Mammals are characterized by warm-bloodedness, hair or fur, highly developed brains, muscular diaphragms, mammary glands, and parental care. They have four-chambered hearts, skulls with teeth and jaws, and two sets of teeth. Mammals have four limbs adapted for locomotion like walking, running, swimming, flying or burrowing. They maintain a constant body temperature through homeothermy. Their skin has hair and glands. Mammals are classified into monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals.
All birds are in the Animalia Kingdom, Phylum of Chordata (with a backbone), and Class Aves (birds). At the Order level, the birds begin to diverge. For instance, the pelicans are in the Pelecaniformes Order while the nuthatches are in the Passeriformes Order.
Unlike other animals, mammals have body hair, have 3 middle ear bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes), and nourish their young with milk that females produce in modified sweat glands that are called mammary glands.
All birds are in the Animalia Kingdom, Phylum of Chordata (with a backbone), and Class Aves (birds). At the Order level, the birds begin to diverge. For instance, the pelicans are in the Pelecaniformes Order while the nuthatches are in the Passeriformes Order.
Unlike other animals, mammals have body hair, have 3 middle ear bones (the malleus, incus, and stapes), and nourish their young with milk that females produce in modified sweat glands that are called mammary glands.
What are the Primates..? thier evolution, characteristics, classification, distribution, social organization, feeding, movements, vocalisation-communication, intelligence, threats-conservation and survey methods etc.
The Living primates is a presentation about the development of primates as the origin of human race. their categories, classifications, what are they alike that has distinctive human characteristics.
Calculator.cpp Date [Enter date] Author.docxShiraPrater50
/*
* Calculator.cpp
*
* Date: [Enter date]
* Author: [Your Name]
*/
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char statement[100];
int op1, op2;
char operation;
char answer="Y"
while (answer=='y')
{
cout << "Enter expression" <<endl;
cin >> op2 >> operation >> op1;
if (operation == "+");
cout << op1 << " + " << op2 >> " = " << op1 + op2 << endl;
if (operation == '-');
cout >> op1 << " - " << op2 << " = " << op1 - op2 << endl;
if (operation == '*')
cout << op1 << " / " << op2 << " = " << op1 * op2 << endl
if (operation == '/')
cout << op1 << " * " << op2 << " = " << op1 / op2 << endl;
cout << "Do you wish to evaluate another expression? " << endl;
cin >> answer;
}
}
CHAPTER 6
An Overview of the Primates
Primates
• To identify crucial features of the evolution of human
species, we start by comparing ourselves to our 230
non-human relatives
• Living primates are not “better” than their evolutionary
predecessors or other living species.
• Each possesses unique qualities that make it better
suited to a particular habitat and lifestyle.
Physical Characteristics of Primates
• Specialized limbs and locomotion
• Lack of dietary specialization, reflected in dentition
• Visual acuity and reduced sense of smell
• Neocortex expansion and greater dependence on
learning
Social Characteristics
• Longer period of gestation and dependency of
offspring
• Dependence on flexible, learned behavior
• Social groups and permanent association of adult
males
• Diurnal activities
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
Primate Habitats
• Most live in tropical or semitropical areas of the new and
old worlds.
• Most are arboreal, living in forest or woodland habitats.
• No nonhuman primate is adapted to a fully terrestrial
environment; all spend some time in the trees.
Primate Diet and Teeth
• Omnivorous
• Incisors for biting and cutting; premolars and molars for chewing
and grinding
• Dental formula
• New World Monkeys have two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and
three molars on each side in both upper and lower jaws: 2.1.3.3. (34 total)
• Old World anthropoids have 2.1.2.3 (32 total)
Primate Limbs
• A tendency towards erect posture.
• Hands and feet possess grasping ability.
• Features of the hands and feet:
• 5 digits on hand and feet
• Opposable thumb
• Partially opposable great toe
• Tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the
ends of digits
Limbs and Evolution
• Many monkeys are able to grasp objects with
an opposable thumb, while others have very
reduced thumbs.
Limbs and Evolution
• Humans are capable of a
“precision grip.”
• Chimpanzees, with their
reduced thumbs, are
also capable of a
precision grip, but they
frequently use a modified
form.
Locomotion
• Quadrupedal, walk on all fours
• Vertical clinging and leaping
• Brachiation
• Knuckle walking
Anatomy, ...
/*
* Calculator.cpp
*
* Date: [Enter date]
* Author: [Your Name]
*/
#include <iostream>
void main()
{
char statement[100];
int op1, op2;
char operation;
char answer="Y"
while (answer=='y')
{
cout << "Enter expression" <<endl;
cin >> op2 >> operation >> op1;
if (operation == "+");
cout << op1 << " + " << op2 >> " = " << op1 + op2 << endl;
if (operation == '-');
cout >> op1 << " - " << op2 << " = " << op1 - op2 << endl;
if (operation == '*')
cout << op1 << " / " << op2 << " = " << op1 * op2 << endl
if (operation == '/')
cout << op1 << " * " << op2 << " = " << op1 / op2 << endl;
cout << "Do you wish to evaluate another expression? " << endl;
cin >> answer;
}
}
CHAPTER 6
An Overview of the Primates
Primates
• To identify crucial features of the evolution of human
species, we start by comparing ourselves to our 230
non-human relatives
• Living primates are not “better” than their evolutionary
predecessors or other living species.
• Each possesses unique qualities that make it better
suited to a particular habitat and lifestyle.
Physical Characteristics of Primates
• Specialized limbs and locomotion
• Lack of dietary specialization, reflected in dentition
• Visual acuity and reduced sense of smell
• Neocortex expansion and greater dependence on
learning
Social Characteristics
• Longer period of gestation and dependency of
offspring
• Dependence on flexible, learned behavior
• Social groups and permanent association of adult
males
• Diurnal activities
Geographical Distribution and Habitats
Primate Habitats
• Most live in tropical or semitropical areas of the new and
old worlds.
• Most are arboreal, living in forest or woodland habitats.
• No nonhuman primate is adapted to a fully terrestrial
environment; all spend some time in the trees.
Primate Diet and Teeth
• Omnivorous
• Incisors for biting and cutting; premolars and molars for chewing
and grinding
• Dental formula
• New World Monkeys have two incisors, one canine, three premolars, and
three molars on each side in both upper and lower jaws: 2.1.3.3. (34 total)
• Old World anthropoids have 2.1.2.3 (32 total)
Primate Limbs
• A tendency towards erect posture.
• Hands and feet possess grasping ability.
• Features of the hands and feet:
• 5 digits on hand and feet
• Opposable thumb
• Partially opposable great toe
• Tactile pads enriched with sensory nerve fibers at the
ends of digits
Limbs and Evolution
• Many monkeys are able to grasp objects with
an opposable thumb, while others have very
reduced thumbs.
Limbs and Evolution
• Humans are capable of a
“precision grip.”
• Chimpanzees, with their
reduced thumbs, are
also capable of a
precision grip, but they
frequently use a modified
form.
Locomotion
• Quadrupedal, walk on all fours
• Vertical clinging and leaping
• Brachiation
• Knuckle walking
Anatomy, .
This presentation gives the clear details on the Mammals. Information on all type of Mammals are included.
Fast and quick facts are also included. The pictures are neatly depicted by which one can understand easily.
Gestation period of Mammals are depicted in an order. Some rarely observed Mammals are shown in the initial slides.
Parents and Teachers find this presentation very helpful as this is very easy to explain their Children. Even, Civil Service Exam aspirants and other exam aspirants like Life Sciences, Groups etc., find this presentation helpful and useful for their preparation.
Anthrax is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis that normally affects animals, especially ruminants (such as goats, cattle, sheep, and horses). Anthrax can be transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or their products.Anthrax cannot be spread directly from person to person, but a person's clothing and body may be contaminated with anthrax spores. Antibiotics often cure anthrax if it is diagnosed early. But many people don't know they have anthrax until it is too late to treat
Biodiversity is affected by changing climatic patterns throughout the world and this presentation analyses the effect of climate changes on biodiversity in Tamil
Venom as medicine - Deadly venom could help cure diseases !!!John Mathyamuthan
Venom has been considered as a danger and whenever we hear that name, it makes us stand startled.
However deadly venom could be even used as medicine according to latest research
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
2. Mammals are vertebrate animals
constituting the class Mammalia, and
characterized by
• Warm blooded (Homeothermy)
• Have fur and Hair on the body
• Highly developed brain
• Muscular diaphragm
• Have mammary gland
• A higher degree of parental care
3. They have
• Four chambered heart with double
circulation.
• Skull with teeth and powerful jaws
4. Mammalian teeth are Heterodont
• 2 set of natural teeth(Deciduous teeth and permanent teeth)
• Four types of teeth are adapted for different types of function
during feeding
5. Limbs and Locomotion
• Have four limbs(one pair of fore and one pair of hind limbs)
• These are pentadactyl having five digits in each limb(Used
locomotion and support the body weight)
6. •Limbs adapted for mainly
walking and running(In some
groups adapted for swimming,
flying and burrowing)
8. Homeothermy
• It is the process by which the animal more or
less maintains a constant body temperature
irrespective of the fluctuations in
environmental temperature.
• It is confined to only Birds and Mammals
• They usually have a core body temperature of
around 37 C over a wide range of
environmental temperatures.
9. • Metabolic rates of homeo-therms are greater than those of poikilo-therms.
• Therefore homeo-thermic animals require more food than poikilothermic (Cold
blooded) animals.
10. Mammalian skin
• It is made up of a thick epidermis and an underlying dermis
• Epidermis is multicellular and the outer layers are made up of dead cornified cells
forming a layer called stratum corneum.
• The innermost layer is actively dividing and is called stratum germinativum
• The mammalian skin is quite different in structure and function from the skin of
reptiles.
11. • Hairy skin reduces the conduction
of body heat and in many mammals
it is colored in different patterns for
camouflage.
• Skin derivatives such as claws,
hooves, nails, horns and antlers are
present
12. • Reptilian skin is completely dry and protective in function
• Mammalian skin is equipped with varying amounts of hair which serve as a
protective layer and several skin glands perform secretory function
13. Classification
• The class Mammalia which is represented by 4600 living species is
usually divided into three subclasses :
• Prototheria/ egg laying mammals
• Metatheria/marsupial mammals
and
• Eutheria/Placental mammals
15. Subclass : Metatheria (Pouched mammals)
• Order : Marsupilia
Kangaroos
Opossums
Koalas
16. Subclass Eutheria (Placental mammals)
• This group includes a bulk of placental mammalian species usually divided into
18 orders.
• Some examples would be Moles ,shrews and hedgehogs, Bats, Cats, Dogs,,
Wolves, Fox, Lemurs etc
17. Monotremes : Major characters
• Monotremes originated more than 130 million years ago and only three species survive
today.
• Restricted to Australia
• This is a primitive mammalian group and all of the species lay shelled eggs
• In addition to the mammalian features they exhibit some features which are unique for
them too
• Hence they are described as reptile like mammals
18. • Reptilian characters
• Lack of external ear (Pinnae)
• Presence of cloaca through which the digestive tract and urinogenital ducts
open to then exterior. This is the common outlet for faeces urine and eggs
(The name monotreme means one opening)
• Lay large eggs with abundant yolk and hard shell
19. •Mammalian characters in monotremes
• presence of hair
• four chambered heart
• Presence of diaphragm
• Presence of three middle ear ossicles
• Presence of mammary glands
20. • Unique features to monotremes
• The adults have a horny beak with teeth being found only in
young stage
• Mammary glands without nipples
• Males have hollow spurs on their hind legs with which they
can inject poisonous venom during aggressive encounters
with other males
21. Duck billed platypus
• This is an aquatic form found in streams of Australia making nests or holes in the
banks for nesting
• Body is covered with a dense dark wooly fur
• The head is prolonged into a bill
• There are no teeth in the adult
• Bill is used for stirring up the mud to cacth living worms and molluscs
• Limbs are short but prominent hand and feet with webs and claws
• Males have spurs
22. Spiny ant eater/ Echidnas
• Two types – short nosed echidna (Tachyglossus) of Australia and long nosed
echidna (Zaglossus) of New guinea.
• Terrestrial and burrowing animals
• Spines are modified hair which resemble those of porcupines.
• Jaws form a long horny snout or rostrum and for feeding they have a long
extensible sticky tongue.
• Short-nosed echidna feeds on ants and termites while the long nosed echidna feds
mainly on earthworms.
23. • They do not have a tail
• They are nocturnal animals
• Females lay egg and keep them in temporary ventral pouch which developes only
in breeding season.
• Young hatch out in temporary pouch and suck milk from mother, then they
develop in the pouch until spines develop and then develop in burrows
24. Marsupials
• This include pouched mammals such as kangaroos and opossums.
• Females develop ventral pouch called marsupium.
• Marsupials show many similarities with placental mammals
• Live in the Australian region and in south and central America.
25. • After birth the young crawl to the pouch and they are nursed by the mother.
• Nipple swells in the young one’s mouth so that the premature baby cannot drop
off while the mother is moving.
• There are over 260 species of marsupials.
26. Eutherian (Placental Mammals)
General characters
• They posses
A placenta
Anal and urogenital apertures with separate openings
Young which are born in advanced stage of development
Testes that descend into scrotum and lying behind the penis
27.
28. Primitive placentals (Order : Insectivora)
• This order includes the most primitive mammals
• It includes animals like shrews, moles and hedgehogs.
• These are nocturnal insect eating animals
• Shrews are nocturnal, insect and fruit eating and squirrel like with a tail
29. Moles are highly specialized
for underground life, with
powerful limbs and broad
claws for digging, external
ears are reduced, tiny eyes
practically useless
30. • Hedgehogs live among bushes and feed on insects.
• Mainly nocturnal and sleep by the day.
• Armed with hard erectile spines over the body and often curl up when threatened.
31. Flying mammals (Order : chiroptera)
• This includes bats
• They are the only mammals with true flight and this feature is responsible for their
worldwide distribution
• Bats are entirely nocturnal by habit and practically blind by the day.
• Eyes are specially adapted for night vision,
• Sense of touch and hearing are remarkably developed.
32. Adaptations
• Modified fore limbs of the bat make up the wing, It is made up of double layer
of skin extending partly on to the hind limb as well,
• First digit is free of the wing and bears a claw.
33. • Unlike in birds the hind limbs of bats is unable to support their entire body weight.
• It is usually short and rotated upwards
• Bats often use the limbs to hang upside down to rest
• While on ground they crawl using the claws of the forelimbs
34. • Many bats are entirely dependent on the echolocation for avoiding obstacles,
to navigate and to catch prey.
• These emit high pitched sound from larynx well beyond the hearing range of
humans.
• They are able to detect and evaluate the reflected sound wavs and thereby
navigate easily and catch prey
• They have complex nose leaves developed around th nasal region which acts
like a megaphone, directing ultrasound
• Many bats also have relatively large ears to collect the echoes
35. Rodents (Order : Rodentia)
• Rodents include squirrels, rats and mice, porcupines and guinea pigs.
• They are gnawing animals
• Rodents are the most successful of all living mammals
• There are over 3000 species
• They are found to occur all over a wide range of habitats
• Majority are terrestrial, no pure aquatic forms but beavers are adapted for fresh
water habitats.
• Others such as squirrels are arboreal
36. • Typically herbivores but most members are secondarily adapted for an
omnivorous diet as well.
• Most characteristic feature is the paired incisors in each jaw.
• These are very large pair of teeth and their gnawing power against each other
gives them sharp edges.
37. Edentates (Order : Edentata)
• Edentates includes three groups of mammals which are the anteaters, tree sloths
and armadillos.
• Teeth are completely absent in the anteaters and in sloths and armadillos, the front
teeth are never present but the hind teeth are present.
• The feet have claws are well developed for digging and hanging.
38. • Ant eaters have elongated snout.
• Sloths are arboreal animals which spend much of their time hanging upside down
from branches.
39. • Armadillos are the only living mammals with a bony armour.
• These are omnivores terrestrial and fossorial forms.
• Feed on worms , grubs, vegetables and bird eggs.
• They role up into a ball when threatened covering their body with the bony arour
40. Carnivorous mammals : Order Carnivora
• These are the competitive and strongest of animals.
• They are of large size and predatory habits
• Well developed for flesh eating with several adaption
• such as sharp claws
• Powerful jaws
• Strong projecting canines
• All these area adaptations to capture and kill prey
41. Cetaceans (Order : Cetacea)
• This is an order of marine mammals that is highly specialized for a completely
aquatic life style.
• The body has secondarily taken on streamlined fish like form
• This order includes whales and dolphins
• These are the most highly modified mammals completely adapted for aquatic
lifestyle
42. • To reduce friction skin doesn’t have hair and insulation is provided by a
subcutaneous layer of fat called as blubber
• Being descended from land mammals, the cetaceans are also air breathers
• They come up to the surface periodically to get fresh air.
• Forelimbs are modified into flippers
• Hind limbs have disappeared
• Dorsal fins developed as stabilizers
• Tail is dorso-ventrally flattened and ends up in two horizontal flaps
43. • Tail moves up and down while swimming.
• Eyes are very small and ears lack pinna but have a minute opening.
• One or two nasal openings are present called blow holes on top of the head
• Most are carnivorous and found all over the world.
44. • This order includes two major groups of whales , the whale-bone whales and
toothed whales
• Whale bone whales are filter feeders and includes the blue whale
• Toothed whales are carnivores and include dolphins, porpoises , sperm whales
and bottle nosed whales.
Blue whale Toothed whale
45. • Many cetaceans also use echolocation to navigate and communicate with each
other.
46. Placental herbivores
• Herbivores are plant eaters
• They have some adaptations to enable them to digest plant matter more effectively
• Specialized premolars and molars(cheek teeth) enable them to grind plant matter
• Incisors sharp for cutting and cropping
• Specially designed legs to enable them to run fast to escape predators with
features such as long limbs the presence of horny cover known as hoofs
47. • Herbivores maintain a symbiotic
relationship with microorganisms that
inhabit their digestive tract.
• Stomach of herbivores/ruminants are
greatly modified than that of other
mammals.
• Stomach is divided into four
fermentation chambers(rumen,
reticulum, omassum and abomasum)
• This enables them to properly chew the
food eaten once again by regurgitating
within their mouth and later
swallowing the processed food.
48. • Food first enters the rumen once the animal
feeds on the vegetations, there it is mixed
with mucus and acted on by micro
organisms residing within the rumen.
• These organisms breakdown cellulose by
producing the enzyme cellulase thus
enabling herbivores to tap into the energy
locked in cellulose which if not wouldn’t
be accessible
• Then this food is regurgitated into the
mouth , chewed well and swallowed back
where it goes into reticulum and omassum,
where it is mechanically churned
• Then the food enters abomasum or true
stomach where it undergoes digestion by
digestive juices secreted within.
49. Diversity
• Some important groups are
• Hoofed mammals : Cattle (Artiodactyla) and horse(perissodactyla)
• elephants (Proboscidea)
• Dugongs (Sirenia) and
• Rabbits (lagomorpha)
50.
51. • The elephants are the large mammals forming the family Elephantidae in the order
Proboscidea.
• Three species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant (Loxodonta africana), the
African forest elephant (L. cyclotis), and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus).
• Elephants are scattered throughout sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Elephantidae is the only surviving family of the order Proboscidea;
52.
53. Primates : General characters
• A primate is a mammalian
animal constituting the
taxonomic order Primates.
• Primates arose 55–85 million
years ago from small
terrestrial mammals
(Primatomorpha), who
adapted to living in the trees
of tropical forests
54.
55. • Primates are divided into two distinct suborders
• The first is the strepsirrhines (meaning wet-nosed) - lemurs, galagos, and lorisids.
56. • The second is haplorhines - the "dry-nosed" primates - tarsiers, monkeys, and
apes, the latter including humans.
57. General characters of primates
• Primates have forward-facing eyes on
the front of the skull; binocular
vision allows accurate distance
perception
• The primate skull has a large, domed
cranium, which is particularly
prominent in anthropoids.
• The cranium protects the large brain, a
distinguishing characteristic of this
group
58. • Primates generally have five digits on each limb
(pentadactyly), with keratin nails on the end of each
finger and toe.
• The bottom sides of the hands and feet have sensitive
pads on the fingertips.
• Most have opposable thumbs, a characteristic primate
feature most developed in humans,
59. • Thumbs allow some species to use tools.
• In primates, the combination of opposing thumbs, short fingernails (rather than
claws) and long, inward-closing fingers is a relict of the ancestral practice of
gripping branches,
• and has, in part, allowed some species to develop brachiation (swinging by the
arms from tree limb to tree limb) as a significant means of locomotion.
61. • Primates show an evolutionary trend
towards a reduced snout.
• The evolution of color vision in primates
is unique among most eutherian
mammals.
• Sexual dimorphism is often exhibited to
a greater degree in Old World species
(apes and some monkeys) than New
World species.
• Primates usually have dimorphism in
body mass and canine tooth size along
with pelage and skin color.
• The dimorphism can be attributed to and
affected by different factors, including
mating system, size, habitat and diet.
62.
63. • Primate species move by brachiation, bipedalism, leaping, arboreal and terrestrial
quadrupedalism, climbing, knuckle-walking or by a combination of these
methods.