chemistry.
Fish parasitology:
It is the branch of science that deals with the study of parasite of fishes. It includes the infection and disease of fish caused by parasite.
The most common fish diseases, particularly in freshwater aquaria, include columnaris, gill disease, ick (ich), dropsy, tail and fin-rot, fungal infections, white spot disease, pop-eye, cloudy eye, swim bladder disease, lice and nematode worms infestation, water quality induced diseases, constipation, anorexia, ...
Life cycle of Protozoan parasite
fish parasite
parasitologyClinostomum compalanatum and Clinostomum marginatum are unsegmented flatworms of the class Trematoda and the order Digenea.
They are also called as yellow grub
They occur frequently in the skin and the muscle of the freshwater fish.
Small cream coloured nodules or cysts ranging from pinhead size up to 2.5 mm depending on their age
The number of cysts may vary from 1-100 or more than
They have an oval or round shape.
The skin of the fish in reaction to the infection produces the cysts, which contain worms.
It may take 3 weeks to make clearly visible cysts after the infection and 7 weeks to reach full size
Classes of Aschelminthes Powerpoint PresentationFaizRehman50
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Study of parasites Hymenolepis nana, Taenia Echinococcus(), & Pneumocystis carinii
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venom glands in spider
composition of spider venom
basic components of spider venom
use in pharmaceuticals
scorpion venom
venom glands
toxicity
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harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
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students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
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2. Introduction
Acanthocephalans are endo parasitic worms
comprising approximately 1100 species
Acanthocephala is an important but a minor
group of parasites that shows characteristics
similar to that of rotifers.
Adult members of this group are present and
mostly feed on the intestinal walls of fresh and
marine water fishes all over the world
Juveniles of other species occur in the
viscera, especially the mesentery and liver of
fishes that act as paratenic hosts.
3.
4. Classification
Kingdom ; Animalia
Phylum ; Acanthocephala
Class ; Palaeacanthocephala
Order ; Echinorhychida
Family ; Echinorhynchidae
Genus ; Acanthocephalus
5. It is believed that approximately 1150 species
of Acanthocephalan parasites exist within the
four orders:
Neoechinorhynchidea
Echinorhynchidea
Aporhynchidea
Gigantorhynchidea.
9. Morphology
• Bilaterally symmetrical and dioecious, pseudocoelomate
worms.
• Characterized by a spined proboscis that is invaginable
and retractable into sacular proboscis receptacle.
• Attachment to the host intestine is by proboscis.
• Patterns of hooks and proboscis are of taxonomic
importance.
• The neck is the unarmed region behind the proboscis-
usually short and inconspicuous- some genera it is
extremely elongated and may be inflated.
10. • The reminder of the body is trunk- in some species
bears tegumental spines- which may enhance the
attachment to the host intestine.
• All the ontogenic stages lack alimentary canal- a
genital pore is the only visible opening.
12. Click to add Text
• Conspicuous internal organs are those of the reproductive system.
• Male- there are two testes- followed by one to eight cement glands.
• Ovaries fragment early in the development to form ovarian balls-
which float free in the pseudocoelom.
• As development proceeds, pseudocoleom fills with eggs- Eggs are
passed through a funnel-shaped uterine bell to a slector apparatus- which
allows only fully-formed eggs into the uterus.
13. • Other eggs are directed back to the pseudocoelom through a series of canals
and pores.
• Female system terminates in a vagina, regulated by a vaginal sphincter,
which discharges through a genital pore.
• Most do not possess an excretory system- Protonephridial organs discharge
through ducts that for males enter the vas deferens and for females enter the
uterus
14. Life Cycle
Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, for both
developmental and resting stages.
Requires vertebrate as definitive hosts and
arthropods as intermediate hosts
For development to occur, the eggs when released
from the female containing the acanthor are ingested
by an arthropod, usually a crustacean.
15. Inside the intermediate host, the acanthor is released
from the egg and transforms into an acanthella
Acanthella then penetrates the gut wall and
transforms into the infective cystacanth stage (cyst) in
the body cavity.
18. This stage after eaten by a suitable final host
develops into a mature adult, or by a paratenic host,
in which the parasite again forms a cyst.
When consumed by a suitable final host, a fish, the
cycstacanth removes its cyst wall, everts its
proboscis, pierces the gut wall and then feeds, grows
and develops its sexual organs.
19. This juvenile or cystacanth is the infective
stage for a definitive host.
After mating, adult male uses the excretions of
its cement glands to plug the vagina of the
female, to prevent subsequent matings from
occurring.
Embryos develop inside the female, and the
life cycle repeats.
20.
21. Intercalated hosts
• When cystacanths of some species are ingested by
vertebrates that are unsuitable as definitive hosts, they
penetrate the intestine and localise in extra-intestinal sites.
• They remain as cystacanths in these paratenic hosts.
• Predator definitive hosts acquire acanthocephalans from
prey animals that serve as paratenic hosts.
• Fishes are important paratenic hosts for (Corynosoma)- of
marine birds and mammals-infecting acanthocephalans.
• Post-cyclic transmission: In some species transmission of
adult worms from one definitive host to another occurs due
to ingestion.
22. Click to add Text
An egg eaten by an arthropod
hatches into an acanthor,
develops into an acathella,
becomes a juvenile (which may
progress to a cystacanth), and
is eaten by the final, vertebrate
host in which it becomes adult
Within the invertebrate host,
the acanthor is liberated from
the egg, bores through the gut
wall, and develops into an
acanthella
The acanthella then
becomes a juvenile. The
vertebrate host becomes
infected by eating the
arthropod intermediate
host.
23. Enhanced transmission
• Eggs of several species possess filaments that
entangle in aquatic vegetation- apparently anchor
them in the habitat that occupied by their intermediate
hosts.
• Transmission enhanced by behavioural modification of
intermediate hosts.
• Three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
preferentially consume infected prey when given a
choice between equal numbers of infected and
uninfected amphipods.
24. Host-Parasite Relationships
1 ; Site selection
• After ingestion by the definitive host, cystacanths are activated
and attach to the wall of the small intestine.
• Many species apparently remain at the activation site and
develop to maturity.
• Others migrate and localize in specific regions of the intestine .
• Several factors, including physiological differences along the
alimentary tract maximization of sexual congress have been
implicated in site specificity.
• In most cases, however, it is unknown whether differences in
sites occupied result from differences in sites of activation,
differential mortality or emigration by the parasites.
25. Host-parasite Relationships
(Course of infection)
• Shortly after infection, proboscis is surrounded by necrotic
tissues- becomes haemorrhagic and inflamed after a few
days.
• Species which penetrate deeply (Acanthocephalus
anguillae), inflamed tissues around the anterior part of the
worm is dominated by monocytes and macrophages-
• Maturing into epitheloid cells- an outer belt of connective
tissue appears
• This chronic stage results in the fibrous nodule visible in
the outer surface of the intestine.
26. • Species that do not penetrate deeply (Acanthocephalus
lucii) move about in the intestine and change their point
of attachment before the connective tissue response
results in nodules.
• Copulation in the definitive hosts occur within 24 h of
infection
• For most species, egg production starts between 4-8
weeks after infection. (At peak production a pig infecting
acanthocephalan produces about 260,000 eggs per
day).
27. • Male worms have shorter life span- Death of males and
subsequent loss from the host may begin shortly after
copulation.
• Most of the parasites of poikilothermic host live about
one season.
29. Clinical signs
No visible external symptom to determine infection .
Worms ( about 10- 20 mm ) have been observed extending from the
rectum in moribund fishes .
The attachment site, because of the hooks present, causes damage to
the intestinal epithelia & become a foci of secondary infection.
Discoloration of viscera and enlargement of intestine often observed in
heavily infected fish.
It also cause blockage of the lumen and hence ,affects the digestive &
absorptive capacity of animal .
31. HOST IMMUNE RESPONSE
Cellular :
Goblet-cell hyperplasiya occurs in Acanthocephalan infection .
Apart from this increased number of immune cells ( eosinophils
,neutrophils, leucocytes, monocytes) damages Acanthocephalan
tegument .
Humoral :
Activation of plasma cells in the inflammatory tissue around the
proboscis
32. Histopathology
• Acanthocephalans embed their spiny proboscis into the
mucosal epithelium
• Attachment is frequently between villi.
• At the site of attachment, cells are destroyed and
fibroblasts, lymphocytes and macrophages are
mobilized below the lamina propria, where fibrinous
inflammation resulting in an increased amount of
connective tissue, causes thickening.
• Worms of deeply penetrating species often possess very
long necks and bulbous proboscis which anchor them
deep within the gut wall.
33. • A fibrotic tunnel is formed- this terminates in a capsule,
covered by serosa and mesentery, which protrudes
several millimeters into the coelomic cavity.
• Sometimes these capsules persist as conspicuous
fibrinous nodules on the external surface of the
alimentary canal, or proboscis perforates the capsule to
emerge free into the coleom or penetrate liver or other
organs (A. anguillae in gold fish)
34. Diagnosis & treatment
• Diagnosis of intestinal acanthocephalan infection can be
made from wet mounts of intestinal tract
• The species are identified mainly by the arrangement of
hooks on the proboscis
• Proper treatment methods have not developed yet
• Detection of anti- mortem faeces of host
• But bath treatment in highly concentrated salt solution for
prolonged time generally done
• Drug : loperamid , doses of 50 mg/kg administration for 3
consecutive days is effective .
35. REFERENCE
1. P. T.K. Woo , Fish Diseases and Disorders,
volume 1 : Protozoan and Metazoan infections ,second edition
2. Ronald J. Roberts , Fish Pathology ( third edition )
3. Marcogliese, D.J (1994) Aeginina longicornis , new intermediate
host for Acanthocephala
4. Schmidt , Gerald D.( 1971) The Journal of Parasitology