International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
study of al karamah and sharq-dijla drinking waterIJEAB
Two studied stations were involved in this study included Sharq–Dijla and Al-Karamah water purification stations. Water samples collected from four sites with three replicates for each sample of each site of the river and the station: before, after, inside the stations and at the pipe. The study started in October 2012 to September 2013. Results showed that the minimum level of water temperature was 11oC during (December-January) at Sharq –Dijla.While the maximum level was 30oC during (August-September) at both AL-Karamah and Sharq –Dijla stations. pH results revealed that the highest level of pH was 8.63 during (October-November) at AL-Karamah station followed by the lowest level was 6.73 in(February- March) at Sharq –Dijla station. The highest level of EC was 1068 µS/cm during (April-May) at Sharq-Dijla station, while the lowest level was 693 µS/cm during (August- September) at the same station. The results of DO showed that the highest level was 11.51 ppm during (December-January) at Sharq- Dijla station, while the lowest level was 4.25 ppm during (August- September) at AL- Karamah station.The BOD results recorded the highest level of BOD5 was 4.49 ppm during (August- September), and the lowest level was 0.67 ppm during (December-January) both results at Sharq-Dijla station. Total hardness showed that the highest level was about 404 ppm during (December-January) at AL-Karamah station, and the lowest level 162 ppm during (August- September) at the same station. Free chlorine measurements found with Iraqi limits and WHO for these two stations. The highest value of Iron concentration was 3.30ppm in (December-January) at Al-Karamah station, while the lowest value was1.63ppm in (August- September) at Sharq–Dijla station.
Study of Physico – Chemical Parameters to obtain WQI of Yamuna River Water, N...IJLT EMAS
Water quality index (WQI) is a remarkable and unique technique to rate and to depict the overall water quality status in a single term. To calculate the WQI the influence of different water quality parameters are studied in detail. The sums of these are then substituted in the numerical formula and the WQI is obtained. The different parameters gives the exact quantity of the impurities present in the water and its toxic level, but the WQI suggests the overall quality of water and also that whether it should be healthy to be used for biotic and abiotic environment. In other words it explains that how healthy the water is.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
Water quality index with missing parameterseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the efficient modifications in calculating formula of water quality index. Water quality index provides us a single number which expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time which is based on several quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. In this paper a formula will be found to calculate water quality index when the numerical value of some of it’s quality parameters are missing. The standard formula to calculate water quality index has nine water quality parameters- biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, phosphate, faecal coliform, turbidity, total dissolve solids and temperature. Sometimes it becomes very difficult to find out the values of all these parameters because of lack of time or because of failure in testing. In that case the formula with missing parameters will help us to calculate water quality index. Index Terms: Water quality index, q- values, weight factors, weighted mean.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
study of al karamah and sharq-dijla drinking waterIJEAB
Two studied stations were involved in this study included Sharq–Dijla and Al-Karamah water purification stations. Water samples collected from four sites with three replicates for each sample of each site of the river and the station: before, after, inside the stations and at the pipe. The study started in October 2012 to September 2013. Results showed that the minimum level of water temperature was 11oC during (December-January) at Sharq –Dijla.While the maximum level was 30oC during (August-September) at both AL-Karamah and Sharq –Dijla stations. pH results revealed that the highest level of pH was 8.63 during (October-November) at AL-Karamah station followed by the lowest level was 6.73 in(February- March) at Sharq –Dijla station. The highest level of EC was 1068 µS/cm during (April-May) at Sharq-Dijla station, while the lowest level was 693 µS/cm during (August- September) at the same station. The results of DO showed that the highest level was 11.51 ppm during (December-January) at Sharq- Dijla station, while the lowest level was 4.25 ppm during (August- September) at AL- Karamah station.The BOD results recorded the highest level of BOD5 was 4.49 ppm during (August- September), and the lowest level was 0.67 ppm during (December-January) both results at Sharq-Dijla station. Total hardness showed that the highest level was about 404 ppm during (December-January) at AL-Karamah station, and the lowest level 162 ppm during (August- September) at the same station. Free chlorine measurements found with Iraqi limits and WHO for these two stations. The highest value of Iron concentration was 3.30ppm in (December-January) at Al-Karamah station, while the lowest value was1.63ppm in (August- September) at Sharq–Dijla station.
Study of Physico – Chemical Parameters to obtain WQI of Yamuna River Water, N...IJLT EMAS
Water quality index (WQI) is a remarkable and unique technique to rate and to depict the overall water quality status in a single term. To calculate the WQI the influence of different water quality parameters are studied in detail. The sums of these are then substituted in the numerical formula and the WQI is obtained. The different parameters gives the exact quantity of the impurities present in the water and its toxic level, but the WQI suggests the overall quality of water and also that whether it should be healthy to be used for biotic and abiotic environment. In other words it explains that how healthy the water is.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
Water quality index with missing parameterseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the efficient modifications in calculating formula of water quality index. Water quality index provides us a single number which expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time which is based on several quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. In this paper a formula will be found to calculate water quality index when the numerical value of some of it’s quality parameters are missing. The standard formula to calculate water quality index has nine water quality parameters- biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, phosphate, faecal coliform, turbidity, total dissolve solids and temperature. Sometimes it becomes very difficult to find out the values of all these parameters because of lack of time or because of failure in testing. In that case the formula with missing parameters will help us to calculate water quality index. Index Terms: Water quality index, q- values, weight factors, weighted mean.
sciencepowerpoint.com delivers a four part 2150+ slide PowerPoint slideshow becomes the roadmap for an amazing and interactive science experience. Complete with bundled homework package, many built-in quizzes, hands-on activities with directions, unit notes, answer keys, video links, rubrics, review games, and much more.
This unit aligns with the Next Generation Science Standards and Common Core Standards for ELA and Literacy in Science and Technical Subjects. See preview for more information.
Areas of Focus within The Rivers Unit -Watersheds, Rivers of the United States, Sections of a River, Parts of River (Vocabulary), Stream Order, Erosion and Deposition, Water Quality, Chemical Properties of Water, Bio-Indicators of Water Quality (EPT richness), Physical Properties of Water Quality, Rivers and Flooding, Factors that Control Flooding, Types of Flooding, Tsunami's, Wetlands, Flood Prevention, Levees, Dams and Ecosystem, Importance of Dams, Impacts of Dams, Hydropower, Parts of Dam, Salmon (Life Cycle), Systems of Help Salmon, Fish (General), Layering in a Lake, Lake Turnover, Nutrients and Lakes.
Teaching Duration = 4+ Weeks + PowerPoint Review Games
Ryan Murphy M.Ed
www.sciencepowerpoint.com
Water quality index for groundwater of southern part of bangalore cityeSAT Journals
Abstract Combining different water quality parameters into one single number leads an easy interpretation of an index, thus providing an important tool for management and decision making purposes. Water quality index is a statistical index and is based on the rank order of observation. The purpose of an index is to transform the complex water quality data into information that is easily understandable and useable by the general public. As a part of research work, 14 important water viz., pH, Ec, Cl, Fe, F, SO4, T.H, Ca, Mg, TDS, Na, K, Zn, NO3 were used to evaluate WQI of Southern part of Bangalore City. The water quality index number varies between (19 to122).The indices is classified as Excellent at range less than 10, Good at range 10 to 30, Medium at a range 30 to 50, Bad at a range 50 to 75, and Very Bad at a range greater than 75and the corresponding range contributed by each group is 0%, 18%, 18%, 28%, and 36% respectively. Keywords: WQI, Bangalore
This PPT is about the river pollution in India- Talks about Sutlej river and Koovam River. This PPT also talks about Elinor Ostram principle for management of the commons
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
Lake Water Quality Indexing To Identify Suitable Sites For Household Utility:...IJERA Editor
Water management practices need a fresh look in order to avoid water crisis in the next two decades. This
essentially requires looking for proper management practices for growing economy and population. The water
resources of the Lake basins remain almost constant while demand of water for various purposes is increasing.
Water pollution as a corollary of accelerated industrial growth has drawn concerns over public health and
environment. Water is required for different purposes like domestic, agricultural, hydro-power, navigation,
recreation, etc. Utilization in all these diverse uses of water should be optimized and an awareness of water as a
inadequate resource should be fostered. Water quality index (WQI) is precious and unique rating to depict the
overall water quality status in appropriate treatment technique to meet the concerned issues. This paper
elaborates on the WQI concepts and current scenario of Jambhulwadi Lake which will help in future as natural
potable groundwater resource. It also focuses on case scenario of calculating WQI using Weighted Arithmetic
Water Quality Index an example dataset. The quality of water way to evaluate by testing various physicochemical
parameters such as pH, Temperature, Total Dissolved Solid (TDS),Alkalinity Total Hardness,
Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD),Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrites,
Phosphate, Conductivity
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Survey and analysis of underground water of five villages of tripura, indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract The present study emphasizes on the survey and assessment of groundwater quality, sources of ground water contamination, variation of groundwater quality and which will be further purified with the use of nanomaterials. The bases for groundwater quality assessment are underground water (tube-well) and representative monitoring network enabling determination of chemical status of the underground water (tube-well). For this study, water samples were collected from 5 tube wells representing the area of 5 villages (Golaghati, Takarjala, Jampui, Mandwi, and Simna) of Tripura (India). The water samples were analyzed for physico -chemical parameters like Total Dissolved Solid, Total Hardness, Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium etc using standard techniques in the laboratory and compared with the standards. The results obtained in this study and the Association rules will be helpful for monitoring and managing presence of heavy metals in underground water in the modern research area in terms of water quality. The parameters: pH, TDS, Total hardness and content of Iron, Chloride, Calcium, Magnesium and BOD were studied and compared with the standard values prescribed by ICMR, WHO, APHA and ISU/BIS. The present investigation revealed that the quality of water of a source slightly varies from area to area tube wells but was found that the underground water samples are fit for drinking and utility purpose. Keywords: Water, Total Hardness, Iron, Calcium, Magnesium.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Optimization of Fuzzy Tsukamoto Membership Function using Genetic Algorithm t...IJECEIAES
Some aquatic ecosystems in rivers depend on the river water, so it needs to be maintained by measuring and analyzing the river water quality. STORET is one of the methods used to measure the river water quality, but it takes a quite high of time and costs. Fuzzy Tsukamoto is an alternative method that works by grouping the river water data, but it is difficult to determine the membership function value. The solution offered in this study is the use of genetic algorithm to determine the membership function value of each criterion. Based on the test results, the optimization of fuzzy membership function using genetic algorithm provides higher accuracy value that is 95%, while the accuracy value without optimization process is 90%. The parameters used in genetic algorithm are as follows: population size is 80, generation number is 175, crossover rate (cr) is 0.6, and mutation rate (mr) is 0.4.
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Al-Hilla River has a great importance to the people in the vicinity which serves as
a main drinking and irrigation source. The aim of the current study is to estimate the
Water Quality Index (WQI) of Al-Hilla River, southern Baghdad using the weighted
arithmetic water quality index method. Water samples were collected from 7 stations
in March in which eight water quality parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, concentration of hydrogen ion, electrical
conductivity, chlorides, alkalinity and biological oxygen demand. The calculated WQI
of Al-Hilla River indicates that the river water is unsuitable for drinking which is
majorly attributed to the total dissolved solids and turbidity. This interprets the
condition of the river which can help the local authority in taking action by identifying
the sources of pollution and improving the water quality and stakeholders should be
involved in the decision making and mitigation alternatives.
Analysis of Water Quality Index for Groundwater in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore...IJERA Editor
Groundwater has become a necessary resource over the past decades due to the increase in its usage for drinking,
water supply, irrigation and industrial uses etc. Groundwater resources are now facing threats due to
anthropogenic activities. The groundwater quality is equally important as that of quantity. Mapping of spatial
variability of groundwater quality is of vital importance and it is particularly significant where groundwater is
primary source of potable water. The present study has been undertaken to analyze the spatial variability of
groundwater quality for Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore District located in the Andhra Pradesh State. MS ExcelAnalysis
ToolPak is used for mathematical analysis of the parameters and ArcGIS Version 10.1 is used for the
spatial analysis and it is a powerful tool for representation and analysis of spatial information related to water
resources. A total of 280 bore well water samples are collected. The major water quality parameters such as pH,
Total dissolved solids, Total alkalinity as calcium carbonate, Total hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate,
Fluoride, Iron have been analysed as per BIS 10500-2012. The spatial variation maps of these groundwater
quality parameters were derived and integrated through GIS. The final integrated map shows five priority classes
such as Excellent, Good, Poor, Very poor, Unsuitable for zones of the study area and provides a guideline for the
suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes
Ground water quality and water quality index of dwarka district of national c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Irrigation Quality of Surface Water of Rural Areas around Kota City, Rajasthanijtsrd
Due to the natural and anthropogenic inputs, the Chambal River which passes through the Kota city has gradually deteriorated. The assessment of surface water quality is an important aspect to understand the ecological sustainability of the river. Hence, in this study the surface water quality of Kota was evaluated using long time series data 1999 to 2016 for pre monsoon and post monsoon period. Data on monitored locations were collected from Public Health Engineering Department PHED . Various physio chemical parameters of surface water quality for River Chambal, Akelgarh water treatment plant and Sakatpura water treatment plant were examined to assess the extent of pollution and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Apart from this the seasonal and temporal variations in water supply of Kota city were observed during 2006 2016. The results imply that water quality of River Chambal is moderately polluted, hence to maintain its water quality proper waste disposal technique should be adopted. However, drinking water supply system analysis indicates the shortage of water supply in outskirts of the city, so water transmission system need to be augmented in near future to supply additional demand in the newly developed areas in the city. Nitin Gupta | S. M. Nafees "Irrigation Quality of Surface Water of Rural Areas around Kota City, Rajasthan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd51824.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/51824/irrigation-quality-of-surface-water-of-rural-areas-around-kota-city-rajasthan/nitin-gupta
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Similar to Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
GraphRAG is All You need? LLM & Knowledge GraphGuy Korland
Guy Korland, CEO and Co-founder of FalkorDB, will review two articles on the integration of language models with knowledge graphs.
1. Unifying Large Language Models and Knowledge Graphs: A Roadmap.
https://arxiv.org/abs/2306.08302
2. Microsoft Research's GraphRAG paper and a review paper on various uses of knowledge graphs:
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/graphrag-unlocking-llm-discovery-on-narrative-private-data/
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to ProductionAggregage
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Welocme to ViralQR, your best QR code generator.ViralQR
Welcome to ViralQR, your best QR code generator available on the market!
At ViralQR, we design static and dynamic QR codes. Our mission is to make business operations easier and customer engagement more powerful through the use of QR technology. Be it a small-scale business or a huge enterprise, our easy-to-use platform provides multiple choices that can be tailored according to your company's branding and marketing strategies.
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We are here to make the process of creating QR codes easy and smooth, thus enhancing customer interaction and making business more fluid. We very strongly believe in the ability of QR codes to change the world for businesses in their interaction with customers and are set on making that technology accessible and usable far and wide.
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Ever since its inception, we have successfully served many clients by offering QR codes in their marketing, service delivery, and collection of feedback across various industries. Our platform has been recognized for its ease of use and amazing features, which helped a business to make QR codes.
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At ViralQR, here is a comprehensive suite of services that caters to your very needs:
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Pricing and Packages
Additionally, there is a 14-day free offer to ViralQR, which is an exceptional opportunity for new users to take a feel of this platform. One can easily subscribe from there and experience the full dynamic of using QR codes. The subscription plans are not only meant for business; they are priced very flexibly so that literally every business could afford to benefit from our service.
Why choose us?
ViralQR will provide services for marketing, advertising, catering, retail, and the like. The QR codes can be posted on fliers, packaging, merchandise, and banners, as well as to substitute for cash and cards in a restaurant or coffee shop. With QR codes integrated into your business, improve customer engagement and streamline operations.
Comprehensive Analytics
Subscribers of ViralQR receive detailed analytics and tracking tools in light of having a view of the core values of QR code performance. Our analytics dashboard shows aggregate views and unique views, as well as detailed information about each impression, including time, device, browser, and estimated location by city and country.
So, thank you for choosing ViralQR; we have an offer of nothing but the best in terms of QR code services to meet business diversity!
Le nuove frontiere dell'AI nell'RPA con UiPath Autopilot™UiPathCommunity
In questo evento online gratuito, organizzato dalla Community Italiana di UiPath, potrai esplorare le nuove funzionalità di Autopilot, il tool che integra l'Intelligenza Artificiale nei processi di sviluppo e utilizzo delle Automazioni.
📕 Vedremo insieme alcuni esempi dell'utilizzo di Autopilot in diversi tool della Suite UiPath:
Autopilot per Studio Web
Autopilot per Studio
Autopilot per Apps
Clipboard AI
GenAI applicata alla Document Understanding
👨🏫👨💻 Speakers:
Stefano Negro, UiPath MVPx3, RPA Tech Lead @ BSP Consultant
Flavio Martinelli, UiPath MVP 2023, Technical Account Manager @UiPath
Andrei Tasca, RPA Solutions Team Lead @NTT Data
Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
Are you looking to streamline your workflows and boost your projects’ efficiency? Do you find yourself searching for ways to add flexibility and control over your FME workflows? If so, you’re in the right place.
Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
- Practical Applications in FME Form: Delve into key user parameter types including choice, connections, and file URLs. Allow users to control how a workflow runs, making your workflows more reusable. Learn to import values and deliver the best user experience for your workflows while enhancing accuracy.
- Optimization Strategies in FME Flow: Explore the creation and strategic deployment of parameters in FME Flow, including the use of deployment and geometry parameters, to maximize workflow efficiency.
- Pro Tips for Success: Gain insights on parameterizing connections and leveraging new features like Conditional Visibility for clarity and simplicity.
We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
Don’t miss this opportunity to elevate your FME expertise and drive your projects to new heights of efficiency.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
Assuring Contact Center Experiences for Your Customers With ThousandEyes
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol. 3, Issue. 4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-2119-2126 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 2119 | Page
Dr. Sabah Obaid Hamad Al-Shujairi *
Ph D. in Environmental Engineering
* Environmental Department of Central Region -Ministry of Environment - Iraq
Abstract: This study is an attempt to develop Iraqi river water quality index (IRWQI) which can be applied to evaluate the
general water quality of the main Iraqi' rivers (Tigris and Euphrates) in its entire stretch for public uses. The index proposed
in this work is composed of seven measurable parameters: total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), pH, dissolved
oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4). IRWQI is a mean to summarize large
amount of water quality data into simple terms (e.g., good or poor) for reporting to authorities management and the public
in a consistent manner. IRWQI can be effectively used to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of surface water
quality in the two main rivers. Calculation of water quality rating (sub-indexes) were based on giving a rating scores of 100,
95, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10 and 5 corresponding to the 5th
, 10th
, 20th
, 30th
, 40th
, 50th
, 60th
, 70th
, 80th
, 90th
, 95th
and
99th
percentiles, respectively to long term parameter observations. The associated best-fit formulas to each parameter rating
curve were used to calculate aggregated index. The unweighted harmonic square mean formula, as a method to aggregate
sub index results, has been suggested. This formula allows the most impaired variable to impart the greatest influence on the
water quality index and will pose differing significance to overall water quality at different times and locations. The IRWQI
developed was applied to seven selected sampling stations (T1 to T7) along Tigris river, six selected sampling stations (E1 to
E6) along Euphrates river and one common selected sampling station (ET) after meeting of Tigris with Euphrates at Al
Qurna. The results showed that water quality varied from very good to very poor range. In general the water quality was
degrades downstream. Tigris water quality better than Euphrates water quality. There was no large different in water
quality between dry season and wet season where engineering controls on the rivers have greatly reduced their seasonality.
Key words: Euphrates Rivers, IRWQI, Rating curve, Tigris River, TDS, Water quality.
I. INTRODUCTION
Most of the urban centers in Iraq and a large portion of its population are located along and near the Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. Euphrates and the Tigris rivers are of vital importance to people in domestic water use. They are essential
resources for economic activities.
The evaluation of water quality in developing countries has become a critical issue in recent years, especially due
to the concern that fresh water will be scarce resource in the future. Whereas water monitoring for different purposes is well
defined (e.g., aquatic life preservation, contact recreation, drinking water use), the overall water quality is sometimes
difficult to evaluate from a large number of samples, each containing concentrations for many parameters [1].
Water quality index (WQI) is a mechanism for presenting a cumulatively derived numerical expression defining a
certain level of water quality [2]. In other words, WQI summarizes large amounts of water quality data into simple terms
(e.g., excellent, good, bad, etc.) for reporting to management and the public in a consistent manner. The index reflects the
status of water quality in lakes, streams, rivers, and reservoirs.
A number of indices have been developed to summarize water quality data in an easily expressible and easily
understood format [3]. These indices have been the product of efforts and research development from governmental agencies
in different strata, as well as from masters' and doctorate research. There are various water quality indices (WQI) to compare
various physico–chemical and biological parameters [4,5].
Despite the various water quality indices have been developed and published in the literature, but so far ministries
of environment and water resource in Iraq has made insufficient progress in developing and utilizing specific water quality
index. In this study an index has been developed which can be used with data on physical, chemical and biological variables
routinely collected by water resource monitoring program. Although some information is lost when integrating multiple
water quality variables, this loss is outweighed by the gained understand of water quality issues by the lay public and policy
makers. Improving understanding is very import to water resource managers in terms of increasing support for water
resource improvement efforts.
II. WATER QUALITY INDEX
Water quality index was first formulated by Horton (1965) and later on used by several workers for the quality
assessment of different water resources. It is one of the aggregate indices that have been accepted as a rating that reflects the
composite influence on the overall quality of numbers of precise water quality characteristics [6]. Water quality index
provide information on a rating scale from zero to hundred. Higher value of WQI indicates better quality of water and lower
value shows poor water quality. Therefore, a numerical index is used as a management tool in water quality assessment [7].
WQI basically acts as a mathematical tool to convert the bulk of water quality data into a single digit, cumulatively derived,
numerical expression indicating the level of water quality. This, consecutively, is essential for evaluating the water quality of
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water
Quality of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Iraq
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different sources and in observing the changes in the water quality of a given source as a function of time and other
influencing factors [8].
From literature review, it is clear that a great variety of water quality indices have been published. These indices
differ from each other in term of fundamental structures and in term of the number and types of variables that have been
selected for inclusion. The general procedure to calculate Water Quality Indexes depend on 3 common factors to develop it:
1) parameter selection, 2) determination of quality function for each parameter (sub-index) and 3) aggregation of sub-indices
with mathematical expression.
2.1- Parameters included in WQI
Water quality assessment can be defined as the evaluation of the physical, chemical and biological nature of water in
relation to natural quality, human effects and intended uses. In this study the WQI developed aids in the assessment of water
quality for public uses (potable water supply, recreation, …) and to evaluate water quality management effectiveness. It can
be used to improves comprehension of general water quality issues, communicate water quality status and illustrate the
effectiveness of protective practice. In order to develop a water quality or river index for above purpose, there are seven
parameters have been chosen. This parameters include: Total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), dissolved oxygen
(DO), pH, biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4) which monitored monthly among others by
water resource monitoring program.
2.2- Quality rating formulas (sub-index)
The mean observed and predicted values of each water quality parameter were converted into sub-index scores for
the parameter using the rating curves. These rating curves were developed in this study basically from statistical data
analysis of raw data was acquired by long-term water resource monitoring program with assistance of water quality experts’
opinions. Calculation of water quality rating (sub-indexes) were based on giving a rating scores of 100, 95, 90, 80, 70, 60,
50, 40, 30, 20, 10 and 5 corresponding to the 5th
, 10th
, 20th
, 30th
, 40th
, 50th
, 60th
, 70th
, 80th
, 90th
, 95th
and 99th
percentiles,
respectively to each parameter observations. The associated best-fit formulas to each parameter rating curve were used to
calculate aggregated index. Each of seven parameter sub-index (SIi) used to calculate the overall water quality index have
been listed below:
For TDS:
If TDS ≤ 450 SITDS = 100
If TDS > 5500 SITDS = 10
If 450 < TDS > 5500 SITDS = -34.1 ln (TDS) +304.8
For TH:
If TH ≤ 100 SITH = 100
If TH > 1200 SITH = 10
If 100 < TH ≤ 1200 SITH = 6.57 E-5*(TH)^2-0.1626 (TH)+111.1
For PH:
If 4.5 ≤ PH <7.0 SIPH = 1.9 EXP((PH-1)*0.66)
If 7.0 ≤ PH ≤ 7.6 SIPH = 100
If 7.6 <PH ≤ 10.5 SIPH = 100 EXP((PH-7.65)*-0.528)
If 10.5 < PH < 4.5 SIPH = 10
For DO:
If DO < 3.3 SIDO = 10
If DO > 12.5 SIDO = 100
If 3.3 ≤ DO ≤ 12.5 SIDO = -59.6 + 24.9*DO – 0.98*DO^2
For BOD:
SIBOD = 100 * 0.86 ^ BOD
For NO3:
If NO3 ≤ 1 SINO3 = 100
If NO3 >1 SINO3 = 102*0.8887^(NO3)
For PO4:
If PO4 < 0.03 SIPO4 =100
If PO4 >1.2 SIPO4 = 10
If 0.03 ≤ PO4 ≤ 1.2 SIPO4 = 99.5*0.17^(PO4)
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2.3- Aggregation and calculation of water quality index
Aggregation is the process of combining and simplifying a group of sub- indices. The unweighted harmonic square
mean formula, as a method to aggregate sub index results, has been suggested as an improvement over both the weighted
arithmetic mean formula and the weighted geometric mean formula. The formula is given by Cude [9]:
𝑊𝑄𝐼 =
𝑛
1
𝑆𝐼𝑖
2
𝑛
𝑖=1
Where WQI is water quality index result, n is the number of sub-indices, and SIi is sub-index. This formula allows
the most impaired variable to impart the greatest influence on the water quality index and will pose differing significance to
overall water quality at different times and locations.
2.4- Classification of WQI Scores
The index equation generates a number between 10 and 100, with 10 being the poorest and 100 indicating the
excellent water quality. Within this range designations, present study have been set to classify water quality as illustrated in (
Table 1) into six classes of water quality as very poor, poor, fair, good, very good and excellent.
Table .1 Classification scheme for water quality index scores.
WQI Range Class Statement
< 45 VI Very poor
45 – 60 V Poor
61 – 69 IV Fair
70 – 79 III Good
80 - 90 II Very good
91 – 100 I Excellent
III. MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1- study sites
The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers flows within three of the Middle East countries: Turkey, Syria, and Iraq. The
Tigris stretch section in Iraq about 1400 km while the length of the Euphrates in Iraq about 1060 km. Euphrates crosses Syria
before flowing into Iraq and meeting Tigris, which also crosses Syria for short distance (about 40 km), and together they
form Shat Al Arab in the south of Iraq. The Tigris–Euphrates Basin was shown in fig.1. Seven selected sampling stations
located along the Tigris stretch and six selected sampling station along the Euphrates Rivers as well as one station after joint
meeting between two rivers were chosen inside Iraq state to assess the water quality of two rivers. The selected sampling
stations of Tigris river are T1 (Fishkhabor), T2 (Al Shirgat), T3 (Tarmiah), T4 (Baghdad), T5 (Aziziah), T6 (Kut) and T7
(Amarah). The selected sampling Stations of Euphrates river are E1 (Al Qaim), E2 (Fallujah), E3 (Al Kefil), E4 (Shnafia),
E5 (Samawa) and E6 (Nasiria). The common sampling station ET (Al Qurnah), where Tigris river meet Euphrates river. It is
worth mentioning that the first selected station for each river is located in the entry point of a river at Iraqi borders which
often represents the baseline water quality to other downstream stations.
3.2- Methodology
This study did not involve any field data collection or laboratory water quality analysis. The available long-term
water quality monitoring data of 39 sampling stations for Tigris river and 22 sampling stations for Euphrates river were
analyzed to develop water quality index. The developed water quality index proposed in this study was applied to selected
sampling stations along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers at 2012 to evaluate water quality of two rivers for public use. Seven
related parameters (TDS, TH, pH, DO, BOD, NO3 and PO4) plays a significant role to assess general water quality based on
common and important physical, chemical and biological parameters of surface water were chosen to calculate WQI at
selected locations.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The water quality index was designed to permit comparison of water quality among different stretches along the
same river or between different Iraqi rivers.
4.1- Parameters selection importance
Depending on the data availability and to ensure main Iraqi rivers water quality, seven water quality parameters
were selected in WQI. With too many variables, small individual changes are not detectable in the aggregated water quality
index value [9]. Understanding water quality parameters and their characteristics is important to identify the quality of the
water, to know the reasons which led to changes in the quality, and to help in interpreting these changes. These parameters
include: TDS, TH, pH, DO, BOD, NO3 and PO4.
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An effort has been made by Bharti N and Katyal D. [10] to carry out a review of important indices formulated all over
the world used in water quality assessment. From the analyses of 36 indices, it appears that they have 35 common parameters
of which, the most common and frequent of the cases is the dissolved oxygen 15 indices, pH in 11 indices, BOD in 11
indices, total phosphorous and phosphates in 11 indices, nitrates in 10 indices, total dissolved solid in 8 indices and total
hardness in 5 indices [11].
Total dissolved solids (TDS) are represents salts and minerals dissolved in the water (mg/L) that cannot be removed
by conventional filtration [7]. Water salinity (expressed as TDS) is an increasing problem in Iraq. Salinity increases as the
river water flows southward and evaporation, sewage effluent, dissolution of limestone and evaporate bedrock, and
agricultural drainage all increase the salinity. River water can be classified by the amount of TDS as: fresh water < 1500
mg/L TDS, brackish water 1500 to 5000 mg/L TDS or saline water > 5000 mg/L TDS [12]. In this study TDS is considered
to be a good indicator for water salinity, and it gives general information about the sum of ions in the water. TDS can be
employed to establish potential water usage or to evaluate the quality of supplied water; it affects everything that consume,
lives in, or uses water. If the TDS passes 1000 mg/l, water becomes less usable and it is no longer potable for human
consumption [13]. Above 3000 mg/l, it is not suitable for most municipal or agricultural usages.
As shown in fig. (2), it is clearly demonstrated that the TDS increases steadily along the stretch of the Tigris river
for both wet season (average of January, February and March months) and dry season (average of Jun, July and August
months), while fig. (3) shows an exception for Euphrates river where TDS concentrations at upper stretch increased steadily
especially at dry season then began decrease at downstream station E6 and later compared with previous stations. The main
reason to decreasing TDS at lower stretch belong to partially dilution with better water quality discharged from Al Garraf
branch river from Tigris. Primary sources for TDS in receiving waters are agricultural and residential runoff, leaching of soil
contamination and point source water pollution discharge from industrial or sewage treatment plants [14].
Total hardness is mainly a reflection of major ions, e.g., Ca+2
, Mg+2
, CO3
-1
and HCO3
-1
, being present in the water.
These ions enter the river water by leaching from minerals like Calcite, gypsum and Dolomite, which exist throughout the
course of the river. Kannan [15] has classified water on the basis of hardness values in the following manner; 0- 60 mg/L,
soft, 61-120 mg/L, moderately hard, 121-160 mg/L, hard and greater than as 180 mg/L very hard. Hardness below 300 mg/L
is considered potable but beyond this limit produces gastrointestinal irritation [16]. Normally water hardness does not pose
any direct health problem but may affect the consumer acceptability of water in terms of taste and cause economic problems
[17]. The results was showed increase trend in hardness concentration along with downstream direction for Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. There are strong correlation between TDS and hardness, however high TDS concentrations in water usually
indicate high level of hardness in water [18]. Therefore, using both parameters in calculating WQI maximize the effect of
TDS on water quality index which reflect the purpose of using index for public used.
pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity. pH is an important parameter to monitor as it can significantly impact the
physiological processes of aquatic biota when changes to the natural pH range occur [19]. Furthermore, it can influence the
solubility of nutrients and pollutants. The measure of pH is very important as an indication of water quality due to the
sensitivity of organisms to the pH of their environment. pH is also important in assessing the suitability of water for drinking
[17]. The results as listed in table 1 and 2 showed variability along the course of rivers.
Dissolved oxygen (DO) is essential for water quality, ecological status, and health of a river. This is due to its
importance as a respiratory gas, and its use in biological and chemical reactions [20]. DO is also important when assessing
the suitability of water for drinking. Low DO in source water can increase the conversion of nitrate to nitrite and sulphate to
sulphide as well as increase the concentration of ferrous iron in solution, leading to discoloration in drinking water [17]. The
presence of pollutants can reduce the oxygen carrying capacity and the concentration value of dissolved oxygen in river
water.
Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic biological organisms in a
body of water to break down organic material present in given water sample at certain temperature over a specific time
period and considered as an important water quality indicator. BOD could be preferred over COD because BOD represents
better the biodegradable pollutants in the water body and most of the water quality models can simulate this parameter [21].
Nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) are an important indicator of water quality and originate from a range of point and
diffuse sources, particularly the discharge of sewage effluent and agricultural runoff (fertilisers, waste from livestock).
Excessive nutrients can result in eutrophication and algal blooms, can significantly impact aquatic ecosystem health, and
reduce ecological and recreational values of freshwater resources [22]. However, agricultural discharges may contribute with
high nitrate levels resulting from excessive fertilizer use in agriculture, when microorganisms break down fertilizers,
decaying plants, manures, animal feedlots or other organic residues.
4.2- Observed change in WQI
To calculate the WQI, the raw analytical results for each parameter, having different unit of measurement, are first
transformed into non-dimensional sub-index values rating from 10 (worse case) to 100 (ideal) depending on the parameter's
contribution to water quality impairment. These sub-indices are then combined to give a single water quality index rating
value ranging from 10 to 100. The unweighted harmonic square mean formula used to combine sub-indices allows the most
impacted parameter to impart the greatest influence on the water quality index [9]. Thus the result from all sampling stations
in two seasons is showing that Water Quality Index is in very good range to very poor range because in method that assign
fixed weights to variables will pose differing significance to overall water quality at different times and locations.
The quality of water in the Tigris river as shown in fig. 4 near the Turkey border (sampling station T1) is assumed
to be ranged from good to very good quality, water quality degrades downstream, with major pollution inflows from urban
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areas due to poor infrastructure of wastewater treatment. The diversion of excess water to prevent flooding problems from
Tigris to the Al-Tharthar Depression caused considerable increase in the salinity (expressed as TDS) in return water to the
river system, due to the very large evaporation rate, dissolution of salt and gypsum from soil of the depressions, and salt
ground water effects. These three significant reasons have seriously diminished water quality [23]. The effect of Al-Tharthar
Depression clear on the water quality at station T4 where the WQI status become fair at station T4 (Baghdad). Urbanization
and an increasing population imply an increase in water consumption for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes.
This increase in water demand consequently means an increase in the discharged waste water from all these sectors into river
water [24,25]. After Tigris river joining Euphrates river (worse quality) at station ET (Al Qurna) the water quality more
decreased, it become poor quality. At T6 the water quality slightly increased that may be belong to increasing the ability of
river to self purification, where the concentration of nitrate decreased as well as the BOD. At lower stretch of Tigris river,
the water quality can be severely affected by the irrigation return waters causing degrading in water quality, where at T7 and
later quality of water was recording backing down.
The river water quality of the Euphrates as shown in fig. (5), is varying greatly from place to place along the river.
This variation is due to a combination of natural factors and human activities. Euphrates starts with good or very good water
quality index at sampling station E1 (the point of iterance Iraqi border from Syria), usually the TDS there is about 600 mg/l .
Most other physiochemical parameter in good quality range. Gradually water quality decreases downstream, and the worse
quality happen at stations (E4, E5 and E6) then the river water quality improved slightly from very poor quality to poor
quality. At the mouth of the river into Shat al Arab where joining Tigris river (better quality), the quality of water convert to
fair status.
The water quality of Euphrates River within Iraq especially south of Bagdad (at sampling stations E4 and later) is
not satisfactory mostly [26]. Poor irrigation practices have led to major degradation of land and water. Inefficient irrigation
techniques that are practiced have contributed to an increase in the salinity of the soil. Irrigation practices such as flood and
furrow requires a lot of water to flood the farm land. As a result for this practice, a large quantity of excess water will be
generated, which either seep into the groundwater or reaches to the river. There are more than 16 drains working and
conveying drainage wastewater along Euphrates River especially at middle and lower stretch. These drains play a significant
role in altering the quality of Euphrates river water. These drains discharging return irrigation water into the river which
contains high concentration TDS, NO3 and PO4 [27]. This will led to an increase in the salinity and cause a massive increase
in the growth of algae or plankton in Euphrates River. The final quality depends on how much water flows through the river
and in which quality, as well as how much return water enters the river and the concentration of the water in the drains [18].
The Euphrates flows rapidly in the upper course due to large differences in elevations. In the middle and lower stretch in
Iraq, the river velocity becomes very low and the river is consider to be a slow running stream [28]. The very gentle gradient
of the Euphrates river [25] reduce the ability to self- purification and remove certain amount of pollutants by degrading or
dispersing it.
The population growth in large suburban residential areas have developed along Tigris and Euphrates rivers stretch
without adequate infrastructure, and sewage treatment plants are not enough for this expansion. Most of the solutions in this
case are by constructing new bypasses to discharge the untreated wastewater into the river directly, which causes river water
quality degradation [18].
In general, WQI in wet season as shown from fig. (4) and (5) for Tigris and Euphrates rivers respectively, is slightly
less than in dry season. Although the amount of rain falling during wet season that may be reflected on the amount of river
discharge and thus improve the quality of the water, but engineering controls on the rivers have greatly reduced their
seasonality. In addition to the runoff and increasing the quantity of return flow from irrigation all that affect the water
quality.
Water quality of the Euphrates entering Iraq is less than the Tigris, currently affected by return flow from irrigation
projects in Turkey and Syria as well as sewage water system which are directed to the river (27). The quality of the water in
both the Euphrates and the Tigris is further degraded by return flows from land irrigated in Iraq as well as urban pollution
[29].
V. CONCLUSION
Developed Iraqi river water quality index (IRWQI) was applied to evaluate the water quality of Tigris and
Euphrates rivers for public uses. The results showed that water quality varied from very good to very poor range. Tigris
water quality was largely degraded after sampling station T3, where the effect of Al Tharthar depression was very clear on
water quality. High impact of agriculture return flow on water quality was noticed at middle and lower stretch of Tigris and
Euphrates rivers. Euphrates water quality was severely degraded at lower stretch (at sampling stations E4 and later). In
general water quality of Tigris river better than in Euphrates. There was no large different in water quality between dry
season and wet season where engineering controls on the rivers have greatly reduced their seasonality.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to thank very much Mr. Sabah Al- Omran Director General of the Department of Environment in
central region/ Ministry of Environment and Eng. Jabbar Abid Zayed, the Head of water quality monitoring department in
Environmental Ministry and Dr. Hassan Hamid from Ministry of water resource for their support and providing available
data.
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Figure (1). Tigris and Euphrates rivers [30]
Figure (2). Changes in total dissolved solids along Tigris river.
Figure (3). Changes in total dissolved solids along Euphrates river.
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 ET
TDSmg/L
Station No.
Tigris river
TDS- wet season
TDS-dry season
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 ET
TDSmg/L
Station No.
Euphrates river
TDS-wet season
TDS-dry season
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Figure (4). Changes in water quality index along Tigris river
Figure (5). Changes in water quality index along Euphrates river.
79 79 80
67
64
66
62
53
89
81
70
61 60
64
59
48
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 ET
WQI
Station No.
Tigris River
Dry season
Wet season
79
76
69
35
28 30
53
87
72
55
31
23
41
48
10
30
50
70
90
E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 ET
WQI
Station No.
Euphrates River
Dry season
Wet season