The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
study of al karamah and sharq-dijla drinking waterIJEAB
Two studied stations were involved in this study included Sharq–Dijla and Al-Karamah water purification stations. Water samples collected from four sites with three replicates for each sample of each site of the river and the station: before, after, inside the stations and at the pipe. The study started in October 2012 to September 2013. Results showed that the minimum level of water temperature was 11oC during (December-January) at Sharq –Dijla.While the maximum level was 30oC during (August-September) at both AL-Karamah and Sharq –Dijla stations. pH results revealed that the highest level of pH was 8.63 during (October-November) at AL-Karamah station followed by the lowest level was 6.73 in(February- March) at Sharq –Dijla station. The highest level of EC was 1068 µS/cm during (April-May) at Sharq-Dijla station, while the lowest level was 693 µS/cm during (August- September) at the same station. The results of DO showed that the highest level was 11.51 ppm during (December-January) at Sharq- Dijla station, while the lowest level was 4.25 ppm during (August- September) at AL- Karamah station.The BOD results recorded the highest level of BOD5 was 4.49 ppm during (August- September), and the lowest level was 0.67 ppm during (December-January) both results at Sharq-Dijla station. Total hardness showed that the highest level was about 404 ppm during (December-January) at AL-Karamah station, and the lowest level 162 ppm during (August- September) at the same station. Free chlorine measurements found with Iraqi limits and WHO for these two stations. The highest value of Iron concentration was 3.30ppm in (December-January) at Al-Karamah station, while the lowest value was1.63ppm in (August- September) at Sharq–Dijla station.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
study of al karamah and sharq-dijla drinking waterIJEAB
Two studied stations were involved in this study included Sharq–Dijla and Al-Karamah water purification stations. Water samples collected from four sites with three replicates for each sample of each site of the river and the station: before, after, inside the stations and at the pipe. The study started in October 2012 to September 2013. Results showed that the minimum level of water temperature was 11oC during (December-January) at Sharq –Dijla.While the maximum level was 30oC during (August-September) at both AL-Karamah and Sharq –Dijla stations. pH results revealed that the highest level of pH was 8.63 during (October-November) at AL-Karamah station followed by the lowest level was 6.73 in(February- March) at Sharq –Dijla station. The highest level of EC was 1068 µS/cm during (April-May) at Sharq-Dijla station, while the lowest level was 693 µS/cm during (August- September) at the same station. The results of DO showed that the highest level was 11.51 ppm during (December-January) at Sharq- Dijla station, while the lowest level was 4.25 ppm during (August- September) at AL- Karamah station.The BOD results recorded the highest level of BOD5 was 4.49 ppm during (August- September), and the lowest level was 0.67 ppm during (December-January) both results at Sharq-Dijla station. Total hardness showed that the highest level was about 404 ppm during (December-January) at AL-Karamah station, and the lowest level 162 ppm during (August- September) at the same station. Free chlorine measurements found with Iraqi limits and WHO for these two stations. The highest value of Iron concentration was 3.30ppm in (December-January) at Al-Karamah station, while the lowest value was1.63ppm in (August- September) at Sharq–Dijla station.
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Estimating of the water environment capacity is an important content of the assessment of regional environmental impact. Water environment capacity is very important in the field of environmental science and it can provide reliable data environmental planning and management of water. In this paper, lake is the research object and one-dimensional model of water quality is built according to the conservation of mass of pollutants in the lake. Meanwhile, the method for confirming model parameters is put forward. The model is based on investigation in lake water environment and is applied to calculate water environment capacity of Xiaohu. Main pollutants of Xiaohu are COD, TN, fluoride, volatile phenol, BOD5, whose water environment capacity are 581.008kg/d, 185kg/d, 61.553kg/d, 0.387kg/d, 25.098kg/d accordingly.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Water is the primary need for all vital life processes. Water itself is an environment, which support large number of organisms. However, it is highly affected due to increased population, industrialization and unplanned urbanization that makes pure water scanty to human beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highly contaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the same time, the quality of standing water is becoming more and more unfit for humankind due to unwise use, negligence and mismanagement. The quality of life is linked with the quality of environment, hence biological components of fresh water depend solely on better physico-chemical conditions, and therefore, analysis of physic-chemical parameters of water is essential. The present study was conducted at two different stations in the Rangawali Dam, from tribal area. Samples were collected between June 2007 and May 2009 on a monthly basis and evaluated quantitatively. The study carried out for two years included following physicochemical parameters of the water samples. The regional climate at the site of study is distinctly marked in to three seasons, namely Monsoon (June to September) winter (October to January) and summer (February to May). The physico-chemical parameters like Rain Fall , Atmospheric temp, Water temp, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved carbon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium Chlorides and Sulphates were studied on seasonal basis, since the climatic changes seem to influence the ecological factors, and physicochemical parameters.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Influence of Sulfate, Phosphate, Ammonia and Dissolved Oxygen on Biochemical ...BRNSS Publication Hub
The present study was done to ascertain the level biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of Marlimund Lake situated in Ooty how it is related with the other parameters such as water temperature, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, sulfate, iron, and free ammonia. Four sampling sites were selected and studied over the period of 13 months from February 2016 to February 2017. The results were computed by best model fits applied for calculation using Curve Expert Version 4.2. The water temperature ranged from 8.1°C to 18.7°C, dissolved oxygen 3.468–6.976 mg/l, phosphate 0.1–1.92 mg/l, sulfate 1–18 mg/l, free ammonia 0.12–6.01 mg/l, and BOD 2.178–5.040 mg/l. BOD was found to be significantly related to dissolved oxygen (r = 0.5690291) by 4th degree polynomial fit, phosphate (r = 0.7095253) by rational function fit and free ammonia (r = 0.7395016) by MMF model fit, respectively. Sulfate was found to be nonsignificant (r = 0.2565396) by geometric fit model, and water temperature (r =0.4595060) shows a sinusoidal fit.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Estimating of the water environment capacity is an important content of the assessment of regional environmental impact. Water environment capacity is very important in the field of environmental science and it can provide reliable data environmental planning and management of water. In this paper, lake is the research object and one-dimensional model of water quality is built according to the conservation of mass of pollutants in the lake. Meanwhile, the method for confirming model parameters is put forward. The model is based on investigation in lake water environment and is applied to calculate water environment capacity of Xiaohu. Main pollutants of Xiaohu are COD, TN, fluoride, volatile phenol, BOD5, whose water environment capacity are 581.008kg/d, 185kg/d, 61.553kg/d, 0.387kg/d, 25.098kg/d accordingly.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Water is the primary need for all vital life processes. Water itself is an environment, which support large number of organisms. However, it is highly affected due to increased population, industrialization and unplanned urbanization that makes pure water scanty to human beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highly contaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the same time, the quality of standing water is becoming more and more unfit for humankind due to unwise use, negligence and mismanagement. The quality of life is linked with the quality of environment, hence biological components of fresh water depend solely on better physico-chemical conditions, and therefore, analysis of physic-chemical parameters of water is essential. The present study was conducted at two different stations in the Rangawali Dam, from tribal area. Samples were collected between June 2007 and May 2009 on a monthly basis and evaluated quantitatively. The study carried out for two years included following physicochemical parameters of the water samples. The regional climate at the site of study is distinctly marked in to three seasons, namely Monsoon (June to September) winter (October to January) and summer (February to May). The physico-chemical parameters like Rain Fall , Atmospheric temp, Water temp, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved carbon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium Chlorides and Sulphates were studied on seasonal basis, since the climatic changes seem to influence the ecological factors, and physicochemical parameters.
Rainy seasonal analysis of Physico-chemical parameters of Mukungwa River at N...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Water availability and quality are important factors that determine not only where people can live, but also the quality of life. The Mukungwa river is affected by rainy season especially at Ngaru point before discharge in Nyabarongo river, where its physico-chemical properties are seasonally changed. This may cause serious problems on all forms of life in the river. Objective of this work was to assess the impacts of rainy season on physico-chemical properties of Mukugwa River before discharging into Nyabarongo River at Ngaru. The parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TSS), phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium were monitored in three rainy seasons: April, 2012; October, 2012 and May, 2017 respectively. In this research, pH, temperature, electric conductivity were analyzed in situ using multifunction pH-meter and others parameters, were analyzed in laboratory using electrometric, volumetric, turbidity tube and colorimetric methods. The measured values for each parameter in three seasons were analyzed using MS Excel, and then compared to their international standards for surface water delivered by World Health Organization (WHO). The findings showed high variation of TSS (134mg/l, 178mg/l, and 582mg/l), turbidity (322NTU, 317NTU and 1560NTU) and ammonium (0.498mg/L, 0.536mg/L and 0.78mg/L) in three rainy seasons assessed. The quality of Mukungwa River needs prevention measures in order to control its pollution by erosion.
This study highlighted the pernicious elements present in the sediment and water of Aba River.Upstream and downstream sediment and water samples were collected at four different sampling points along Aba River. The samples were analyzed for the presence of heavy metals. Microbiological analyses were carried out using the spread plate method and bacterial and fungal isolates identified using standard methods. Analyses were carried out to determine the physicochemical properties using standard methods. Results obtained showed the presence of heavy metals in sediment physicochemical parameters in the ranges of turbidity (11.00-15.00NTU), conductivity (1.80-3.09µS/cm), BOD5 (2.10-5.05mg/g), COD (19.50-25.60mg/g), TDS (610-840mg/g), pH (7.20-7.55), temperature (29.00-30.10°C), K (7.16-9.15mg/g), Na (3.53-4.85mg/g), Mg (4.30-5.40 mg/g), Cr (0.04-0.20mg/g), Zn (0.21-0.35mg/g), Fe (3.75-4.42mg/g), Al (1.05-1.25 mg/g), SO42- (11.75-13.11mg/g), PO42- (0.30-1.1 1mg/g), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/g). Water physicochemical parameters were in the ranges of turbidity (3.30-9.00mg/l), conductivity (0.63-1.80mg/l), BOD5 (1.72-2. 50mg/l), COD (14.39-22.40mg/l), DO (2.95-5.6mg/l), TDS (245-556mg/l), pH (6.90-7.50), temperature (28.50-30.50°C), K (0.001-6.55mg/l), Na (1.25-3.55mg/l), Mg (1.50-4.60mg/l), Cr (0.00-0.15mg/l), Zn (0.01-0.13mg/l), Fe (1.15-3.95mg/l), Al (0.001-1.12mg/l), SO42- (11.75-13.30mg/l), PO42- (0.30-1.11mg/l), NO3 (6.35-8.16mg/l). The mean bacterial counts recorded for the different sampling points were higher in the wet season for sediment samples (0.97-6.00 x 106 cfu/g) than in the dry season (2.15-5.85 x 106 cfu/g), also the mean bacterial counts recorded for water samples were higher in the wet season (1.41-2.95 x 106 cfu/ml) than in the dry season (1.31-2.39 x 106 cfu/ml). The diversity of microorganisms isolated and identified were; Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysentariea,, Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterococcus faecalis, Serratia mercences, Micrococcus luteus, Micrococcus roseus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium notatum, Saccharomyces cerevisae, Fusarium poae, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus nigricans, Mucor sp. The distribution of these organisms varied between samples, distance and season. The high level of both microorganisms and heavy metals suggest that the anthropogenic activities in the River could cause health menace to users and therefore should be put to check regularly.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake...ijtsrd
This study was carried out seasonally to determine some nutrient load concentrations in the Atikhisar Dam Lake, which provides drinking water to the city center of Çanakkale and also serves the purpose of protection from floods. For this purpose, water samples were taken from 3 sampling points in Atikhisar Dam Lake. 5 parameters nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and suspended solids were examined in the water samples taken. At the end of the study, it is understood that the dam has a good water quality and there is no significant pollution problem. To ensure the sustainability of water resources, dam waters, which contain a significant part of natural resources, should be monitored regularly. Pinar Yildirim "A Study on the Investigation of Some Quality Parameters of Atikhisar Dam Lake in Çanakkale" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-7 , December 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52539.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/enviormental-science/52539/a-study-on-the-investigation-of-some-quality-parameters-of-atikhisar-dam-lake-in-çanakkale/pinar-yildirim
Study on Physico- Chemical Parameters of Waste Water Effluents from Kombolcha...AI Publications
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to8.2, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum insample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum atsamplesof W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/lrespectively. Thephysicochemicalparameters studied in this work were varied between the samplesand almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater
quality of Aligarh city, (India). Groundwater samples were
collected from 40 wells and analyzed for 20 water quality
parameters in post-monsoon seasons during the year 2013. High
coefficient of variance indicates variability of physico-chemical
parameters concentrations in ground water. The descriptive
statistical analysis was done beside Pearson correlation. From
correlation analysis it was observed that very strong correlations
exist between total hardness and Mg++ (0.99), TDS and total
hardness (0.88), TDS and Chloride (0.87). In 100% of the
samples recorded alkalinity and magnesium concentration were
found higher than maximum permissible limit prescribed by BIS.
Concentration of hardness, cadmium, pH, iron, lead, and total
dissolved solids were also found above the standard limits
prescribed by BIS. This reveals deterioration of water quality. It
is therefore, suggested to take up regular monitoring of
groundwater in areas of Aligarh city.
In order to study the WGS on an industrial scale at a low pressure, the modeling andsimulation of a WGS reactor operating at a pressure close to Patm and processing an industrial charge in the presence of a high temperature shift catalyst (Fe2O3/Cr2O3) were performed. The Profiles of the carbon monoxide conversion, temperature and pressure along the reactor were obtained. The effect of several operating parameters (inlet temperature, H2O/CO ratio) on the conversion of carbon monoxide along the reactor has been determined. The estimated catalytic mass to convert 60.5% of the carbon monoxide contained in the inlet is 170.76 t. The pressure drops in the reactor are not negligible and the maximum temperaturereached is without any harmful effect on the catalyst. The choice of an optimal inlet temperature and a high H2O/CO ratio improves the conversion of carbon monoxide.
As we are all aware,therecent discovery of the Higgs boson has revealed a highly massive particle, the value of which lies between 125and 126.5 GeV/c2.. According to the basic concepts of Quantum Mechanics, and in full compliance with the Uncertainty Principle and Yukawa intuitions, we were able to calculate the maximum limit of the Higgs boson‟s field of action. From the calculations show that the Higgs boson presents a range of action really very small, namely 9.8828∙10-16[cm], that is slightly smaller than 10-15[cm]. This value is justified by the considerable mass that the Higgs bosonacquires, in perfect agreement with the Uncertainty Principle.
The dependencies of total pressure, velocity, vorticity, turbulent length, turbulent dissipation, turbulent viscosity, turbulent energy and turbulent time of moving fluid from a straight pipe length of a circular cross section are presented in graphical and mathematical forms. Changing analysis of considered parameters was performed at mass flow rates of 0.45, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/s. A transition boundary of laminar flow of fluid to turbulent flow is at the distance of 2/5 of length from the inlet of the pipe (at accepted total length of the pipe of 1000 mm).
This paper considers the problem of magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) Newtonian and non-Newtonian nano fluid flow passing on a magnetic sphere with mixed convection effect. Nano Fluid is a combination of liquid fluid as a base fluid with small solid nano particles. Water is chosen as Newtonian base fluid and oil is chosen as non-Newtonian base fluid. Then, Alumina and Copper are chosen as solid particle in nano fluid. We further construct governing equation by applying continuity equation, momentum equation, and energy equation to obtain dimensional governing equations. The dimensional governing equations that have been obtained are converted into non-dimensional governing equations by substituting non-dimensional variables. The non-dimensional governing equations are further transformed into similarity equations using stream function and solved numerically using Euler Implicit Finite Difference method. We further analyse the effect of magnetic parameter towards velocity and temperature in MHD nano fluid flow. The results show that the increases of magnetic parameter impacts to the decrease of velocity and temperature. Then, the velocity and temperature of Newtonian nano fluid are higher than the velocity and temperature of non-Newtonian nano fluid. Also, the velocity and temperature of copper-water are higher than the velocity and temperature of Alumina-water.
Building materials used for the walls of simple houses in lower-middle-class areas in Indonesia are currently dominated by brick. This study proposes that soil-paper blocks coated with calcium silicate board may be a suitable alternative, with high embodied energy and density. The research aims to obtain an optimal wall thickness to provide protection against cooling and embodied energy in low income houses, as well as against the temperature conditions in these buildings in highland and lowland areas. Determination of wall thickness is performed by simulation of a 9 m2 building model with thick variables. Cooling calculations involved the use of Archipak software. Temperature measurements were carried out using a data logger on a sample of soil-paper blocks. The results indicate that the optimal wall thickness for protection against cooling and embodied energy is 8 cm. Soil-paper block has a lower density than brick. The use of calcium silicate boards does not affect the internal temperature of a low income house, but they can be used as protection against rainwater and as a substitute for wall plastering.
Adaptive-optimal control involves re-identification of the machining process and the model obtained is used to calculate the optimal process parameters.
Optimal control characterizes the addiction of the technical and economic indicators to process parameters. Characteristic for performance technical indicators is that their dependence to parameter values of process has a limitative, what leads to one of the following conclusions, appropriately or inappropriately, and therefore can serve as restrictions in optimization problem.
Economic indicators have a continuous dependence of process parameters and therefore they are used as objective functions.
Knowledge management (KM) has become an effective way of managing organization‟s intellectual capital or, in other words, organization‟s full experience, skills and knowledge that is relevant for more effective performance in future. The paper proposes a knowledge management to achieve a competitive control of the machining systems. Then an application of Knowledge Management in engineering has been attempted to explain. The model can be used by the manager for the choosing of competitive orders.
Ceftriaxone is one of the third generations of cephalosporin antibiotics and commercially found as a sodium salt. The market demand for it is still high in recent years, including in Indonesia. However, there is no local production manufacture yet. A high yield of ceftriaxone sodium would be an advantage in industrial scale. Ceftriaxone was synthesized by reacting 7–amino–3–[(2,5–dihydro–6–hydroxy–2–methyl–5–oxo–1,2,4–triazin–3–yl) thiomethyl] cephalosporanic acid (7-ACT) with 2-Mercaptobenzothiazolyl (Z)-2-(2-Aminothiazole-4-yl)-2-Methoxyimino Acetate (MAEM) then with sodium salt in basic condition. The product was generated by solventing-out using acetone. The products were analyzed by HPLC quantitatively and the structure was confirmed using FTIR, MS and NMR. In this research, the variation in the mole ratio of reactants against the yield of product was evaluated. The result showed that the variations in mole ratio reactants affect the yield production. The higher ratio of MAEM would be the higher yield is obtained. The results show that the yield was 72,17% at mole ratio 1:2 which has 99,32% purity. This result could be a consideration in industrial production scale in ceftriaxone sodium preparation.
Time, in the globalized world, is one of the most important factors about the economy, science and health. Mankind has made various efforts to use time efficiently for many years. In these studies transport came to the fore and it has become indispensable. In the light of today's technological conditions, air transport is developing at an increasing rate. Every day many aircrafts are produced, which have different speeds, weight and volume, for serve to transport. Therefore to make structures for easy and safe transport need a stable soil. Particularly suitable areas for the airport grounds in cities today, not being physically proper that construction of the airport made on soil with low bearing capacity, swelling potential of an expansive soil, settlement of soil etc, areas. In this study, soil problems encountered in the construction of airports will be explained and a summary of studies on the solution of these problems will be presented.
People in a big city as Antananarivo, capital of Madagascar, have leads to take street foods for their daily nutritional needs. This food habits may be a risk for consumers due to contaminations from street environment and bad practices related to hygiene. This study aimed to examine the quality and safety of street vended foods in Antananarivo, on January 2016 to December 2017.Six hundred and sixty two samples including 126samples of melting salads, 70 beef skewers, 54 chicken skewers, and typical Malagasy foods as : mofoanana (67 samples), mofogasy (64 samples), ramanonaka (64), makasaoka (66), mofoakondro (62) and kobandravina(89);were randomly collected from the streetvendors in Antananarivo marketsto evaluate their bacteriological quality.International Methods (ISO) was adopted for to find the load of Total Aerobic Bacteria andEnterobateriaceae,Escherichia coli and to search pathogen bacteria as Salmonella, Campylobacter jejuni, Escherichia coli O157H7 and Bacillus cereus in these foods.The results revealed that the mean values ofthe Total Aerobic Bacteria count was 0.1x106- 4.8x106cfu/g. Enterobacteriaceaecount range from 0.4x102 to 1.9x102cfu/g. Escherichia coli count range from 0.04x102cfu/g. to 0.19 x102cfu/g.Salmonellawas only present in melting salads, beef skewers and chicken skewers samples. Bacillus cereus count range from 0,1x102 to 1,5x102cfu/g. Campylobacter jejuniwas only present in samples of ramanonaka and kobandravina. Two strains of presumptive Eschercichia coli O157 H7 (βglucuronidase -) were isolated. PCR method was used to confirm the identity of these two isolates. A high contamination above 106 cfu/g food and the presence of potential pathogens bacteria could be hazardous. Systematic inspections and training of food vendors on food hygiene and application of hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) has been recognised as measures to guarantee improvement of the quality of street foods.
In order to clean up soils contaminated with hydrocarbons, the bioremediation activity of Pseudomonas putida was studied. Pseudomonas putida is a bacterium that can withstand the harshest environmental conditions. It is able to metabolize a wide range of petroleum hydrocarbons which is used as a source of carbon and energy. Given the potential of this microorganism, an experiment wasconducted on this strain.
For the isolation of this microorganism, a sample ofsoil from the Vakinankaratra region in the urban commune of Antsirabe II, Madagascar was microbiologically analysed. The bacterial identification was based on a study of the morphological, physicochemical and sequential analysis of the 16S rDNA gene.
Scored tablets provide dose flexibility, ease of swallowing and cost savings. However, some problems with scored tablets can be confronted like difficulty of breaking, unequally breaking and loss of mass upon breaking. This paper investigates the effect of score lines on the density distribution using continuum modelling. In keeping with previous work in the pharmaceutical field, a modified Drucker Prager Cap model is described briefly and used in the simulations. Coulomb friction is included between powder and tools. The microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) Vivapur® 102 was used to identify the model parameters using experimental tests with instrumented die, shear cell and diametrical crushing. The obtained results indicate that simulations may be useful not only to determine density distributions within tablets, but also may provide indications about performance of score lines.
In a plethora of countries, buildings are adapted to the local climate condition using sustainable architecture techniques and materials, thereby the highest level of climatic comfort is provided. For example, the walls and roofs reflecting sunlight have been used for centuries in the warm regions of the world, while in the cold regions, the maximum use of solar energy has been tended.
The process of modernization has created a high density, thereby demand for fast and affordable constructions in cities has subsequently increased, resulting in reduced attention to environmentally sustainable architecture techniques that, in turn, has led to the financial loss and scarcity of non-renewable energy resources over long periods of time.
Regarding the energy crisis and the necessity of saving non-renewable energy, the reduced need to use heating/cooling systems is assumed to be one of the key goals in advanced building design.
The present study was conducted based on causal research and simulation. Design Builder thermal simulation software was used as the tool to this end. Therefore, a building with/out solar chimney was modeled and analyzed to identify the effect of solar chimney on the amount of energy used for heating.
The control of motor rotation speed by the change of resistor resistance value in armature circuit is called ‘resistor control”. For the regulation of resistance value R0, included in armature winding circuit, we can use various technical solutions. The most used solution is the discrete variation of armature added resistance value by shunting its parts with contactors contacts. Nowadays, the change of resistor resistance in armature circuit can be realized by shunting with a given porosity γ of resistor R0 trough electronic keys. In this paper, we study the design of control system represented on figure 1.
A poultry yield prediction model have then designed using a data mining and machine learning technique called Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm. The developed model has been optimized and pruned using the Reduced Error Pruning (REP) algorithm to improve prediction accuracy. An algorithm to make the prediction model flexible and capable of making predictions irrespective of poultry size or population has been proposed. The model can be used by poultry farmers to predict yield even before a breeding season. The model can also be used to help farmers take decisions to ensure desirable yield at the end of the breeding season.
Today, Web site design is used to make sites useful to users, with accessible functions, resources and information. Therefore, that design involves use of methodologies that allow an adequate structuring of them resources and organization, permitting users to access them quickly, easily and intuitively. This research consisted of a usability study oriented to website structure designers using a methodology based on concepts of ontology design. This study includes a planning to evaluate the design and the structure of website in aspects such as: ease of use, efficient access to information and performance on the tasks focused to total satisfaction of end user. Heuristic tests were used as diagnostic tools to evaluate usability of website design structures; these were supported by a heuristic evaluation guide and in the Sirius methodology[3]. The results obtained from them, allowed us to detect opportunities for improvement and optimization in website design, and in refining the Web interface oriented to end users.
Acceptance of a website is determined by various factors, one of the most important is the organization that allows users to access to functions, resources and information that it contains. This work consisted of a study of comparative usability between a website designed using principles of linguistics and design of ontologies and other using a strategy of a commercial product. A plan was designed and applied to evaluate the following aspects of website: ease of use, efficiency to access its information, efficacy to perform tasks and user satisfaction. Heuristic and user tests were used as diagnostic tools in usability evaluations, and an observation guide was made by an external evaluator as a complement to previous tests. The results clearly shown that is better use the proposed website design methodology. This allows to create site more structured, functional and with greater ease of access to resources that it contain.
Epoxidized sunflower oil (ESO) has been used to toughen epoxy resin GELR 128 cured with an accelerated aliphatic amine curing agent (Kingcure K-11) at room temperature. There was difference in the properties of the polymer composite materials based on epoxy resin GELR 128 cured by Kingcure K-11 between two processes: one-stage process and two-stage process for mixing ESO with epoxy resin GELR 128 at various content of ESO. The results showed that the two-stage process is considered to be more advantageous than the one-stage process. It can be concluded that the impact strength, critical stress intensity factor Kic and decomposition temperature of the polymer composite materials based on epoxy resin GELR 128 cured by Kingcure K-11 with content of ESO 5 phr in two-stage process was greater ones in one-stage process (impact strength: 35.012 kJ/m2, Kic: 2.72 MPa and decomposition temperature: 385.81 0C respectively).
A Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) monitors a network for malicious activities or policy violations [1]. The Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) is a full virtualization solution for Linux on x86 hardware virtualization extensions [2]. We design and implement a back-propagation network intrusion detection system in KVM. Compared to traditional Back Propagation (BP) NIDS, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to improve efficiency. The results show an improved system in terms of recall and precision along with missing detection rates.
In this paper, we consider the scaling invariant spaces for fractional Navier-Stokes in the
Lebesgue spaces ( ) p n L R and homogeneous Besov spaces
, ( ) s n
p q B R respectively.
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Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
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Predictive Regression Models of Water Quality Parameters for river Amba in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
1. International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research
www.ijiesr.com
Volume 2 Issue 5 September-October 2018 24|P a g e
ABSTRACT
Predictive Regression Models of Water Quality
Parameters for river Amba in Nasarawa State, Nigeria
Aho, M. I.,1
Akpen, G. D.,2
Ekwule, O. R3
1, 2, 3
Department of Civil Engineering University of Agriculture Makurdi, Nigeria.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of
contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking,
resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the
assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during
the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as
Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical
conductivity (µs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform
were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in
comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency
for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not
adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to
make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the
systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of
water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r
= 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and
regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with
each other.
KEYWORD: physio-chemical parameters,Regression models, Statistical study, standards, water quality.
I. INTRODUCTION
Water is an essential element that supports life. However, statistics reveal that, from the advent of the new
millennium, one billion people lacked access to safe drinking water and 2.4 billion to adequate sanitation[15]. The
resultant effect is that people source for various means of water supply of which streams and rivers are part of,
especially in rural areas.With the emphasizes placed on the need for the potability of water, water quality
monitoring network could serve as an important tool in the management and assessment of surface water quality
which could be improved by means of accurate forecasts of surface water variables.The assessment of surface
waterquality is not just meant for the suitability of human consumption but also in relation to agricultural,
industrial, recreational, commercial uses and its ability to sustain aquatic life[20].Water quality monitoring is
therefore a fundamental tool in the management of freshwater resources. To emphasize its significance, World
Health Organization (WHO), UnitedNations Environment Programme (UNEP), United Nations Educational,
Scientific and CulturalOrganization (UNESCO) and World Meteorological Organization (WMO) launched in 1977,
a water monitoring programme to collect detailed information on the quality of global ground and surface water.
There are quite a number of literatures on water quality monitoring and assessment, suggesting all together, the
possible increase in pollution loads in streams and rivers which resultantly changes or alters water quality
parameters such as heavy metals, nutrients and organic matter, soluble ions, oil and grease, and organic
chemicals such as pesticides and poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),[20].Therefore, it is possible to
2. Aho, M. I. et al. “International Journal of Innovation Engineering and Science Research”
Volume 2 Issue 5 September-October 2018 25|P a g e
control water pollution problems through monitoring as well as enforcement of emission standards by industries
[4].
This could also be achieved by developing models that can assist in the monitoring and assessment of these
water quality parameter.[13] pointed out that the systematic calculation of correlation coefficients between water
quality parameter variables and linear or multiple regression analysis provide an indirect means for the rapid
monitoring of water quality. Statistical correlation and regression analysis have been found to be a set of
dependable tools for correlating different parameters and developing models which becomes a mechanism for
prediction or forecasting [12]. This prediction and forecasting forms an integral part of surface water monitoring
in the aspects of water resource impact assessment, environmental impact assessment, and pollution monitoring
and control.
II. Materials and Methods
The Study Area
River Amba lies within the River Amba Basin. The catchment is situated within the capital territory of Lafia in
Nasarawa State, 90 km North of Makurdi, capital of Benue State. The perennial River has a catchment area of
115 square kilometers.Lafia town through which River Amba encompasses is situated on longitude 08o
.30 East
and latitude 08
o
.32 North. The area is located in the middle climatic belt that is generally very warm and humid
with dry and rainy seasons. It has a mean temperature range of 260
C to 300
C, a mean rainfall range of 1120 mm
to 1500 mm, relative humidity of 60 – 80 % and falls within the Guinea Savannah kind of vegetation. The Amba
River system rises as small tributaries, like the Dutse, BukanKwatu, and Angogo springs, from the Eastern
Agyaragu-Obi minor highland areas. The rivulets join the mainstream of the River Amba which flows roughly
East-West to the West where joining other tributaries, it empties through the major River Oriye, into the River
Mada.
Figure 1: Google Earth Map Show RiverAmba
Sampling
Three sampling stations were chosen based on upstream, middle stream and downstream, and was represented
as A, B and C. The stations were chosen at a distance of about ten meters apart to effectively cover the entire
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length of the river. Water samples for physico-chemical analysis were collected at subsurface from sampling
stations one every sampling day. 250mL reagent bottles and 1000 mL plastic containers were washed, dried and
corked, labeled and used for sample collection. Subsurface water samples were collected at a depth of about 10
– 20cm. Dark colored 250 mL glass bottles were used for the Dissolved oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen
Demand (BOD) analysis while 1000mL plastic containers were used to collect water for the general purpose
analyses. The sampling bottles and containers were rinsed three times with the river water at each sampling
station before the collection of samples. Water samples were collected by lowering the sampling bottles or
containers by hand to a depth of about 20cm below the surface level. Each sample container was treated
according to the analysis required to be carried out on them. Testing was done once a month, for six months:
from August 2017 to January 2018. A total of 135 samples were collected and analyzed monthly.
III. Methodology
Samples were collected and analyzed for 13physico-chemical parameters, such as Temperature (T), Turbidity
(NTU), Suspended solids (SS), Colour (C), Total solids (TS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Electrical conductivity
(EC), pH, Hardness (H), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform
(TC).Temperature was measured at the point of sampling by the use of mercury-in-glass thermometer. A battery
powered digital pH meter was used to measure the pH of the samples at the points of sampling. The values are
reported to the nearest 0.1pH unit. The Colourof each water sample was measured using a Hach potable
colorimeter model DR/890. The turbidity of the water samples was measured with the use of HACH 2100P
turbidimeter. The readings were read off in nephelometric turbidity units (NTU).A high powered microcomputer
conductivity meter JENWAY 40701 model H19032 with a degree of accuracy of 0.01 was used to measure the
conductivity of the water samples. The instrument was standardized using potassium chloride solution of
conductivities 500μs/cm and 1500μs/cm. The unit is in micro siemens per centimeter. Total solids (TS) of the
water samples were estimated by gravimetric methods. To determine (TS), 100mL of the unfiltered portion of the
water sample was evaporated in a porcelain dish to dryness and washed. The dish was oven dried at a
temperature of 105
0
C, cooled in a desiccator to room temperature to a constant weight and the weight recorded.
The weight difference between the weight of dish with 100mL of water and weight of dish after evaporation less
weight of dish alone was considered as the weight of solids (TS). The level of dissolved oxygen (DO) in each
sample was determined using Winkler’s method. The BOD was determined using the 5 – day BOD dilution test,
applying the iodometric method for the determination of dissolved oxygen (DO). The difference between the initial
dissolved oxygen value measured on the first day and the value of dissolved oxygen determined after five days of
incubation gave the BOD of the sample. The total coliform count of the water sample expressed in cfu/100 mL
was determined using membrane filtration technique. The water sample was filtered through the membrane and
then transferred to appropriate growth medium and after incubation and inoculation, the growth colonies were
counted.
IV. Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis in the form of descriptive statistics, correlation and regression analysis of the physico-
chemical and microbial properties of a river basin gives a fairly good amount of information like their average
values and possible predictions. Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression were performed between
pairs of water quality parameters. Significantcorrelation coefficient (r ≥ 0.7) and linear regression equations are
summarized in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Significant correlations coefficient (r ≥ 0.7) and linear regressions
S/N
Pairs of
Parameter
Correlation Coefficient
(r)
Regression Equation
Regression
Coefficient (R2
)
1 Temp – C 0.9349 C =291.35Temp - 9017.3 0.8741
2 Turb - TDS 0.9193 TDS = 0.015Turb + 40.35 0.8452
3 Turb – SS 0.9995 SS = 0.888Turb - 5.8585 0.999
4 Turb – TS 0.9833 TS = 1.035Turb + 10.759 0.9669
5 C- EC 0.9651 EC = 0.523C + 66.58 0.9314
6 TDS – SS 0.9303 SS = 10.543TDS - 414.54 0.8654
7 TDS – TS 0.9459 TS = 12.795TDS - 489.79 0.8948
8 SS – TS 0.9865 TS = 1.774SS + 17.286 0.9731
9 DO – BOD 0.9366 BOD = -36.238DO + 254.42 0.8772
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Table 2 shows the water quality analysis viz., Mean, Standard Deviation (SD), Standard Error (SE) and
Coefficient of Variation (CV). The Coefficient of Variation from Table 2 showed turbidity, suspended solids, total
solids, and colourto be 53.7%, 56.6%, 50.6%, and 54.9%. While the Coefficient of Variation for pH, Turb, COD,
BOD, DO, H, EC, TC were found to be 1.1%, 1%, 9.5%, 32.43%,20.48%, 44.74%, 10.2%, 3.9%, 15.8%, 11.9%,
and 33% respectively. The coefficient of variation showed that there was significant variation in the value of
some parameters measured for the six months. Though a considerable amount was not high, thus,the variation
range is narrow.
Table 2: Descriptive Statistics of Water Quality Parameters of River Amba
Parameters Maximum Minimum Range Mean SD SE CV (%)
T 210 60 150 131.8 70.8 28.9 53.7
SS 180 47.5 132.5 110.3 62.4 25.5 56.6
TDS 55.9 42.2 13.7 49.8 5.5 2.2 11
TS 227.1 58.6 168.5 147.2 74.5 30.4 50.6
TEMP 32.6 31.5 1.1 32.1 0.59 0.24 1
C 496 81.3 414.7 335.1 184 75.4 54.9
EC 96.6 71.7 24.9 84.1 10 4.1 11.9
pH 6.48 6.27 0.21 6.4 0.07 0.03 1.1
H 70 50 20 62 9.8 4 15.8
S 70 21 49 39.9 17.4 7.1 43.6
COD 152 119 33 136.3 13 5.3 9.5
DO2(1) 5.3 4.9 0.4 5.1 0.2 0.1 3.9
DO2(2) 4.1 3.6 0.5 3.9 0.3 0.1 7.6
BOD 79 60 19 69 7.1 2.9 10.2
TC 1113 525 588 771 254.6 104 33
Multiple Regression Results
Multiple linear regression is a kind of modelling technique that allows one to establish a relationship between
physico-chemical parameters by fitting a linear equation to the observed data set. In this study, multiple linear
regression equations were developed to predict certain parameters based on the physico-chemical parameters
analyzed. In determining what models would be appropriate in predicting certain parameters for water quality
monitoring, stepwise regression method was applied to select the best possible fitted multiple linear regression
model. The factor considered in estimating parameters of importance in the regression model is the p-value
which must be less than 0.05 (i.e. P-value < 0.05). Table 3 shows the developed multiple regression models
using stepwise method in multiple regression analysis.
One of the most commonly used criterion to evaluate the performance of a model is its coefficient of
determination (R
2
). This R
2
value also tells us how good the model fits with the data used to develop the models.
The range of R
2
value for the multiple regression developed is from 0.7304 to 0.9999. The regression between
turbidity, suspended solids, total solids, and temperature had a correlation coefficient of 0.999 (i.e. r = 0.999).
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Table 3: Multiple Regression Equation using Stepwise method
S/N Parameter Regression Equation
Regression
Coefficient (R2
)
1 Turb - SS,TS,Temp Turb = -145.418 + 1.215(SS) -0.100(TS) + 4.919(Temp) 0.9999
2 SS - TS,Temp, Turb SS = 119.273 + 0.083(TS) - 4.035(Temp) + 0.822(Turb) 0.9999
3 TDS - TS,Temp TDS = 178.752 + 0.096(TS) - 4.462(Temp) 0.9922
4 TS – SS TS = 17.236 + 1.177(SS) 0.9731
5 Colour - SS,TDS Colour = 2497.424 + 6.858(SS) - 58.632(TDS) 0.8883
6 Sulphate – COD Sulphate = -116.663 + 1.149(COD) 0.7304
7 DO - BOD,TC DO = 6.764 - 0.027(BOD) + 0.000243(TC) 0.9824
Table 4: Correlation Coefficient Matrix of water quality parameters
* Correlations are significant at the 0.05 level (2 tailed) ** Correlations is significant at the 0.01 level (2 tailed)
V. Results and Discussion
Table 5: Comparison of Water Quality Parameters of River Amba with Water Standards
S/N Parameters WHO NAFDAC
Present study
value
1 Turbidity(NTU) 5 5 132
2 Suspended solids(mg/l) 5 - 112
3
Total dissolved solids
(mg/l)
1200 500 50
4
Total Solids (mg/l)
- 147
T SS TDS TS TEMP C EC pH H S COD DO2(1) BOD TC
T 1
SS 0.999493563 1
TDS 0.919135091 0.930281 1
TS 0.983253753 0.986443 0.945919 1
TEMP 0.783114352 0.76691 0.516241 0.760147 1
C 0.706902748 0.690825 0.407452 0.663636 0.934945 1
EC 0.722168074 0.70656 0.443396 0.657 0.876003 0.965104 1
pH -0.72979493 -0.7206 -0.52929 -0.66816 -0.73751 -0.86501 -0.95706 1
H 0.503890795 0.505237 0.527419 0.432526 0.123858 -0.02778 -0.01466 0.021393 1
S 0.825888365 0.838142 0.886164 0.825173 0.403694 0.461555 0.556838 -0.7184 0.322042 1
COD 0.954715659 0.957391 0.88601 0.972591 0.787209 0.76284 0.755671 -0.77556 0.263428 0.854643 1
DO2(1) -0.93719287 -0.94643 -0.94901 -0.96414 -0.62465 -0.59223 -0.58844 0.647348 -0.40049 -0.90917 -0.9657 1
BOD 0.945282855 0.945812 0.849566 0.941368 0.788227 0.803438 0.827636 -0.86362 0.230022 0.877649 0.986819 -0.93658 1
TC 0.05106811 0.034531 -0.1869 -0.03388 0.326464 0.558829 0.681432 -0.71225 -0.5092 0.145334 0.1331 0.055649 0.273715 1
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5
Temperature(
o
C)
25 Ambient 32.1
6
Colour
15 15 327
7
Electrical conductivity
(µs/cm)
1250 1000 84
8
pH
6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.4
9 Hardness (mg/l) 100 150 62
10 Sulphate (mg/l) 200 100 40
11 Chemical Oxygen
Demand(mg/l)
100Below - 136
12
Dissolved Oxygen(
DO2(1))(mg/l) 4below
- 5.1
13
Dissolved Oxygen(
DO2(5))(mg/l)
- - 4
14
Biochemical Oxygen
demand (BOD)mg/l 50below
- 69
15
Total Coliform per100ml
of water 0
10 771
* WHO-World Health Organization, NAFDA- National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control
Results of the analysis for the six months as reported in Tables 5 shows that the temperature of the water during
the study period was in a range of31.2°C to 32.6°C on the average. The maximum value of temperature
observed was in the month of October, while the minimum was in the month of January. The pH values varied
from 6.27 to 6.48. The maximum and minimum pHvalue was observed in the month of January and September
respectively. The electrical conductivity (EC) varied between 71.7µs/cm to 96.6µs/cm. The maximum value was
recorded in the month of September and minimum in the month of January. The values of hardness were in a
range of 50.0 mg/l to 70.0mg/l. The maximum value was recorded in the month of January and minimum in the
month of August. The turbidity values were in a range of 60NTU to 210NTU. The maximum value was in the
month of September and minimum in the month January. The SS values recorded were between 180 mg/l to 475
mg/l.The maximum value was recorded in the month of January while the minimum was in the month of
September.
The DO values ranged between 4.9 mg/l to 5.3 mg/l. The maximum value was recorded in the month of January
and the minimum was in the month of September. The BOD values were in a range of 60 mg/l to 79mg/l. The
maximum value was recorded in the month of December and minimum in the month of January. The COD values
were between 119 mg/l to 152 mg/l. The maximum value was observed in the month of Septemberand minimum
in the month of January.
The sulphate values were in a range of21 mg/l to 70mg/l. The maximum value was obtained in the month of
September and minimum in the month of August. The TDS values ranged between 42.2 mg/l to 55.9 mg/l. The
maximum value was recorded in the month of September and minimum was in the month of August. The TS
values were between 58.6 mg/l to 227.1 mg/l. The maximum value was observed in the month of Octoberand
minimum in the month of January.
Physical Water Quality Parameters
Temperature
Table 5 shows in details the water quality parameters of the study in comparison with WHO and NAFDAC
standards for acceptable drinking water. The temperature of potable water according to WHO and NAFDAC is
25
o
C. The study has on the average for the six months a temperature of 32.1
o
C. The temperature is higher than
the acceptable temperature stipulated by these two bodies. Ascertaining the temperature of a river is very
important because the temperature controls the rate of all chemical reactions that take place in the river, and it
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also affects the growth of fishes, its reproduction and immunity. Extreme temperatures or temperature
fluctuations can be fatal to the fishes in the river. The high temperatures as observed during the study may be
due to an increase in atmospheric temperature resulting from the anomalies caused by climate change. However,
the observed range of the temperature allows for optimum proliferation of most of the bacterial especially when
isolated from the water samples. Bacteria such as enterobateriaceac and mesophiles grow optimally at a
temperature ranging from 20
o
C to 32
o
C [7].
Turbidity
The value of turbidity obtained during the study is 132NTU which is above the stipulated value of 5NTU by WHO
and NAFDAC water standards. This signifies that the water is very turbid. Turbidity in water may be caused by
the growth of Phytoplankton [6].One of the major causes of turbidity can be attributed to human activities around
the river such as construction, mining, and agriculture which tend to disturb the stability of suspended particles in
the water. The human activities commonly found around the banks of river Amba is rice milling, block making and
agricultural activities such as sugar cane plantation. This can lead to high levels of sediments entering into the
river during precipitation due to storms water runoff[5].
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
The quality of potable drinking water is mostly characterized by the level of total dissolved solids in the water.
Hence, the need to ascertain the level of TDS in the water. The value of TDS concentration of the water under
study is 50mg/l. In comparison with WHO and NAFDAC water quality standards, which stipulates that the value
of total dissolved solids should be within a permissible minimum of 500mg/l and a permissible maximum limit of
1200mg/l, the water analyzed was observed to be low in total dissolved solids concentration. The presence of
TDS in water may affect its taste. Water containing TDS concentrations below 1200mg/l is usually acceptable to
consumers. However, water with an extremely low concentration of TDS may also be unacceptable to consumers
because of it’s flat, insipid taste and corrosive impact on water supply systems [22]. On the contrary, high (TDS)
in water can result in the formation of an increased amount of residue which in turn renders the water unfit for
consumption and could result in gastrointestinal irritations [1].
High levels of TDS in water may also be said to be objectionable to consumers owing to the resulting taste and to
excessive scaling in water pipes, heaters, boilers, and household appliances [22]. Some dissolved organic matter
can also contribute to an increased level of TDS which also indicates that the water is polluted [14]. While water
with extremely low concentrations of TDS may also be unacceptable to consumers because of its flat and insipid
taste. High TDS might be due to the presence of a large number of organic salts such as carbonate, bicarbonate
sodium, potassium and calcium and also some non-volatile substance [17].
Suspended Solids(SS)
The value of suspended solids as presented in Table 5 is 112 mg/l which is above the value stipulated by WHO
and NAFDAC standards presented in the same table. SS in water are indications of suspended and solid
materials present in the water[16]. Suspended solids in rivers are mostly due to high levels of sediments carried
by surface runoff into the water after precipitation. These includes runoff from natural and anthropogenic (human)
activities in the watershed [21].
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
The electrical conductivity of water is synonymous to the amount of total dissolved salt (TDS) present in the
water. In other words, it could be referred to as a direct function of total dissolved salts [9]. Electrical Conductivity
of river Amba is 84.0µs/cm as presented in Table 5 which is not acceptable with the WHO and NAFDAC limits.
When electrical conductivity is high, it increases the corrosive nature of water [14]. High electrical conductivity
value might be due to the presence of a high amount of dissolved inorganic substances in ionized form. But it is
not the case with this study. However, the water from River Amba can be classified as mesotrophic because it
falls below the stipulated 1200µs/cm by WHO [8].
Chemical Water Quality Parameters
pH
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The pH value of the water was also presented in Table 5. The pH of a water is considered an important water
quality parameter because it supplies information regarding the acidity or alkalinity of water. The study has pH
value of 6.4 which falls slightly below the range of 6.5 -8.5 prescribed by WHO and NAFDAC. The lower the pH
value of a water the higher the corrosive nature of water. Dissolved gases such as carbon (IV) oxide, hydrogen
sulphide, and ammonia also affect the pH of water. One of the significant environmental impacts of pH is the
effect that it has on the solubility and thus the bioavailability of other substances [11].
Hardness
Ca and Mg salts are the two main causes of water hardness [10], and they have a detrimental effect on humans
as it puts the heart at risk. The hardness of water above approximate values of 200mg/l may result in the
formation of scales especially if the water is to be transported to consumers through pipes [19]. The result
obtained for hardness is 62 mg/l as presented in Table 3 which is below the limit specified by WHO and
NAFDAC.
The water from River Amba is considered free from hardness. Water hardness is mostly due to the presence of
multivalent metal ions which comes from minerals dissolved in the water. One of the most prevailing impacts of
water hardness on fishes and other aquatic life appears to be the effect some ions have on more toxic metals
such as Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, and Zinc. Generally, the harder the water, the lower the toxicity of other
metals to aquatic life [14].
Sulphate
The amount of sulphate ions obtained from the analysis of the water under study is 40mg/l. WHO and NAFDAC
specified the range of 100 – 400mg/l for minimum and maximum tolerance of sulphate content in water. The
amount of sulphate content in excess of the stipulated range can result in diarrhea. Hence, the value of the
present study shows that the water is free from sulphate problems.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The COD amount obtained from the study is 134mg/l which is well above the WHO and NAFDAC acceptable
limits. COD is the amount of dissolved oxygen required to cause chemical oxidation of the organic material in
water. High COD has an undesirable consequence on aquatic life [2].
Biological Water Quality Parameters
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Thedissolved oxygen content of River Amba is 5.1mg/l as presented in Table 5. This is slightly above WHO and
NAFDAC standards of 4.0mg/l. DO is one of the most important water quality parameters. If in contact with a
water body, it gives direct and indirect information about the reactions in the water such as bacterial activity,
photosynthesis, availability of nutrients, stratification etc. Some of the effects of dissolved oxygen is that it
corrodes water lines, boilers and heat exchangers, and affects the survival of marine animals at low levels [18].
Variation in dissolved oxygen might be due to temperature, photosynthesis, respiration, aeration, organic water
and sediment concentration [3].
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The BOD concentration of the river presented in Table 5 is 69mg/l. As observed, it is higher than the value
specified by WHO and NAFDAC standard. High BOD decreases the level of dissolved oxygen in water [17].
Coliform Count
The total coliform count for the sample considered was exceedingly higher than the value specified by WHO and
NAFDAC. The value of the coliform count is 771per 100ml of water which is way higher than the value of 0 and
10 specified by WHO and NAFDAC respectively.
The result of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued by
WHO and NAFDAC revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the
water potable. Hence, the people consuming this water are at risk of contracting water-borne and/ or sanitation-
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related diseases as highlighted by the microbiological quality of the water they use for drinking and other
domestic uses. Proper treatment of this river water is necessary for it to become potable.
VI. CONCLUSION
Water quality parameters like temperature, turbidity, suspended solids, Electrical conductivity, pH, COD, DO,
BOD, and coliform count had values above that stipulated by the WHO and NAFDAC. Water quality parameters
like TDS, Hardness, sulphate were observed to be within the permissible limit for both WHO and NAFDAC water
quality standards.The people consuming this water are at risk of contracting water-borne and/ or sanitation-
related diseases as highlighted by the microbiological quality of the water if used for drinking and other domestic
uses.The generated water quality information indicates a high concentration of suspended solids. The proposed
models are based on the generated data from the study at the river scale and would therefore be directly
applicable to the study area. The models developed form a basic tool to support water quality monitoring and
land use management in future.
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