The document stratifies different aquatic biomes as follows: 1. Freshwater biomes include ponds, lakes, streams and rivers. Ponds and lakes are divided into littoral, limnetic and profundal zones. Streams and rivers have headwaters, middle sections and mouths. 2. Transitional waters between freshwater and saltwater include estuaries and wetlands. Wetlands are divided into mineral soil and organic soil types. Estuaries have four formation types. 3. Marine biomes include the intertidal zone, neritic zone, oceanic zone and benthic zone. The intertidal zone is the area between high and low tide lines with changing conditions

1. Stratification of different aquatic biomes
Prepared By
HIND AL_SUBAIE - Norah Alhoshani
Sumaiah Alghamdi - Nora Alkahtani
For supervisor
Dr. Ohoud D Alamri
20151

2.  The biosphere is that portion of earth inhabited by life and represents
the sum of all communities and ecosystem
 A biome is a broad regional type of ecosystem characterized by
distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of
biological community adapted to those conditions.
2
Aquatic Biomes

3. Include aquatic ecosystems: fresh water and sea water and
transitional waters
It can make a distinction between these sections large on the
basis of differences in salt ratio We know that aquatic
ecosystems constitute about 70% of the Earth's surface area,
and thus these environmental have dominance and
characteristics prevailing added to the enormous diversity of
the species due to chemical, physical and biological
components regulations.
3

4. 1-saltwater -
water ratio of
97.5%
2-freshwater -
increase of
2.5%
4
Water on earth is divided into two parts:

5. 1-deep water
2-dimension from the beach
3-salinity
4-latitude
5
Abiotic factors : -

6. Aquaticbiome
Fresh water
average salinity 1% or less
Sea water
average salinity 3%
Transitions water
6

7. Fresh water biomes
• Standing bodies of
water :
Lakes and ponds
• Moving bodies of
water :
Rivers and streams
Marine biomes
• Oceans
• Coral Reefs
7
Aquatic biome

8. Transitional water biomes
•Estuarine
•Wetlands
8
Aquatic biome

9. ponds stream Lake
9

10. 10
Ocean

11. transitional
11

12. Marine biomes
Largest Ecosystem and include oceans
and coral reefs
evaporation of the sea water provides
rainwater for the land
these include the oceans on a huge
variety of organisms that are affected in
terms of abundance and distribution of
various factors (food materials - heat -
tides movement - and water currents)
12

13. 1- surface Zone
2- deep Zone
3- bottom zone
13
Marine ecosystem is divided into three sections:

14. Freshwater is defined as having a
low salt concentration—usually
less than 1%
Plants and animals in freshwater
regions are adjusted to the low
salt content and would not be
able to survive in areas of high
salt concentration (i.e, ocean)
14
Fresh water biomes

15. The estuarine water systems where
fresh next water from land is mixed
with sea water and happen to him ease
in salinity So it's a transition between
fresh water and salt water, making it of
particular advantages the environment
and the organisms that live here are
able to withstand changes in
temperature and the rate of salinity
concentration of suspended sediment in
which.
15
Transitional water biomes

16. Aquaticbiome
Fresh water
average salinity 1% or less
Sea water
average salinity 3%
Transitions water
16

17. Videos
• http://geography.howstuffworks.com/28105-assignment-discovery-
aquatic-biomes-video.htm
• http://www.discovery.com/tv-shows/other-
shows/videos/assignment-discovery-shorts-iii-biomes-aquatic/
• http://study.com/academy/lesson/freshwater-biomes-climate-
locations-plants-animals.html
17

18. 18
Stratification of freshwater

19. Freshwater are areas which having low salt concentration
approximately less than 1%, and organisms that can not survive in
other regions that have high salt concentration such as sea and oceans.
19
Fresh water biome

20. 1- ponds and lakes
2- streams and rivers
20
Freshwater types

21.  those area differ form just a few square meters to thousands of square
kilometers.
 speared on earth
 a result of remain from the Pleistocene glaciation.
 Many ponds are seasonal, lasting for a few months, while lakes may
exist for hundreds of years.
21
General characteristics of ponds and lakes

22.  Ponds and lakes may have limited species diversity, except ponds
and lakes that connected to other water sources such as river and
ocean.
 Lakes and ponds are divided into three different zones according
to their depth and distance from the shoreline.
22
General characteristics of ponds and lakes

23. 1- littoral zone
near of the shore either lakes or
ponds, also it is the warmest zone
because of high absorbance to the
sun’s heat.
 it’s contain several species of
algae (like diatoms), rooted and
floating aquatic plants, grazing
snails, clams, insects,
crustaceans, and fishes.
 only the egg and larvae stages
are found in this zone.
23
Lakes and ponds zones

24.  The vegetation and animals living in the littoral zone are food for
other creatures such as turtles, snakes, and ducks.
24
Lakes and ponds zones

25. 2- limnetic zone
the near surface after littoral zone, well lighted, and has a large
amount of phytoplankton and zooplankton.
25
Lakes and ponds zones

26. 3- profundal zone
This zone is much colder, also there is a Little light penetrates into
this zone.
 zone’s organisms are heterotrophs, , meaning that they eat dead
organisms and use oxygen for cellular respiration.
 For example, dead plankton that fall down from limnetic zone.
26
Lakes and ponds zones

27.  During the summer,
the temperature can range from 4° C near the bottom to 22° C at the top.
 During the winter,
the temperature at the bottom can be 4° C while the top is 0° C (ice).
 In between the two layers, there is a narrow zone called the
thermocline where the temperature of the water changes rapidly.
27
Lake and ponds climate

28.  During the spring and fall seasons,
there is a mixing of the top and bottom layers, usually due to winds,
which results in a uniform water temperature of around 4° C.
 This mixing also circulates oxygen throughout the lake or ponds.
28
Lake and ponds climate

29.  new study showed that ,Microorganisms
were more active at low temperatures, low
dissolved oxygen concentrations and high
TN/TP ratios.
 During stratification, the metalimnion
(which is a layer of thermal stratification)
was observed from 2 to 10 m in spring and
then dropped to 16 m to 21 m in summer,
and then appeared between 24 and 26 m
depths in fall.
29
New study

30.  Also, during stratification, temperature, and pH were significantly
higher in the epilimnion and rapidly dropping down in the
hypolimnion.
 The nutrient concentrations were stable in the water column, except
for total phosphorus.
 Specifically, the TN/TP mass ratio was significantly lower in
epilimnion
30

31. These are bodies of flowing water moving in one direction.
 they get their starts at headwaters, which may be springs,
snowmelt or even lakes, and then travel all the way to their
mouths .e.g. ocean.
 The temperature is cooler at the source than it is at the mouth.
31
Streams and rivers

32.  the water has high oxygen levels, and freshwater fish such as
trout and heterotrophs can be found there
32

33.  The middle part of the stream/river, the width increases, as does
species diversity, also numerous aquatic green plants and algae can
be found.
 The mouth of the river/stream, the water becomes murky from all
the sediments that it has picked up upstream, decreasing the amount
of light that can penetrate through the water.
33

34.  Because of the lower oxygen levels in mouth, fish that require less
oxygen, such as catfish and carp, can be found. However, Since
there is less light, there is less diversity of flora.
34
Stream and rivers parts

35. 35

36. Transitional waters
• Transitional waters are those waters between the land and the sea
or river and sea and include estuaries, lagoons,
• Transitional waters are often characterized by frequently changing
salinity which make transitional waters highly dynamic and create a
particular and characteristic flora and fauna.
36

37. Transitional waters
Wetland Estuaries
37

38. 1-Wetland
38

39. • Areas where a water table is at, near, or just above the surface and
where soils are water-saturated for a sufficient length of time such
that excess water
• Wetlands – lands
covered with water
all or part of a year
39
What are wetlands?

40. • Hydric (saturated) soils – saturated long enough to create an
anaerobic state in the soil horizon
• Hydrophytic plants – adapted to thrive in wetlands despite the
stresses of an anaerobic and flooded environment
• Hydrologic regime – dynamic or dominant presence of water
40
Wetland Stratification :

41. 41
Wetland Stratification

42. • Dependent mostly on a combination of the above conditions, the
"traditional terminology" distinguishes between two major
wetland types – mineral and organic such as Marsh,swamp, fen
and bog
42
Wetlands Types

43. Wetland types
Mineral Soil Wetlands
Marsh Swamp
Organic Soil Wetlands
Bog fen
43

44. Mineral Soil Wetlands:
1.Marsh – a type of wetland characterized by poorly drained
mineral soils and by plant life dominated by grasses , Marshes are
common at the mouths of rivers.
44
Wetlands Types

45. 2.Swamp – characterized by mineral soils with poor drainage and
by plant life dominated by trees . Swamps are found throughout
the world, next to rivers
45
Wetlands Types

46. Organic Soil Wetlands:
• Generally these wetlands are referred to as "peatlands" in
recognition of their common ability to form peat (organic soil
produced by the accumulation of plant material). There are two
major types of peatlands – bogs and fens.
46
Wetlands Types

47. 1.Bog – characterized by wet, spongy soil, dominated by the growth
of bog mosses, Sphagnum, and heaths, it is acid areas, frequently
surrounding a body of open water. Bogs receive water exclusively
from rainfall
47
Wetlands Types

48. 2.Fen a type of wetland ecosystem characterized by peaty soil,
dominated by grass like plants,it is alkaline rather than acid areas,
receiving water mostly from
surface and groundwater sources
48
Wetlands Types

49. • Wetlands support an amazing diversity of plants and animals.
49
WETLAND PLANTS AND ANIMALS

50. • adapted to the very moist and humid conditions are
called hydrophytes
• Pond lilies
50
Wetland plants

51. Hydrilla
Coontail
Parrotfeather51

52. • Almost half of Oregon's over 450 species birds live part or most of
the time in and around wetlands.
• vertebrates (birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fish)
• invertebrates (worms, insects and mollusks..etc
52
Wetland animals

53. 53

54. • The wetland is a key wintering area for tens of thousands of
flamingos and other birds that migrate from northern Asia.
• The specialized algae and bacteria growing in the lake provide
striking water colors and support the lake ecology that, in turn,
sustains the migrating waterfowl. There is other wildlife in the
nearby forests, where Nilgai move freely along with deer and
foxes.
54
Importance

55. 55
Latest studies

56. 56
2-Estuaries

57. • An area in which fresh water from a river mixes with salt water
from the ocean; a transition area from the land to the ocean. Other
names: bay, sound, lagoon, harbor, or bayou.
57
What are Estuaries?

58. 58
Estuaries stratification

59. • Estuaries are divided into four types, depending on how they are
formed
59

60. 1. Coastal Plain
Estuaries are formed
by the sea level rising and
filling an existing river
valley.
60
Estuaries types

61. 2. Tectonic Estuaries are caused by the
folding or faulting of land surfaces.
61
Estuaries types

62. 3. Bar-built Estuaries form when a shallow lagoon or bay is
protected from the ocean by a sand bar or barrier island
62
Estuaries types

63. 4.Fjords are U-shaped valleys formed by glacial action.
63
Estuaries types

64. 64
Estuaries plants and animals

65. • Thousands of species of birds, mammals, fish, and other wildlife
depend on estuarine habitats as places to live, feed, and reproduce.
"nurseries of the sea”.
65
Estuaries plants and animals

66. • Plants must be adapted to salty habitat
cordgrass
eelgrass
glasswort – a succulent66
Estuary plants

67. Huge variety including…
Blue crab, Stone crab, Fiddler
crab, Horseshoe crab, Mosquito,
Lobster, Flounder, Stripped bass,
Crane, Flamingo, Sea gull, Ibis
Manatee, otters, and
many more.
67
Estuary animals

68. • Estuaries have important commercial value and their resources
provide economic benefits for tourism, fisheries, and recreational
activities. The protected coastal waters of estuaries also support
important public infrastructure, serving as harbors and ports vital
for shipping and transportation
68
Estuaries Importance

69. 69
Latest studies

70. 70
Stratification Of Marine

71. 71

72. Shorelines
Shorelines are dynamic environments. Nowhere is the restless nature of the
ocean’s water more noticeable than along the shore – the place where air, land,
and sea intersect. The shore is where sediment is deposited in transition zones
between marine and continental environments.
72

73. The shore is divided into the foreshore and the backshore. The foreshore is the
area exposed when the tide is out (low tide) and submerged when the tide is in
(high tide). The backshore is landward of the high-tide shoreline. It is usually
dry, being affected by waves only during storms.
The Coastal Zone
73

74. The Coastal Zone
Two other zones are commonly identified. The nearshore zone lies between the low-tide
shoreline and the lie where waves break at low tide. Seaward of the nearshore zone is the
offshore zone. Although thought of as the sandy area along the water’s edge, a beach is
technically an accumulation of sediment found along the landward margin of an ocean or
lake.
74

75. The Coastal Zone
Beaches consist of one or more berms, which are relatively flat platforms often composed
of sand that are adjacent to coastal dunes or cliffs marked by a change in slope at the
seaward edge. Sunbathers usually prefer the berm, but joggers prefer the wet, hard-
packed sand of the beach face, which is the wet sloping surface that extends from the
berm to the shoreline.
75

76. Ocean Zones
76

77. The ocean is the world’s largest habitat. It covers about 70% of the
Earth’s surface
77

78. The ocean floor is not flat; it has valleys (canyons) and mountains (seamounts)
just like those on land
78

79. Ocean Zones
(shoreline to open ocean)
• The four major zones are :
• Intertidal Zone
• Neritic Zone
• Oceanic Zone
• Benthic Zone
79

80. Sunlight
Intertidal
Zone
Neritic
Zone
Oceanic Zone
Continental
Shelf
Benthic Zone
80

81. Intertidal Zone
• Area between high tide line and low tide
line
• Organisms adapted to harsh, changing
environments
• intertidal area (also called the littoral
zone) is where the land and sea meet,
between the high and low tide zones. This
complex marine ecosystem is found along
coastlines worldwide. It is rich in
nutrients and oxygen and is home to a
variety of organisms.
Intertidal
Zone
Continental
Shelf
81

82. Intertidal Zone
• Moisture: The littoral zone is covered with salt water at high tides, and it is exposed to
the air.
• Water Movement:The turbulence of the water is another reason that this area can be
very difficult one in which to survive - the rough waves can dislodge or carry away
poorly-adapted organisms. Many intertidal animals burrow into the sand (like clams),
live under rocks, or attach themselves to rocks (like barnacles and mussels).
• Temperature: The temperature ranges from the moderate temperature of the water to
air temperatures that vary from below freezing to scorching.
82

83. Intertidal Zone
83

84. Neritic Zone
• Area over the continental shelf
• Area of greatest density and diversity of
marine life
• Neritic Zone is located above the
contiental shelf which extends along the
coastline of the major land masses of the
world
Neritic
Zone
Continental
Shelf
84

85. Neritic Zone
• Producers
Primary producers are organisms that convert inorganic carbon in carbon
dioxide into organic carbon by autotrophs. There are two types of primary
producers. They are phytoplankton, or autotrophic producers, and
zooplankton, or heterotrophic producers.
85

86. Neritic Zone
• Consumers
The main pelagic consumers that live along the continental shelf include
herring, mackerel, Bluefin Tuna, capelin, and some smaller species which feed
on zooplankton and smaller fish. Sea Birds also feed on the fish within the
Neritic Zone because it is close to shore.
86

87. Food Web
87

88. Oceanic Zone
Oceanic
Zone
Continental
Shelf
88

89. Scientists divide the ocean
into two zones:
benthic zone
pelagiczone
89

90. There are zones within the pelagic zone.
Let’s learn them!
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
90

91. Ocean Zones
(surface to ocean floor)
Epipelagic Zone
• Photic Zone or Sunlight Zone
Mesopelagic Zone
• Disphotic Zone or Twilight Zone
Bathypelagic Zone
• Aphotic zone or Midnight Zone
Abyssopelagic Zone
• Aphotic Zone or Midnight Zone
Hadopelagic Zone
• Aphotic Zone or Midnight Zone
91

92. Epipelagic Zone
• Photic Zone
• Enough sunlight for
photosynthesis
• Primary area of food
production
• From surface down
to about 200 meters
Sunlight Zone
Photic Zone
Epipelagic Zone 0m
200m
92

93. Photic Zone
Photic Zone is the top layer, nearest the surface of the ocean
and is also called the sunlight layer. In this zone enough light
penetrates the water to allow photosynthesis.93

94. The whale shark, like most marine organisms, is typically found
in the sunlight layer or photic zone of the open ocean layers.
94

95. Mesopelagic Zone
• Dysphotic Zone
• Not enough sunlight to support
photosynthesis
• From about
200 m down to 1,000 m
Mesopelagic Zone 200m
1,000m
95

96. photic zone
Disphotic Zone
The Disphotic Zone is found just below the Photic Zone
and is known as the twilight layer. In this zone only a
small amount of light penetrates the water. Plants do not
grow here due to the insufficient amount of light.96

97. Animals that live in the
disphotic zone, like many
types of squid, are adapted to
life in near darkness, cold
water, and high pressure.
97

98. Midnight Zones
• No sunlight
• From 1,000 m down to ocean
floor, or around 11,000 m
• Low density and diversity of
marine life
Midnight Zone
1,000m
11,000m
98

99. Bathypelagic Zone
• No sunlight
• From 1,000 m down to
4,000 m
• Low density and diversity of
marine lifeBathypelagic Zone
1,000m
4,000m
99

100. Abyssopelagic Zone
• No sunlight
• From 4,000 m down to
6,000 m
• Low density and diversity of
marine life
Abyssopelagic Zone 4,000m
6,000m
100

101. Hadopelagic Zone
• No sunlight
• From 6,000 m down to ocean
floor, or around 11,000 m
• Low density and diversity of
marine life
Hadopelagic Zone
6,000m
11,000m
101

102. Epipelagic Zone
Mesopelagic Zone
Bathypelagic Zone
Abyssopelagic Zone
Hadopelagic Zone
0
200
1000
4000
6000
11,000
102

103. photic zone
disphotic zone
Aphotic Zone
The darkness layer or Aphotic Zone is entirely dark
meaning there is no light. About 90% of the ocean is in
this layer.
103

104. Animals that thrive
in the aphotic zone
are used to living
without light!
104

105. 105

106. Name That Open Ocean Zone!
106

107. Photic zone
(sunlight zone)
Name That Open Ocean Zone!
107

108. Photic zone
(sunlight zone)
Disphotic zone
(twilight layer)
Name That Open Ocean Zone!
108

109. Aphotic zone
(darkness layer)
Name That Open Ocean Zone!
Photic zone
(sunlight zone)
Disphotic zone
(twilight layer)
109

110. Benthic Zone
The benthic zone is home to many
different creatures and dead organisms.
This zone begins at the end of the
intertidal zone through the dark abyss of
the deep ocean. In the Benthic Zone there
are few different types of environments.
Benthic Zone
110

111. Benthos
(bottom dwellers)
• 2 Basic Types:
• Sessile - Live attached to the bottom
• Vagrant - Able to move about
111

112. Benthos
(bottom dwellers)
•Sessile:
• Barnacles
• Sponges
• Corals
• Sea Anemones
• Oysters
• Clams
112

113. Benthos
(bottom dwellers)
•Vagrant:
• Crabs
• Sea Stars
• Sea Cucumbers
• Sea Urchins
• Brittle Stars
113

114. Reference
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/freshwater.php
http://www.nature.com/srep/2014/140725/srep05821/full/srep05821.
html
http://www.personal.ceu.hu/students/03/nature_conservation/wwdd
etail/Types_classif.html
• http://w3.shorecrest.org/~Lisa_Peck/MarineBio/syllabus/ch11_ecosy
stems/ecosystem_wp/neriticzone_jonathan_wade/homepage.html
• http://www.the-science-site.com/oceanic-zones.html
• http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/409490/neritic-zone
• The biology of the deep ocean .ppt
114

115. 115