Abstract This paper presents the efficient modifications in calculating formula of water quality index. Water quality index provides us a single number which expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time which is based on several quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. In this paper a formula will be found to calculate water quality index when the numerical value of some of it’s quality parameters are missing. The standard formula to calculate water quality index has nine water quality parameters- biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, phosphate, faecal coliform, turbidity, total dissolve solids and temperature. Sometimes it becomes very difficult to find out the values of all these parameters because of lack of time or because of failure in testing. In that case the formula with missing parameters will help us to calculate water quality index. Index Terms: Water quality index, q- values, weight factors, weighted mean.
a short description of water, its availability world wide and its uses + Afghanistan's land cover and its water scenario + description of Afghanistan five major rivers, Dams and water basins.
Presentation by Dr A Qayyum, Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme, Bangladesh at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
a short description of water, its availability world wide and its uses + Afghanistan's land cover and its water scenario + description of Afghanistan five major rivers, Dams and water basins.
Presentation by Dr A Qayyum, Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme, Bangladesh at the CCAFS Workshop on Institutions and Policies to Scale out Climate Smart Agriculture held between 2-5 December 2013 in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
This presentation will cover:
General information about Bangladesh
Seasons of Bangladesh
River of Bangladesh
Amount monthly precipitation over the year
Average humidity over the year
Water quality standards
Hazards Bangladesh faces
Flood and drought event in Bangladesh
Water pollution in Bangladesh
Government’s law and policy
Randy Lehr (Northland College), presented at the Adapting Forested Watersheds to Climate Change Workshop, at The Waters, Minocqua, WI on March 15-16, 2017. The workshop was hosted by the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (NIACS), USDA Climate Hubs, and the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts (WICCI).
Abstract: Geo-technical engineering as a subject has developed considerably in the past four decades. There
has been remarkable development in the fields of design, research and construction of dam. India is capable of
designing and constructing a dam that would withstand a seismic jolt. The country needs water and electricity
to provide its people good living standards. Hydropower is the solution to the country's requirements, and this
can be achieved by storing water in dams.
In the past, earthquake effects may have been treated too lightly in dam design. Are such dams safe,
and how have they fared in previous earthquakes, this Paper will be limited to the some of finding about one
concrete types.
What will happen to dams during severe earthquake shaking? It is obvious that at present engineers
cannot answer this question with any certainty. But we are very much aware of the threat of disastrous losses of
life and damage to property if dams should fail, and we are making great effort to increase our under standing
of this complex topic.
This Paper deals with the case study of totaladoh Dam Situated in Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra
for Seismic Analysis by I.S.Code method (Simple Beam Analysis method). This also includes future scope of
analyzing the same dam for Seismic safety by very accurate method i.e. finite element method.
Keywords: Earthquake, The finite element method, Indian Standard codes(I.S.Code), horizontal
seismic coefficient (αh ),Hydrostatic pressure, Seismic analysis,
•Initial (reconnaissance) assessment….
♦Basic knowledge of geological and environmental conditions
♦Review of previous investigation results
♦Measurements of water levels
♦Sampling & preliminary assessment of water quality
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This presentation will cover:
General information about Bangladesh
Seasons of Bangladesh
River of Bangladesh
Amount monthly precipitation over the year
Average humidity over the year
Water quality standards
Hazards Bangladesh faces
Flood and drought event in Bangladesh
Water pollution in Bangladesh
Government’s law and policy
Randy Lehr (Northland College), presented at the Adapting Forested Watersheds to Climate Change Workshop, at The Waters, Minocqua, WI on March 15-16, 2017. The workshop was hosted by the Northern Institute of Applied Climate Science (NIACS), USDA Climate Hubs, and the Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts (WICCI).
Abstract: Geo-technical engineering as a subject has developed considerably in the past four decades. There
has been remarkable development in the fields of design, research and construction of dam. India is capable of
designing and constructing a dam that would withstand a seismic jolt. The country needs water and electricity
to provide its people good living standards. Hydropower is the solution to the country's requirements, and this
can be achieved by storing water in dams.
In the past, earthquake effects may have been treated too lightly in dam design. Are such dams safe,
and how have they fared in previous earthquakes, this Paper will be limited to the some of finding about one
concrete types.
What will happen to dams during severe earthquake shaking? It is obvious that at present engineers
cannot answer this question with any certainty. But we are very much aware of the threat of disastrous losses of
life and damage to property if dams should fail, and we are making great effort to increase our under standing
of this complex topic.
This Paper deals with the case study of totaladoh Dam Situated in Vidarbha Region of Maharashtra
for Seismic Analysis by I.S.Code method (Simple Beam Analysis method). This also includes future scope of
analyzing the same dam for Seismic safety by very accurate method i.e. finite element method.
Keywords: Earthquake, The finite element method, Indian Standard codes(I.S.Code), horizontal
seismic coefficient (αh ),Hydrostatic pressure, Seismic analysis,
•Initial (reconnaissance) assessment….
♦Basic knowledge of geological and environmental conditions
♦Review of previous investigation results
♦Measurements of water levels
♦Sampling & preliminary assessment of water quality
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Water quality index for groundwater of southern part of bangalore cityeSAT Journals
Abstract Combining different water quality parameters into one single number leads an easy interpretation of an index, thus providing an important tool for management and decision making purposes. Water quality index is a statistical index and is based on the rank order of observation. The purpose of an index is to transform the complex water quality data into information that is easily understandable and useable by the general public. As a part of research work, 14 important water viz., pH, Ec, Cl, Fe, F, SO4, T.H, Ca, Mg, TDS, Na, K, Zn, NO3 were used to evaluate WQI of Southern part of Bangalore City. The water quality index number varies between (19 to122).The indices is classified as Excellent at range less than 10, Good at range 10 to 30, Medium at a range 30 to 50, Bad at a range 50 to 75, and Very Bad at a range greater than 75and the corresponding range contributed by each group is 0%, 18%, 18%, 28%, and 36% respectively. Keywords: WQI, Bangalore
This presentation discusses the drinking water quality parameters, drinking water quality standards, water quality index and classification of water bodies and standards
Ground water quality and water quality index of dwarka district of national c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
study of ground water quality of raichur in industrial zone in concernIJAEMSJORNAL
This paper gives the information of the groundwater quality of Raichur industrial area. Different areas were selected for the study and comparison. The parameters studied were temperature, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, chloride, sulphate, fluoride, total dissolved solids and conductivity. It was observed that there was a minor fluctuation in the physico-chemical parameters among the water samples studied from overall analysis. The groundwater is highly contaminated and account for health hazards for human use from the Comparison of the physico-chemical parameters of the water sample with WHO and ICMR limits.
Study of Physico – Chemical Parameters to obtain WQI of Yamuna River Water, N...IJLT EMAS
Water quality index (WQI) is a remarkable and unique technique to rate and to depict the overall water quality status in a single term. To calculate the WQI the influence of different water quality parameters are studied in detail. The sums of these are then substituted in the numerical formula and the WQI is obtained. The different parameters gives the exact quantity of the impurities present in the water and its toxic level, but the WQI suggests the overall quality of water and also that whether it should be healthy to be used for biotic and abiotic environment. In other words it explains that how healthy the water is.
Estimating of the water environment capacity is an important content of the assessment of regional environmental impact. Water environment capacity is very important in the field of environmental science and it can provide reliable data environmental planning and management of water. In this paper, lake is the research object and one-dimensional model of water quality is built according to the conservation of mass of pollutants in the lake. Meanwhile, the method for confirming model parameters is put forward. The model is based on investigation in lake water environment and is applied to calculate water environment capacity of Xiaohu. Main pollutants of Xiaohu are COD, TN, fluoride, volatile phenol, BOD5, whose water environment capacity are 581.008kg/d, 185kg/d, 61.553kg/d, 0.387kg/d, 25.098kg/d accordingly.
Evaluation of acoustical parameters of aqueous solution of sodium chloride an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study of behaviour of propagation of ultrasonic waves in liquid system and solids is now rather well established as an effective means for examining certain physical properties of the materials. It is particularly well adapted to examine changes in such physical properties while they occur. The data obtained from ultrasonic propagation parameters such as ultrasonic velocity, adiabatic compressibility, molar volume, free length etc; and their variation with concentration of one of the component of the medium are useful in understanding the nature of molecular interaction in terms of physical parameters owing to the sensitivity to very low population densities at high energy states ultrasonic methods have been preferred and are reported to be complementary to other techniques like dielectric relaxation, I.R spectroscopy, N.M.R etc. Hence the author preferred to study the ultrasonic velocity and density measurement of aqueous solutions for NaCl and KCl of various concentrations. One of the important intermolecular properties of a liquid is the free length Lf between the surfaces of two neighbouring molecules and in the distance covered by the propagating acoustic waves between the surfaces of the two neighbouring molecules. The non-linear variations are observed in acoustic parameters of NaCl and KCl solutions indicating the formation of complex ions. Molecular interactions can be studied through Rao’s constants and Wada’s constants which are constants in non interacting systems. The abrupt change observed in Rao’s constant and Wada’s constant shows existence of molecular interaction.
Keywords: Molecular interaction, Intermolecular length, Rao’s constant (R), Wada’s constant (B)
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
THE EFFECT OF WATER TREATMENT ON CALCIUM AND BERYLLIUM LEVELS OF WATER IN KAR...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Introduction: Water quality is an important issue for human health management.The aim of this research was to compare calcium
and beryllium levels in the water of Karun river at the influent stream of the water treatment plant number two (WTP2) in Ahvaz city
and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process. Materials and Methods: Fourteen
samples of Karun river water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water
treatment process were collected during five months (September2013, and January - April 2014). Samples were taken fourteen
times, each time; five, one liter samples were collected. The samples were then mix and one liter composite sample was isolated
and transported to laboratory. The collected samples were filtered through filter paper (0.45 μm). For their fixation and pro tection
by nitric acid the pH adjusted ≤2 and was analyzed by ICP-MS. Results: it was shown that average of Calcium in water at the inlet
of AhvazWTP2and Byblus and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 164.714, 94.571,
111.714, 54.485, 124.571, and 17.528 μg/l ,respectively. Also, average of Beryllium in water at the inlet of AhvazWTP2and Byblus
and Anahita companies and their outlet water after the water treatment process were 15.142, 5.714, 8.714, 2.571, 9.428 and 2.285
μg/l, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that the purification process causes reduction in content of metals in waters
Keywords: Karun River, beryllium, calcium, water treatment process, ICP-MS.
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
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Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
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• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 609
WATER QUALITY INDEX WITH MISSING PARAMETERS
Garima Srivastava1
, Pradeep Kumar2
1
M.Tech (Environmental Science & Engg.), 2
Associate Professor, Civil Engg Department, HBTI Kanpur, India
mailtorumi@gmail.com, pkt2001@rediffmail.com
Abstract
This paper presents the efficient modifications in calculating formula of water quality index. Water quality index provides us a single
number which expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time which is based on several quality parameters. The
objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public.
In this paper a formula will be found to calculate water quality index when the numerical value of some of it’s quality parameters are
missing. The standard formula to calculate water quality index has nine water quality parameters- biochemical oxygen demand,
dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, phosphate, faecal coliform, turbidity, total dissolve solids and temperature. Sometimes it becomes very
difficult to find out the values of all these parameters because of lack of time or because of failure in testing. In that case the formula
with missing parameters will help us to calculate water quality index.
Index Terms: Water quality index, q- values, weight factors, weighted mean.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***-----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The index is basically a mathematical means of calculating a
single value from multiple test results. The index result
represents the level of water quality in a given water basin,
such as a lake, river, or stream. It is important to monitor
water quality over a period of time in order to detect changes
in the water's ecosystem. The Water Quality Index can give an
indication of the health of the watershed at various points and
can be used to keep track of and analyze changes over time.
The WQI can be used to monitor water quality changes in a
particular water supply over time or it can be used to compare
a water supply's quality with other water supplies in the region
or from around the world.
The WQI is one of the most widely used of all existing water
quality procedures. The overall results of nine separate tests
can be used to determine if a particular stretch of river is
healthy.
The WQI consists of nine tests:
Dissolved Oxygen
Fecal Coliform
pH
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
Temperature
Total Phosphate
Nitrates
Turbidity
Total Solids
After completing the nine tests, the results are recorded and
transferred to a weighting curve chart where a numerical value
is obtained. For each test, the numerical value or Q-value is
multiplied by a “weighting factor.” For example, dissolved
oxygen has a relatively high weighting factor (.17); because it
is more significant in determining water quality than the other
tests. The nine resulting values are then added to arrive at an
overall water quality index (WQI). The highest score a body
of water can receive is 100.
Table1- Water Quality Ranges
Index Ranges Water Quality
0-25 Very bad
25-50 Bad
50-70 Medium
70-90 Good
90-100 Excellent
2. PARTS OF WATER QUALITY INDEX
There are two parts of water quality index.
Q- value
Weighting factor
2.1 Q- value
It is the indication of water quality relative to 100 of one
parameter. The Q-Value is an indication of how good (or bad) the
water quality is relative to one parameter.
100 = Very Good
1 = Very Bad
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 610
2.2 Weighting Factor
It sets the relative importance of the parameter to over all
water quality.
Table2- weighing factors of water quality parameters
Parameters Weight Factors
DO 0.17
FAECAL COLIFORM 0.16
BOD 0.11
pH 0.11
NITRATE 0.10
PHOSPHATE 0.10
TEMPRATURE 0.10
TURBIDITY 0.08
TOTAL DISSOLVED
SOLIDS
0.07
3. PARAMETERS OF WATER QUALITY INDEX
There are nine parameters of water quality index:
3.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand
The Biochemical Oxygen Demand or BOD is a measure of the
amount of food for bacteria which is found in water. Bacteria
utilize organic matter in their respiration and remove oxygen
from the water. The BOD test provides a rough idea of how much
biodegradable waste is present in the water. Biodegradable waste
is usually composed of organic wastes including leaves, grass
clippings, and manure. It is expressed in mg/l.
Graph 1: Relation between BOD & q-value
This graph shows the relation between biochemical oxygen
demand at x-axis and it‟s q- value at y-axis. It is clear from the
graph that if the value of biochemical oxygen demand is
increased then it‟s q- value will be decreased. If the value of
biochemical oxygen demand exceeds 30 mg/l then the q- value
for it will be taken as 2.0.
3.2 Dissolved Oxygen
The dissolved oxygen test measures the amount of life-sustaining
oxygen dissolved in the water. This is the oxygen that is available
to fish, invertebrates, and all other animals living in the water.
Most aquatic plants and animals need oxygen to survive in fact
fish will drown in water when the dissolved oxygen levels get too
low. Low levels of dissolved oxygen in water are a sign of
possible pollution. It means if a water body has high value of
dissolved oxygen in it then the water quality is considered good
with respect to it‟s dissolved oxygen‟s value. On the other hand if
a water body has low value of dissolved oxygen in it then the
water quality is considered as bad with respect to it‟s dissolved
oxygen‟s value.
Graph 2: Relation between DO & q-value
This graph shows thre relation between % saturation of dissolved
oxygen at x-axis and it‟s q-value at y-axis.It is clear from the
graph that if the value of dissolved oxygen is increased then it‟s
q- value also increases upto a saturation value. After this
saturation value, the q- value decreases with increase in dissolved
oxygen. If % saturation exceeds 140 then q-value is taken as 50.
3.3 Fecal Coliform
Fecal coliform is a form of bacteria found in human and animal
waste.
0
0
0
0
0
b
5 10
00
0
20
0
25 30
100
50
0
0 40 80 100 140
100
50
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 611
Graph 3: Relation between FC & q-value
This graph shows the relation between number of bacteria per
100 ml of water at x-axis and it‟s q-value at y-axis. As the
number of colonies of bacteria increases in a water body, it‟s q-
value decreases means increase in bacteria makes the water
quality poor. Fecal coliform is measured as number of bacteria in
per hundred mili litre of water. If number of bacteri exceeds
100000 then q-value is taken as 2.
3.4 Nitrate
Nitrates are a measure of the oxidized form of nitrogen and are
an essential macronutrient in aquatic environments. Nitrates can
be harmful to humans, because our intestines can break nitrates
down into nitrites which affect the ability of red blood cells to
carry oxygen. Nitrites can also cause serious illnesses in fish.
Graph 4: Relation between nitrate & q-value
This graph shows the relation between nitrate content in water at
x-axis and it‟s q- value at y-axis. Upto 10 mg/l, a sudden
decrease is seen in the q –value. After this upto 50 mg/l. the q
value decrease with a comparatively lower rate and 50 mg/l the
rate of change in q –value with nitrate becomes very slow. If
nitrate value is greater than 100 mg/l then q-value is taken as 1.
3.5 pH
The pH level is a measure of the acid content of the water. Most
forms of aquatic life tend to be very sensitive to pH. Water
containing a great deal of organic pollution will normally tend to
be somewhat acidic. Water with a pH of 7 is considered neutral.
If the pH is below 7, it is classified as acidic, while water with a
pH greater than 7 is said to be alkaline.
Graph 5: Relation between pH & q-value
This graph shows the relation between pH at x-axis and it‟s q-
value at y- axis. The q- value is maximum at a pH value of 7. As
the pH value increases or decreases the value is decrease in both
the cases. Means water quality is best when it is neutral. If pH is
less than 2 or greater than 12 then it‟s q-value is taken as 0.
3.6 Temperature
The water temperature of a river is very important, as many of
the physical, biological, and chemical characteristics of a river
are directly affected by temperature. Most waterborne animal and
plant life survives within a certain range of water temperatures,
and few of them can tolerate extreme changes in this parameter.
Using the same thermometer, the water temperature should be
checked at the test site and at a similar site one mile upstream.
Care should be taken when taking the temperature upstream to
ensure that the amount of sunlight and the depth of the river are
100
50
0
1 50 500 50000 100000
0
20 40 60 80 100
100
50
2 5 7 10 12
100
50
0
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 612
similar to the original test site.
Graph 6: Relation between temprature & q-value
This graph shows the relation between temprature of a water
body at x-axis and it‟s q- value at y-axis. At zero degree celsius,
the q- value is maximum. If the temprature of water body
increases, it‟s q- value decreases and if the temprature goes
below the freezing point then also the q- value decreases.
3.7 Total Dissolved Solids
This is a measure of the solid materials dissolved in the river
water. This includes salts, some organic materials, and a wide
range of other things from nutrients to toxic materials. A constant
level of minerals in the water is necessary for aquatic life.
Concentrations of total dissolved solids that are too high or too
low may limit growth and lead to the death of many aquatic life.
This graph shows the relation brtween total dissolved solids at x-
axis and it‟s q-value at y-axis. Upto 50 mg/l of TDS, the q- value
increses with increases with increse in it but after 50 mg/l, the q-
value decreases. If TDS value exceeds 500 mg/l, the q- value os
taken as 20 for higher values.
3.8 Phosphate
Phosphates are chemical compounds made from the elements
phosphorous and oxygen; they are necessary for plant and animal
growth. Phosphates can be present in water in many forms, so
total phosphate gives an estimate of the total amount of
phosphate potentially available in a given water supply.
Graph 8: Relation between phosphate & q-value
This graph shows the relation between phosphate at x-aixs and
it‟s q-value at y-axis. There is a sudden decrease in q-value when
concentration of phosphate change from 0 to 1 mg/l and after it
the q- value decreases slowly with increase in phosphate
concentration. For all concentration greater than 10, the q- value
is taken as 2.
3.9 Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of the dispersion of light in a column of
water due to suspended matter. The higher the turbidity, the
cloudier the water appears. If water becomes too turbid, it loses
the ability to support a wide variety of plants and other aquatic
organisms.
0 -10 0 10 20 30
0
100
50
0 200 400 500
100
50
Graph7: Relation between TDS & q-value
0 2 4 6 8 10
100
50
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 613
Graph 9: Relation between turbidity & q-value
This graph shows the relation between turbidity at x-axis and it‟s
q- value at y-axis. The q- value decreases with increase in
turbidity. Turbidity is expressed in NTU. For all values of
turbidity greater than 100 NTU, the q- value is taken as 5.
4. CALCULATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX
The standard formula to calculate water quality index is :
WQI = ∑WXQX
= WBODQBOD + WDOQDO + WPHQPH +
WPHOSPHATEQPHOSPHATE + WNITRATEQNITRATE + WFCQFC +
WTDSQTDS + WTEMP.QTEMP. + WTURBIDITYQTURBIDITY
Here,
WX = weight factors of the water quality parameters
QX = q- value of the water quality parameters
X = water quality parameters
It is the standatrd formula to calculate WQI and gives best
result. But to calculate water quality index using this equation
we must know the concentration of all nine parameters.
5. CALCULATION OF WQI WITH MISSING
PARAMETERS
Although the standard formula to calculate water quality index
gives the best result but sometimes it is difficult to get the
concentration of all nine quality parameters because of lack of
time or testing failure. To overcome this problem, we can get
an equation by using which we can calculate water quality
index without having the concentration of all parameters.
In this case when concentrations of some parameters are not
available, first we can calculate the q- values of those
parameters, the concentration of which is available and then
those q- values are multiplied with their respective weighting
factors. Now the summation of these values are taken and then
divided by the summation of weighting factors of available
parameters.
The equation can be given as:
WQIMP = ∑ WYQY / ∑ WY
Here,
Y = available parameters
QY = q- values of available parameters
WY = weighting factors of available parameters
This equation would give result almost close to the result
obtained by the standard equation. It means, if all nine
parameters are available and we calculate water quality index
by using standard equation will give almost same result as if
we calculate water quality index in the absence of some
parameters by using the above equation. It means, if water
quality index calculated by standard equation says that water
quality of any area or water body is „medium‟, then water
quality index calculated by above equation will also say that
water quality of that area is „medium‟.
This can be best understood by taking an example:
We can take an example of river „Ganga‟ in „Bithoor‟ in
„Kanpur‟. The data for Bithoor is:
PARAMETERS CONCENTRATION Q-VALUE
BOD 3 mg/l 73
DO 77 mg/l 83
Faecal Coliform 3375 colonies/100 ml 20
Nitrate 0.7 mg/l 98
pH 8.1 84
Phosphate 0.3 mg/l 80
Temprature 23.7 degree Celsius 18
Turbidity 25 NTU 55
TDS 136 mg/l 79
First let us calculate water quality index with standard
equation:
WQI = ∑WXQX
= 73*0.11 + 83*0.17 + 20*0.16 + 98*0.10 +84*0.11
+80*0.10 + 18*0.10 + 55*0.08 + 79*0.07
WQI = 64.51
This result concludes that water quality of river Ganga in
Bithoor is “medium”.
0 30 60 100
100
50
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology ISSN: 2319-1163
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Volume: 02 Issue: 04 | Apr-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 614
Now let us calculate water quality index by using second
equation with BOD as missing parameter:
WQIMP = ∑WYQY / ∑WY
= (20*0.16 + 98*0.10 + 84*0.11 + 80*0.10 +
18*0.10 + 55*0.08 + 79*0.07 + 83*0.17) / (0.16 + 0.10 + 0.11
+ 0.10 + 0.10 + 0.08 + 0.07 + 0.17)
WQIMP = 63.02
Although the result is different from the first result but the
difference is very less and can be avoided as we can see, in
both the cases the water quality of river Ganga in Bithoor is
„medium‟
CONCLUSIONS
Thus it can be concluded that the equation to calculate water
quality index with missing parameters is very useful when it is
difficult to find the concentration of all nine quality
parameters.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and above all, I would like to thank God, the almighty for
providing me this opportunity.
I feel great pleasure in expressing my deep sense of gratitude,
obligation and heartiest respect to Pradeep Kumar,
Department of Civil Engg. for his kind support, meticulous
guidance and heart touching inspirations throughout this paper
work.
I gratefully acknowledge the blessings and valuable
suggestions from all faculty members of the department
especially Dr. D. L. Parmar, Dr. Deepesh Singh and Prof.
Sunil Kumar.
I am thankful to the authorities of Central Library, HBTI
Kanpur, for permitting me to consult the library.
I take this opportunity to express my thanks and gratitude to
my parents and my friends for their never ending affection and
encouragement.
REFERENCES:
[1]. National sanitation foundation
[2]. www.water-research.net
[3]. www.waterontheweb.org
BIOGRAPHIES:
Garima Srivastava, M. Tech.(Environmental
science & engg.), HBTI Kanpur, Uttar
Pradesh(India)
Pradeep Kumar, Associate Professor,
Department of Civil Engg., HBTI Kanpur,
Uttar Pradesh(India)