This document summarizes a study assessing the water quality index of the Ramganga River in western Uttar Pradesh, India using a computer program. Water samples were taken from 6 stations along the river from 2005-2008 and tested for 8 physicochemical parameters. A rating scale from 0-100 was used to classify the pollution level from each parameter at each station. The water quality index was calculated based on these ratings to determine the overall pollution level. Upstream stations from SS1-SS4 had slight to permissible pollution while downstream stations SS5-SS6 were severely to moderately polluted due to effluent from nearby sugar and electroplating industries. A computer program was created to rapidly calculate the water quality index and classify
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Development and sensitivity analysis of water quality index for evaluation ofIAEME Publication
The document describes the development and sensitivity analysis of a Water Quality Index (WQI) to evaluate surface water for drinking purposes. The WQI was developed by assigning relative weights from 1-6 to 25 water quality parameters based on their health effects and treatment difficulty. Water quality is categorized into five levels based on the WQI value: Excellent, Good, Fair, Marginal, and Poor. A sensitivity analysis found that the WQI is influenced by all parameters combined rather than any single parameter. The WQI was applied to evaluate the Purna River basin in Maharashtra, India.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
This study statistically analyzed water quality parameters in the Sukhnag stream in Kashmir Himalaya to identify pollution sources. Statistical techniques including principal component analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis were applied to 26 water quality parameters measured between 2011-2012. Principal component analysis identified two factors that explained 96% of spatial and temporal variation in water quality. Cluster analysis showed high similarity between certain sampling sites. Regression analysis found relationships between parameters like phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and pollution indicators. The study aims to help sustainable management of the stream.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Development and sensitivity analysis of water quality index for evaluation ofIAEME Publication
The document describes the development and sensitivity analysis of a Water Quality Index (WQI) to evaluate surface water for drinking purposes. The WQI was developed by assigning relative weights from 1-6 to 25 water quality parameters based on their health effects and treatment difficulty. Water quality is categorized into five levels based on the WQI value: Excellent, Good, Fair, Marginal, and Poor. A sensitivity analysis found that the WQI is influenced by all parameters combined rather than any single parameter. The WQI was applied to evaluate the Purna River basin in Maharashtra, India.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
This study statistically analyzed water quality parameters in the Sukhnag stream in Kashmir Himalaya to identify pollution sources. Statistical techniques including principal component analysis, regression analysis, and cluster analysis were applied to 26 water quality parameters measured between 2011-2012. Principal component analysis identified two factors that explained 96% of spatial and temporal variation in water quality. Cluster analysis showed high similarity between certain sampling sites. Regression analysis found relationships between parameters like phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium and pollution indicators. The study aims to help sustainable management of the stream.
This document summarizes a study that used multivariate statistical analysis to assess water quality in the Chamera-I reservoir in India over a two-year period from 2010-2012. Water quality parameters were measured seasonally and subjected to cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and correlation and regression analysis. Cluster analysis identified two major clusters separating the rainy season from the other three seasons. Principal component analysis selected three variables accounting for 100% of the total variance in water quality over time. Correlation analysis identified significant linear relationships between various water quality parameters.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessement of Surface Water Quality in...IRJET Journal
The study assesses the surface water quality of Buckingham Canal and Muttukadu Estuary in Tamil Nadu, India using factor analysis of physicochemical parameters collected over multiple seasons from 2013-2015. Factor analysis identified 4 factors that explained 73.17% of the total variance in the data set, with the first factor primarily related to dissolved ions from domestic waste and the second indicating signs of sewage runoff. The results provide information on different pollution sources influencing water quality in the studied areas.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in Nellikkuzhy Panchayat, Kerala, India. 11 physicochemical parameters were used to calculate a Water Quality Index (WQI) for groundwater samples collected during the monsoon and summer seasons. The WQI ranged from 50.47-63.18 during monsoon and 33.74-64.69 during summer, indicating the water quality was good at all locations according to the classification system. While some parameters like pH and electrical conductivity exceeded guidelines at some locations, overall the groundwater was determined to be suitable for drinking and irrigation based on WQI.
Ground water quality and water quality index of dwarka district of national c...eSAT Publishing House
The document analyzes the groundwater quality of Dwarka district in Delhi, India. Water samples were collected from 26 locations and tested for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater quality was unfit for drinking in almost all areas, with a water quality index greater than 110. Total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity exceeded permissible limits in many samples. Hardness, calcium, magnesium and sodium levels were also above standards in several locations. The study concluded that rapid urbanization and industrialization are contributing to the continuous decline in groundwater quality in Dwarka district.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the coastal water quality of three sites in and around the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in India using the Aquatic Health Index (AHI). Water samples were collected from Canning, Junput, and Sagar Island and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The AHI was highest for Sagar Island, reflecting its more pristine environment influenced by mangroves and tidal flushing. Canning and Junput had lower AHI values, indicating deteriorated water quality due to human activities like industrialization, urbanization, tourism, and fishing. The study aims to evaluate ecologically sensitive zones and monitor coastal water health through the AHI assessment.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
The document analyzes water quality data from the Euphrates River (Shatt Al-Hillah) in Iraq collected over 2010-2011.
It assessed water quality for both civilian (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water) uses. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, salts and minerals were measured monthly at 4 stations and compared to Iraqi, WHO and EPA standards.
For drinking water, most parameters met Iraqi and WHO standards except for sulfates and total dissolved solids (TDS) which exceeded limits. For irrigation water, salinity levels showed problems for some classifications while sodium and chloride hazards were mild-moderate. The study aims to evaluate Euphrates water suitability for different uses
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the groundwater quality in the western region of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu, India using geographical information systems (GIS) and physicochemical parameters. 15 groundwater samples were collected from bore wells during the pre-monsoon season of 2015 and analyzed for parameters like pH, EC, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride. The water quality was classified based on standards like USSL, hardness, sodium percentage, salinity, SAR. GIS was used to map the spatial variation in water quality across the study area. Overall, the groundwater was found to be suitable for drinking according to WHO standards, with pH ranging from 6.12-
11.mass transfer coefficient evaluation for lab scale fermenter using sodium ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using the sodium sulfite oxidation method and response surface methodology to evaluate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a lab-scale fermenter. 13 experiments were conducted using a central composite design to determine the effects of impeller speed and airflow rate on the mass transfer coefficient. An empirical expression was developed and found to explain over 92% of the variability in the responses. The results showed that the mass transfer coefficient increases with decreasing impeller speed and increasing airflow rate. The study aimed to optimize conditions for the maximum mass transfer coefficient.
Mass transfer coefficient evaluation for lab scale fermenter using sodium sul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using the sodium sulfite oxidation method and response surface methodology to evaluate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a lab-scale fermenter. 13 experiments were conducted using a central composite design to determine the effects of impeller speed and airflow rate on the mass transfer coefficient. An empirical expression was developed and found to explain over 92% of the variability in the responses. The mass transfer coefficient was found to increase with decreasing impeller speed and increasing airflow rate. The study aimed to optimize the mass transfer coefficient using statistical experimental design.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
Assessment of Water Quality in Imo River Estuary Using Multivariate Statistic...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The water quality of Imo River Estuary, the Niger Delta region was studied for a duration of 12 months. This study was aimed at the assessment of water quality parameter of the water body. In order to have an indepth knowledge to the physical and chemical processes as well as their associated spatial distribution, the study analyses some parameters recorded at the three sampling sites through multivariate statistical methods. The principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) was employed to extract and recognize the major underlying factors contributing to the variations among the water quality measured. Results indicate that three principal components, that is nutrients, organic and meteorological factor account for 99.91% of the total variance among the water quality parameters. The spatial distribution of principal components further confirms that nutrient sources constitute the main pollutant contribution. Keywords: Assessment, Principal Component Analysis, Factor Analysis, Estuary, Source
The document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of the Valapattanam River in Kerala, India using benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators. A total of 408 individuals from 20 genera and 14 families were collected from 5 stations along the river during 3 seasons. The downstream stations showed signs of moderate pollution, with tolerant species like Chironomus present. Water quality was found to be impacted by sewage and agriculture, reducing aquatic insect abundance. Biological water quality criteria were used to evaluate the stations, finding slight to moderate pollution depending on the season and location.
Assessment of surface water quality of the ceyhan riverFatih Üçkardeş
This document analyzes surface water quality in 31 stations along the Ceyhan River basin in Turkey. Water quality parameters were measured in 3 months in 2005. Multivariate statistical analysis including correspondence analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to evaluate pollution sources and classify stations. The analysis identified 3 stations (Erkenez 2, Sır 2, and Sır 3) as highly polluted, likely due to industrial and domestic wastewater discharges from nearby cities. The study suggests controlling point source pollution and treating all wastewater before discharge into the Ceyhan River basin.
Water availability assessment in shipra rivereSAT Journals
Abstract Water availability analysis was carried out in Ujjain Basin part of Shipra Basin located in Madhya Pradesh state, at various probabilities for different dependable flow volumes. The flow regime was analyzed in this study using Flow Duration curve technique and the model was developed using MIKE BASIN software. Through MIKE model was developed for the whole Shipra Basin, a diversion canal in the name of KHAN Diversion and Narmada-Shipra link is added. In this study the flow at Ujjain city is mainly influenced by Khan diversion which is developed in the model and Narmada-Shipra link. Three scenarios were developed and net flow to Ujjain city were studied and analyzed for Khumb Mela that is to be held in 2016. The water availability analysis was performed for the individual months. In the present study the availability of dependable flow volumes were calculated month wise at 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% probability of exceedance. Key Words: water availability, flow duration curve, MIKE BASIN model, Khan Diversion, Narmada-Shipra link.
This document summarizes a study that used multivariate statistical analysis to assess water quality in the Chamera-I reservoir in India over a two-year period from 2010-2012. Water quality parameters were measured seasonally and subjected to cluster analysis, principal component analysis, and correlation and regression analysis. Cluster analysis identified two major clusters separating the rainy season from the other three seasons. Principal component analysis selected three variables accounting for 100% of the total variance in water quality over time. Correlation analysis identified significant linear relationships between various water quality parameters.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Application of Factor Analysis in the Assessement of Surface Water Quality in...IRJET Journal
The study assesses the surface water quality of Buckingham Canal and Muttukadu Estuary in Tamil Nadu, India using factor analysis of physicochemical parameters collected over multiple seasons from 2013-2015. Factor analysis identified 4 factors that explained 73.17% of the total variance in the data set, with the first factor primarily related to dissolved ions from domestic waste and the second indicating signs of sewage runoff. The results provide information on different pollution sources influencing water quality in the studied areas.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
This document summarizes a study that assessed groundwater quality in Nellikkuzhy Panchayat, Kerala, India. 11 physicochemical parameters were used to calculate a Water Quality Index (WQI) for groundwater samples collected during the monsoon and summer seasons. The WQI ranged from 50.47-63.18 during monsoon and 33.74-64.69 during summer, indicating the water quality was good at all locations according to the classification system. While some parameters like pH and electrical conductivity exceeded guidelines at some locations, overall the groundwater was determined to be suitable for drinking and irrigation based on WQI.
Ground water quality and water quality index of dwarka district of national c...eSAT Publishing House
The document analyzes the groundwater quality of Dwarka district in Delhi, India. Water samples were collected from 26 locations and tested for various physicochemical parameters. The results found that groundwater quality was unfit for drinking in almost all areas, with a water quality index greater than 110. Total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity exceeded permissible limits in many samples. Hardness, calcium, magnesium and sodium levels were also above standards in several locations. The study concluded that rapid urbanization and industrialization are contributing to the continuous decline in groundwater quality in Dwarka district.
This document summarizes a study that assessed the coastal water quality of three sites in and around the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem in India using the Aquatic Health Index (AHI). Water samples were collected from Canning, Junput, and Sagar Island and analyzed for various physicochemical parameters. The AHI was highest for Sagar Island, reflecting its more pristine environment influenced by mangroves and tidal flushing. Canning and Junput had lower AHI values, indicating deteriorated water quality due to human activities like industrialization, urbanization, tourism, and fishing. The study aims to evaluate ecologically sensitive zones and monitor coastal water health through the AHI assessment.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
The document analyzes water quality data from the Euphrates River (Shatt Al-Hillah) in Iraq collected over 2010-2011.
It assessed water quality for both civilian (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water) uses. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, salts and minerals were measured monthly at 4 stations and compared to Iraqi, WHO and EPA standards.
For drinking water, most parameters met Iraqi and WHO standards except for sulfates and total dissolved solids (TDS) which exceeded limits. For irrigation water, salinity levels showed problems for some classifications while sodium and chloride hazards were mild-moderate. The study aims to evaluate Euphrates water suitability for different uses
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the groundwater quality in the western region of Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu, India using geographical information systems (GIS) and physicochemical parameters. 15 groundwater samples were collected from bore wells during the pre-monsoon season of 2015 and analyzed for parameters like pH, EC, TDS, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, fluoride. The water quality was classified based on standards like USSL, hardness, sodium percentage, salinity, SAR. GIS was used to map the spatial variation in water quality across the study area. Overall, the groundwater was found to be suitable for drinking according to WHO standards, with pH ranging from 6.12-
11.mass transfer coefficient evaluation for lab scale fermenter using sodium ...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using the sodium sulfite oxidation method and response surface methodology to evaluate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a lab-scale fermenter. 13 experiments were conducted using a central composite design to determine the effects of impeller speed and airflow rate on the mass transfer coefficient. An empirical expression was developed and found to explain over 92% of the variability in the responses. The results showed that the mass transfer coefficient increases with decreasing impeller speed and increasing airflow rate. The study aimed to optimize conditions for the maximum mass transfer coefficient.
Mass transfer coefficient evaluation for lab scale fermenter using sodium sul...Alexander Decker
This document discusses using the sodium sulfite oxidation method and response surface methodology to evaluate the volumetric mass transfer coefficient in a lab-scale fermenter. 13 experiments were conducted using a central composite design to determine the effects of impeller speed and airflow rate on the mass transfer coefficient. An empirical expression was developed and found to explain over 92% of the variability in the responses. The mass transfer coefficient was found to increase with decreasing impeller speed and increasing airflow rate. The study aimed to optimize the mass transfer coefficient using statistical experimental design.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
Assessment of Water Quality in Imo River Estuary Using Multivariate Statistic...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The water quality of Imo River Estuary, the Niger Delta region was studied for a duration of 12 months. This study was aimed at the assessment of water quality parameter of the water body. In order to have an indepth knowledge to the physical and chemical processes as well as their associated spatial distribution, the study analyses some parameters recorded at the three sampling sites through multivariate statistical methods. The principal component analysis (PCA) and factor analysis (FA) was employed to extract and recognize the major underlying factors contributing to the variations among the water quality measured. Results indicate that three principal components, that is nutrients, organic and meteorological factor account for 99.91% of the total variance among the water quality parameters. The spatial distribution of principal components further confirms that nutrient sources constitute the main pollutant contribution. Keywords: Assessment, Principal Component Analysis, Factor Analysis, Estuary, Source
The document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of the Valapattanam River in Kerala, India using benthic macroinvertebrates as biological indicators. A total of 408 individuals from 20 genera and 14 families were collected from 5 stations along the river during 3 seasons. The downstream stations showed signs of moderate pollution, with tolerant species like Chironomus present. Water quality was found to be impacted by sewage and agriculture, reducing aquatic insect abundance. Biological water quality criteria were used to evaluate the stations, finding slight to moderate pollution depending on the season and location.
Assessment of surface water quality of the ceyhan riverFatih Üçkardeş
This document analyzes surface water quality in 31 stations along the Ceyhan River basin in Turkey. Water quality parameters were measured in 3 months in 2005. Multivariate statistical analysis including correspondence analysis, principal component analysis, and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to evaluate pollution sources and classify stations. The analysis identified 3 stations (Erkenez 2, Sır 2, and Sır 3) as highly polluted, likely due to industrial and domestic wastewater discharges from nearby cities. The study suggests controlling point source pollution and treating all wastewater before discharge into the Ceyhan River basin.
Water availability assessment in shipra rivereSAT Journals
Abstract Water availability analysis was carried out in Ujjain Basin part of Shipra Basin located in Madhya Pradesh state, at various probabilities for different dependable flow volumes. The flow regime was analyzed in this study using Flow Duration curve technique and the model was developed using MIKE BASIN software. Through MIKE model was developed for the whole Shipra Basin, a diversion canal in the name of KHAN Diversion and Narmada-Shipra link is added. In this study the flow at Ujjain city is mainly influenced by Khan diversion which is developed in the model and Narmada-Shipra link. Three scenarios were developed and net flow to Ujjain city were studied and analyzed for Khumb Mela that is to be held in 2016. The water availability analysis was performed for the individual months. In the present study the availability of dependable flow volumes were calculated month wise at 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95 and 100% probability of exceedance. Key Words: water availability, flow duration curve, MIKE BASIN model, Khan Diversion, Narmada-Shipra link.
This document is a dissertation assessing the water quality of the Mthinzima River using the miniSASS biomonitoring method. It finds that water quality upstream is excellent, but at the township site water quality is very poor due to raw sewage from the township with no proper sewage system. Water quality at the dam entrance is also poor, though slightly better than the township site, due to some pollution removal by a small wetland. Statistical analysis finds water quality is significantly different between all three sites. This highlights the need for improved sewage systems in the area.
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
Fuzzy analysis for assessment of river water qualityeSAT Journals
Abstract
River water gets polluted due to rapid industrialization and urbanization with inadequate cognizance to the implementation of pollution control measures. Due to asymmetric occurrence of pollutants at various locations of the river the environmental impact assessment (EIA) has an important role in defining river water quality. At present experts are facing lots of problems to decide for a proposed development project based on the laboratory test results only. Because no tool are available to them which can give precise information or knowledge for taking best decision in favour of the project except the process of EIA[4,6]. But in EIA, most of the parametric information or data are not always crisp or precise rather linguistic and hedges viz. “good discharge”, “less turbidity”, “high pH”, “low BOD”, etc. to list a few only out of infinity. All such type of data are fuzzy in nature naturally evaluation of such fuzzy data is not possible with numerical valued description. As human beings every decision-maker hesitates more or less on every evaluation activity because some part of his evaluation contributes to truthness, some part to falseness and rest part may be indeterministic to him[3]. So uncertainty is the great problems to an experts while taking any decision. In this paper a methodology of Fuzzy EIA has been studied using the logic of Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set (IFS)[1] theory for assessment of river water quality with degree of certainty.
Keywords: fuzzy-EIA, IFS, mean fuzzy set, uncertainty, union fuzzy set, etc.
The influence of climate change on water quality, soil moisture and fires in ...Nicolas Racedo
Three research papers on the influence of climate change on water quality, soil moisture and fires in the CEI "San Ignacio" - Fundacion Cruzada Patagonica (an agro-technical high school).
Papers were presented at the GLE 2008, organized by the Globe program (www.globe.gov) in Cape Town, South Africa.
water Qualiity assessment in different festivals at NARAMADA RIVER,JABALPUR I...Chandrashekhar Patel
This document summarizes a study on water quality changes in the Narmada River during different festivals in Jabalpur, India. Water samples were collected from six ghats (river banks) on the Narmada during festivals from January to April 2014, including Makar Sankranti, Narmada Jayanti, Chaitra Navratri, and Ram Navami. The samples were analyzed for physicochemical and bacterial parameters, and significant changes in water quality were observed during the festivals due to increased pollution from bathing, idol immersions, and other religious activities. Higher levels of fecal coliform found indicate the river water is not safe for public health. The study suggests implementing eco-friendly water management strategies
The document discusses the analysis of surface water quality in Tripura, India. 23 surface water samples were collected from various locations and analyzed for parameters like pH, turbidity, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, iron and more. The water quality index was determined using the concept of information entropy to check if the water was suitable for drinking. The principles, methods, equipment and procedures for determining various physico-chemical parameters of the water samples are also outlined.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
In this 1 hour lecture Dr Nick Paling, the Westcountry Rivers Trust's Head of Data, Evidence & Communications illustrates how the pressures degrading water quality in a catchment can be assessed and their sources determined. Once done, this allows a carefully tailored and targeted plan of action to be formed to reduce these impacts.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
1. GIS can be used for data management efficiency through DBMS which allows storage, retrieval, and access of large amounts of spatial data.
2. Military applications include analyzing terrain for combat through GIS and remote sensing to collect spatial data to support effective decision making.
3. Other applications include mapping health facilities and diseases, tracking wildlife populations, disaster management in telecommunications, crime analysis, agriculture and mining resource planning, and property valuation for taxation.
4. Limitations include lack of awareness of GIS potential, effort to digitize analog data, technical capacity to interpret spatial data, and challenges representing 3D and 4D environmental data sets.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
Hydraulics now a days is a very distinguished area which has lot of major challenges often came in its
progress due to the realistic changes affecting on applicable working fluid viz. Water. Most occasions,
Water can be easily available but in certain times it may be scarce also. The available water vary according
to its properties. It exists in normal conditions as well as salty or hardy due to deposits. Majority of Water
is contaminated with minerals, dust or dirt. Often pure water which may be acidic or alkaline can be used
for making discharges through the Turbines
Deals with the measurement of organic matter concentration in water and wastewater. BOD, BOD kinetics and COD tests are discussed at length. Further, as part of the ultimate BOD measurement, other associated tests like Dissolved Oxygen and Ammonical, Nitrate and Nitrite forms of nitrogen are also discussed.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY USING WATER QUALITY INDEX WITHIN 4KM RADIU...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that assessed the impact of effluent from a sugar distillery plant on groundwater quality within a 4km radius of the plant in Barbanki District, India. Water samples were collected from groundwater sources and analyzed for physicochemical parameters. A water quality index was calculated to evaluate suitability of the groundwater for drinking purposes. The results showed degradation of groundwater quality due to contamination from the sugar industry effluent. Many parameters exceeded acceptable limits for drinking water. Therefore, the groundwater in the area requires treatment before consumption.
POLLUTION ABATEMENT OF MEENACHIL RIVER IN KOTTAYAM DISTRICTIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on assessing and improving the water quality of the Meenachil River in Kottayam District, Kerala, India. The river flows through many towns where it is used for drinking water and agriculture. However, with increasing population and development, pollution from various sources has become a concern. The study involved collecting and testing water samples from 13 locations on the river to analyze various water quality parameters. It aims to assess the current pollution levels, provide suggestions to improve the water quality, and compare results to previous studies. The objectives are to examine wet and dry season water quality, improve public health by reducing pollution impacts, and encourage better waste management. The scope includes continued monitoring and assessing pollution levels over time
This document summarizes a study that analyzed water quality parameters and calculated water quality indices (WQI) at various locations along the Ganges River in Allahabad, India. Water samples were collected from 8 sites including locations before and after the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers. Parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, ions were measured and compared to standards. WQIs ranged from 86.20 to 157.69 indicating poor water quality. Pearson's correlation found relationships among parameters and showed WQI can assess water quality trends at different locations.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
This document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the River Godavari in India. Water quality parameters were measured monthly from 2009-2012 at two monitoring stations on the river. An index called the Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated using 8 parameters to evaluate overall water quality. Models were developed to forecast WQI values from 2012-2015. Results showed the future water quality at both stations would be excellent to good. WQI is a useful tool for assessing water quality trends and informing management and public decisions.
Water quality variables from peerwadi well, uranPrabhakar Pawar
Physico-chemical characteristics of water are of vital concern to human as it is directly related to human health.
Water quality is an important criterion used for evaluating the suitability of water for drinking, irrigation and recreation.
During present investigation, water quality variables of ground water were assessed from Peerwadi open well of Uran Beach, Dist
– Raigad, Navi Mumbai from October 2010 to August 2013. Various physico-chemical parameters assessed includes pH, Temperature, Total solids (TS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended solids (TSS), Conductance, Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), Salinity, Chloride, Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium hardness and Magnesium
hardness. This study reveals that except the high values of chlorides and salinity, values of other physico-chemical variables are within the guideline values of WHO Standard for potable water. The quality of water from Peerwadi open well of Uran Beach was found to be safe and utilizable for drinking and other purposes.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Nandini River (Nasardi), NashikIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study assessing the water quality of the Nandini River in Nashik, India. A group of students from the Department of Civil Engineering at MET's Bhujbal Knowledge City Institute of Technology collected water samples from various locations along the Nandini River and analyzed them to determine levels of various physical and chemical parameters. These parameters included pH, hardness, solids, alkalinity, conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity and color. Analyzing these parameters at different locations would help identify where the river is becoming polluted along its journey. The results of this study could inform measures to prevent further pollution of the Nandini River and ultimately the Godavari River
The document summarizes a study that assessed the quality of water in the Shivnath River in Durg District, Chhattisgarh, India. Water samples were collected from upstream and downstream locations and analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties. The results showed increased pollution downstream, with the pH, turbidity, calcium, nitrates, BOD, COD, and faecal coliform levels exceeding permissible limits set by organizations like the BIS and WHO. While some parameters like magnesium, sulfates, and TDS remained within limits, the overall quality of water in the river was found to be adversely impacted due to discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater.
Evaluation of Water Quality of Kharun River Stretch Near the Raipur CityIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the water quality of the Kharun River stretch near Raipur City, India. Water samples were collected from 7 locations along a 25 km stretch of the river during different seasons and tested for 13 physicochemical parameters. The results found that the river stretch near Jamrao was severely polluted, while the stretch near Jheet Ufra had good water quality. Parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity and nutrients exceeded acceptable limits, especially at locations downstream of urban and industrial areas, indicating pollution from sources like untreated sewage, agricultural runoff and industrial waste. Regular water quality monitoring is needed to protect the river from further contamination.
Anthropogenic Activity-Induced Water Quality Degradation in GiritalIRJET Journal
This document analyzes the degradation of water quality in Girital Lake located in Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India due to anthropogenic activities. Water samples were collected from 5 locations around the lake and tested for various physicochemical parameters. The results showed that pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, nitrate and phosphate levels exceeded permissible limits set by regulatory agencies. Over the years, the water spread area of the lake also fluctuated significantly and has decreased by 22.6% from 2016 to 2017. The high nutrient levels have led to eutrophication and proliferation of aquatic weeds in the lake. Thus, human activities in the surrounding areas such as waste dumping have severely impacted the water quality of Girital Lake
An Assesment of Groundwater Quality Index in Bommasandra Area,Bengaluru city,...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and
industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing
urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers
and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of
Bommasandra. Bommasandra city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition
among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides,
discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also
contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Bhima River in Gulbarga District, Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected from 3 sampling points along a 2 km stretch of the river. The samples underwent physical, chemical and biological testing to determine parameters like pH, TDS, hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, DO, BOD and more. The Water Quality Index was calculated based on these 14 parameters. Analysis found that some parameters like TDS, hardness, BOD and nitrate exceeded limits, suggesting the surface water needs treatment before consumption and protection from contamination. The high WQI values indicate the water quality ranges from poor to very poor.
Comprehensive Assessment of Groundwater from various areas of Aurangabad city...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes groundwater samples from various areas of Aurangabad city, India. Physicochemical parameters of the groundwater samples including pH, temperature, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, and turbidity were measured monthly from January to June. The results found that all parameters were within acceptable limits according to drinking water guidelines except for a few samples that showed slightly acidic pH, indicating potential industrial influence on groundwater quality in some areas. Overall, the study aims to assess groundwater quality in the region.
IRJET- Assessment of Spatial Variations of Water Quality Index of Deepor Bee...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the spatial variations in water quality of Deepor Beel in Assam, India using water quality index parameters. Water samples were collected from 6 sites around the beel in September and October 2017 and tested for 13 physico-chemical parameters. The water quality index was calculated using the weighted arithmetic index method. The results found that the WQI values ranged from 78.82 to 158.25, with the highest value of 158.25 recorded at site 2 near the railway bridge, indicating the water is unsuitable for drinking. Most parameters exceeded permissible limits, suggesting the water quality is affected by waste discharged from the nearby city of Guwahati. As an important wetland, regular monitoring and preventive measures are needed
IRJET- Assessment of Water Quality Index of Hiran River at Sihora Region in J...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study assessing the water quality of the Hiran River in the Sihora region of Jabalpur City, India. Water samples were collected from five locations along the river and analyzed for various physical, chemical, and biological parameters, including temperature, pH, turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, chloride, dissolved oxygen, and biochemical oxygen demand. The results found that most parameters were within acceptable limits for domestic and irrigation use, but some locations had higher levels of chloride, indicating pollution from agricultural, industrial, and municipal waste sources. In general, the study found variations in water quality at different sampling points along the river.
The study was conducted to evaluate the groundwater
quality of Aligarh city, (India). Groundwater samples were
collected from 40 wells and analyzed for 20 water quality
parameters in post-monsoon seasons during the year 2013. High
coefficient of variance indicates variability of physico-chemical
parameters concentrations in ground water. The descriptive
statistical analysis was done beside Pearson correlation. From
correlation analysis it was observed that very strong correlations
exist between total hardness and Mg++ (0.99), TDS and total
hardness (0.88), TDS and Chloride (0.87). In 100% of the
samples recorded alkalinity and magnesium concentration were
found higher than maximum permissible limit prescribed by BIS.
Concentration of hardness, cadmium, pH, iron, lead, and total
dissolved solids were also found above the standard limits
prescribed by BIS. This reveals deterioration of water quality. It
is therefore, suggested to take up regular monitoring of
groundwater in areas of Aligarh city.
This document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the Euphrates River in Iraq from 2007-2013 using a water quality index (WQI). Fourteen physicochemical parameters were monitored monthly at four stations along the river. The WQI was calculated to evaluate water quality at each station. Results showed mean WQI values were generally below 68, indicating "good" quality except in 2012 when quality was "excellent". The highest quality was in winter months, while lowest was in summer. Overall, the study used WQI to analyze spatial and temporal changes in Euphrates River water quality for drinking purposes over a seven year period.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of physico - chemical parameters and microbiological populations ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation was carried out to evaluate physico-chemical parameters and total heterotrophic bacterial and fungal populations from Cauvery River water in the Pallipalyam region during the period from January 2009 to December 2009 . Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using APHA standard procedure and microbiological count done by standard pour plate technique. The Physico-chemical parameters like temperature, hydroxyl ionic concentration (pH), electrical conductivity recorded were in a range of 24.7 - 29 C o, 7.5 - 9.2, and 406 - 982 μS/cm respectively. Besides, turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS ), Total hardness and Total alkalinity of river water samples recorded were in the ranges of 7 – 11 NTU, 5 - 12mg/L, 291-701mg/L , 3 - 5mg/L, 228-364mg/L, and 139 - 245mg/L respectively. Nitrite, Phosphate, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Chloride of the river water exhibits within the ranges of 0.012 - 0.102 mg/L, 0.019 -.023 mg/L, 41.08 - 77.24 mg/L, and 53.56 - 143.16 mg/L respectively. A calcium and magnesium levels of the water samples during the study period were analyzed and the results recorded were in the ranges of 57.31 - 101.4 mg/L and 27.22 - 57.35 mg/L respectively. The amount of Sodium, Potassium and Ammonical nitrogen of the water samples estimated were in the ranges of 35.44 - 88.57 mg/L and 3 - 8 mg/L, 5.83 and 3.26 mg/L respectively. Bicarbonates and carbonates levels analyzed during the study period recorded were in the ranges of 164.7-303.78 mg/L and 2.4 - 9.6 mg/L respectively. The total bacterial and fungal populations were recorded during the study period. The maximum and minimum values of population density were ranged between 4.3 - 0.5 X 103 CFU/ml, and 3.2 - 0.1 X 103 CFU/ml respectively. The values of Physico-chemical parameters recorded were indicated that, the river was polluted in terms of increased accumulation of xenobiotics compounds by anthropogenic activities .The immediate attention from the concerned authorities is required to protect river from further pollution. Index Terms: River Cauvery, Physico-Chemical parameter, Microbial Population, Statistical analysis
This document contains 67 multiple choice questions with answers related to various topics including Indian history, geography, literature, sports and more. Some sample questions are:
- India's first international biosphere reserve is called what?
- The Park was created to protect its Keystone species, the Nilgiri Tahr. As a part of Western Ghats it is a part of the UNESCO world heritage site. Name the park
- Name the accomplished eldest daughter of Emperor Shah Jahan under whose instruction Chandni Chowk was constructed?
India has made progress stabilizing forest cover but still faces issues of degradation. Degradation impacts livelihoods of millions and is linked to lack of community forest rights. Key drivers are demand-supply gaps of forest products, encroachments, shifting cultivation, fires, and forest diversion. Underlying causes include population growth, poverty, and skewed development that has displaced people from village commons without compensation, putting pressure on forests. India's past forest policies prioritized exploitation over local community needs. Assessing India's readiness for REDD+ requires examining policies, tenure, cross-sector links, institutions, and technical capacity.
The document summarizes the rise and decline of the economy of Bengal. It discusses how Bengal developed a wealthy economy in the pre-colonial period due to fertile land and development of agriculture, industry and trade. Agriculture flourished with rice as the staple crop and irrigation canals. Industries like textiles (famous muslin), sugar and metal works developed. International trade brought wealth from exports like textiles, spices and pearls. However, the economy declined from the mid-18th century with the onset of British colonialism, which exploited Bengal's resources and wealth for profits.
This document provides an overview of a research project examining the political economy of the bauxite mining industry in tribal areas of central India. It outlines the research context, conceptual framework, research questions, methodology, and timeline. Specifically, the research will focus on the states of Andhra Pradesh and Orissa, comparing how their governance and policies affect outcomes for tribal communities living near bauxite mines and processing plants. Key concepts to be analyzed include land rights, the mineral industry, economic reforms, resource governance, and the potential "resource curse" faced by tribal groups from increased mining. The research aims to understand how state governments balance priorities around private investment, tribal welfare, and environmental protection regarding the rapidly expanding bauxite sector.
This document provides guidelines for planning site reconnaissance and detailed field investigations for small hydroelectric projects. It recommends establishing a survey control network and conducting topographic surveys, geological investigations, and materials searches. Topographic surveys should map reservoirs, structures, waterways, and infrastructure. Geological investigations should identify subsurface conditions through test pits, trenches, and samples. These investigations provide essential data for design and cost estimates.
This document discusses a study on occupational stress and health among teacher educators. The study aimed to examine the level of occupational stress experienced by teacher educators in relation to their gender and marital status, and the relationship between occupational stress and health. The study found that teacher educators experienced moderate levels of occupational stress on average. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in occupational stress levels based on gender and marital status of teacher educators. A positive correlation was also found between occupational stress and health problems among teacher educators.
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
This study investigated the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of cow urine and its distillate. The cow urine and distillate were tested for their ability to scavenge free radicals using two in vitro assays and for their antimicrobial activity against several microbes. The results showed that both the cow urine and its distillate exhibited antioxidant and antimicrobial activities by scavenging free radicals and inhibiting the growth of microbes. The fresh cow urine demonstrated stronger antioxidant and antimicrobial effects compared to its distillate. These findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of cow urine as a medicine in India.
This document summarizes an article on corporate social responsibility (CSR) in India. It discusses that while CSR has been practiced for decades by some Indian companies, it remains in a developing stage overall in India. It faces issues like a lack of understanding, insufficiently trained personnel, limited coverage, and superficial promotion. The document then examines the current state of CSR in India, how companies approach it, and partnerships with NGOs. It outlines the objectives and research methodology of studying CSR issues and challenges in India. Key challenges identified include difficulties making a business case for CSR and integrating it into company values and practices. The document concludes by stating that CSR is an opportunity rather than a peripheral issue for businesses in India.
This study analyzes spatial and temporal variations in wet periods over major river basins in India from 1951-2007. It defines five wet periods contributing different percentages to annual rainfall and examines characteristics like starting date, duration and rainfall intensity. It finds the 10% wet period typically occurs in July/August with 1-3 days duration and 44-89 mm/day rainfall. The 90% wet period lasts 112-186 days depending on location. Some central Indian basins saw increased rainfall intensity. Late starts of wet periods along the west coast correlated with warm Pacific Ocean temperatures several months prior.
This document discusses the identification of the Rigvedic river Raså. It considers various scholarly views that have identified Raså with rivers as far apart as the Tigris, Narmada, and others. However, the author argues that none of these identifications are supported by clear evidence.
The author then analyzes clues from Rigvedic hymns to determine the location of Raså. Based on descriptions of the terrain, flooding patterns, and presence of horses, the author concludes that Raså can best be identified with the Rakshån river in Balochistan. The author also examines evidence for the presence of Rigvedic tribes like the Pañis in the region, supporting this identification of Ras
This document summarizes the early history of Chinese settlement in Batavia (now Jakarta) in the 17th century. It discusses how the Dutch East India Company, led by Governor-General Jan Pieterszoon Coen, forcibly brought Chinese men, women and children to Batavia to populate the city and support the Company's economic activities. The Chinese played an important role in Batavia's development as merchants, farmers and craftspeople. A system of ethnic community leadership, with a headman called a "captain," was implemented to govern the growing Chinese population. Over time Batavia became an important center of Chinese settlement in the Dutch East Indies.
01. india's river linking project state of the debate- shah et alRavi Naid Gorle
This document discusses India's proposed inter-linking of rivers project in three paragraphs:
1) It provides background on the long-discussed idea of linking water-surplus Himalayan rivers with water-scarce regions in western and peninsular India. The project is now being debated in detail as a mega-project, but faces opposition over environmental and social costs.
2) It then outlines the history of proposals to link India's rivers dating back to the 19th century. Most recently, the Supreme Court ordered the project be completed by 2016, though the timeline was impossible. The project now has uncertain support under the new government.
3) It concludes by noting that while India has hesitated
This document contains a general knowledge capsule with 70 multiple choice questions related to geography, science, history and miscellaneous topics. The questions cover topics such as Indian states and their boundaries, physical features of India like rivers and mountain ranges, natural resources and industries, environmental issues, world geography, and basic science concepts.
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1) The study compared three cow-calf production systems using simulation: a straightbred Nelore system, a system with Nelore cows producing Angus x Nelore calves, and a system with Gir cows producing Holstein x Gir calves.
2) In the base simulation, the Holstein x Gir system had the highest annual economic return at 10.84% compared to 5.21% for the Nelore system and 5.81% for the Angus x Nelore system.
3) Sensitivity analysis found that reducing the price of Holstein x Gir heifers such that it was only 1.2 times the beef calf price eliminated the economic superiority of the Holstein x Gir system over the other two
This document provides an overview and editorial for The Indigenous World 2010 publication. It summarizes some of the key developments and issues impacting indigenous peoples in 2009, as reported in the publication's country reports. These include Greenland gaining greater autonomy from Denmark and Bolivia approving a new constitution recognizing indigenous rights. However, it also notes ongoing threats to indigenous lands, rights, and cultures from large-scale development projects, climate change impacts, criminalization of protests, and failure to implement laws protecting indigenous peoples. The editorial frames these as ongoing struggles between indigenous self-determination and development aggression. It highlights the importance of mechanisms like the UNDRIP and ILO 169 in advocating for indigenous rights.
This document is the Reserve Bank of India's annual report on trends and progress in banking in India for the year ending June 30, 2011. Some key points:
- It provides an overview of developments in the Indian banking sector as well as global banking trends.
- It discusses the policy environment in India, including monetary policy, credit delivery, financial inclusion, and prudential regulatory policies.
- It analyzes the operations and performance of commercial banks in India, including their balance sheets, financial results, asset quality, lending patterns, and technological developments.
- It also covers cooperative banking and non-banking financial institutions.
- The report is submitted to the Central Government of India as required
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
- Expanding existing dimensions and facts.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Cosa hanno in comune un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ?Speck&Tech
ABSTRACT: A prima vista, un mattoncino Lego e la backdoor XZ potrebbero avere in comune il fatto di essere entrambi blocchi di costruzione, o dipendenze di progetti creativi e software. La realtà è che un mattoncino Lego e il caso della backdoor XZ hanno molto di più di tutto ciò in comune.
Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
1. Nature and Science
2010;8(11)
Rapid Assessment of Water Quality Index of Ramganga River,
Western Uttar Pradesh (India) Using a Computer Programme
Mohammad Alam* and J.K. Pathak**
Hydrobiology Lab, P.G. Department of Zoology, Hindu College, Moradabad, 200441 Uttar Pradesh, India.
E-mail- *Alam007c@yahoo.co.in, **jugal28@yahoo.com
Abstract: Rivers play an imperative role in the development of nation and sustenance of life, which are being
polluted due to speedy urbanization, industrialization and other developmental activities. For the rapid assessment of
WQI in terms of pollution level and the quality of river Ramganga of western Uttar Pradesh India, a computer
programme was prepared based on the eight physico-chemical parameters viz. pH, Biological Oxygen Demand,
Dissolved Oxygen, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness, Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Chloride. Water
quality index (WQI) is a useful tool for quick estimation of quality of any water resource. The river water was
classified into permissible, slight, moderate and severe on the basis of the pollution strength at six sampling stations
selected from upstream to downstream of the river for a period of three years. The water of upstream sampling
stations from SS1 to SS4 were found in between slight to permissible range of the pollution while downstream
sampling stations SS5 and SS6 were extremely polluted ranged from severe to moderate. High pollution load in
downstream was caused by the effluent drainage from sugar industry as well as electroplating units of brass
industries located in Moradabad. [Nature and Science 2010;8(11):1-8]. (ISSN: 1545-0740).
Key words: Computer programme, Water quality index, River Ramganga, Anthropogenic activities.
by various workers viz., Bhatt and Pathak (1992),
Kumar and Shukla (2002), Patil et.al. (2006), Sindhu
and Sharma (2007), Santosh and Shrihari (2008),
Ramakrishanaiah et.al. (2009), Samantray et.al.
(2009). Earlier attempts were made to assess the
water quality index of river Ramganga in a very
small stretches by Pandey and Sharma (1999) and
Sinha et.al. (2004). The present study was aimed to
assess rapid and accurate calculation of WQI of river
Ramganga from Kalagarh hydroelectric dam to
district Moradabad covering a distance of about 100
km in order to compare the pollution level between
upstream and downstream sampling stations.
1. Introduction
Environmental pollution is one of the most
horrible crises that we are facing today. Due to the
increased urbanization and industrialization surface
water pollution has become an crucial problem. It is
necessary to obtain precise and appropriate
information to observe the quality of any water
resources and the development of some useful tools
to keep watch on the quality of such priceless water
resources to retain their excellence for various
beneficial uses.
Water quality index is one of the most effective
tools to monitor the surface as well as ground water
pollution and can be used efficiently in the
implementation of water quality upgrading
programmes. The objective of an index is to turn
multifaceted water quality data into simple
information that is comprehensible and useable by
the public. Water quality index was first formulated
by Horton (1965) and later on used by several
workers for the quality assessment of different water
resources. It is one of the aggregate indices that have
been accepted as a rating that reflects the composite
influence on the overall quality of numbers of precise
water quality characteristics (Tiwari and Mishra,
1985). Water quality index provide information on a
rating scale from zero to hundred. Higher value of
WQI indicates better quality of water and lower value
shows poor water quality.
Much of the work has been done on the water
quality indices of several rivers of India and abroad
http://www.sciencepub.net/nature
1.1 Study area
River Ramganga is spring fed river and
important tributary of holy river Ganga, originated in
the southern slopes at Dudhatoli (3,110 masl) of
middle Himalaya of Uttrakhand state. The river
enters the plains at Kalagarh where a famous
hydroelectric dam has been constructed in 1975
responsible for the obstruction of continuous natural
flow of water in downstream. The substratum of the
river at upstream and somewhat middle segment
consists of bedrocks, boulders and gravels while it is
composed of sand, silt and clay at downstream. The
river traverses near about 158 km before it meets the
reservoir and continuous to downstream for about
322 km before joining river Ganga at Kannauj of
Uttar Pradesh. The total catchment area of the basin
is 32,493 km2. The study area of the river catchments
1
naturesciencej@gmail.com
2. Nature and Science
2010;8(11)
lie between North latitude 29°29′42″ and 28°49′32″
and east longitude 78°45′37″ and 78°47′53″.
Moradabad is the first major city in the way of
Ramganga situated on the right bank where brass,
iron, steel, sugar, paper and pulp, and food industries
are established.
role in overall water quality and it depend on the
permissible limit in drinking water set by National
and International agencies viz., ICMR and WHO etc.
In this method, the quality scale rating was assign to
each significant parameter and also weighed
according to its relative importance. Those
parameters, which have low permissible limits and
can influence the water quality to a large extent even
fluctuate a little, allocate high weighing while
parameter having high permissible limit and are less
harmful to the water quality allocate low weighing.
The maximum weight of 4 has been assigned to the
parameters such as pH, BOD, Dissolved Oxygen and
Total Solids for their major role in controlling the
overall water quality whereas other parameters like
Total hardness, Total Suspended Solids, and Chloride
has been assigned weight 2. Total Alkalinity has been
assigned with weight 3 (Table 1). After allocation of
weight, the unit weight for each parameter was
calculated by the following formula.
2. Materials and Methods
For the assessment of river water quality, six
sampling stations were selected covering about 100
km stretch along the course of river Ramganga viz.
Kalagarh (SS1, 29°29′42″ N - 78°45′37″), Seohara
(SS2, 29°14′38″N - 78°39′13″ E), Mishripur (SS3,
29°04′06″ N -78°41′49″ E), Agwanpur (SS4,
28°56′58″ N - 78°43′27″ E), Lalbagh (SS5, 28°50′29″
N - 78°47′24″ E), and Katghar (SS6, 78°47′24″ E 78°47′53″ E). Monthly sampling was conducted at
six sampling stations during entire study period from
June 2005 to May 2008 and subjected to physicochemical analysis followed by the methods given in
APHA (1995), Trivedy and Goel (1987) and
Golterman (1975).
In present investigation, classification of river
Ramganga of western Uttar Pradesh for their various
beneficial uses has been done more realistically and
accurately by using water quality index (WQI) taking
parameters such as pH, Biological Oxygen Demand,
Dissolved Oxygen, Total Alkalinity, Total Hardness,
Total Solids, Total Suspended Solids and Chloride.
The method for calculating water quality index by a
computer programming based on the calculation as
suggested by Tiwari and Mishra (1985), Singh
(1992), Patel and Desai (2006), and Dwedi and
Pathak (2007). There are two fundamental steps for
calculating WQI. (1) Firstly, a quality rating was
calculated for each water quality parameter used in
the indices and (2) Aggregating these sub indices into
over all index.
Unit weight (Wi) = W/ W
Wi = 1
Where,
W = Weight assigned to parameter.
W = Sum of weights of all parameters
In order to calculate water quality index, each
parameter has also been assign a rating value, which
fall between 0 to 100 (Table 2). The rating (qi) values
have been assigned to the parameters by dividing the
range of its concentration in the water into four stages
as Permissible, Slight, Moderate and Sever. The
rating scale (qi) = 0 implies that the concentration of
the parameter in water remained exceed by the
standard maximum permissible limits and water is
highly polluted, the rating scale (qi) = 100 denotes
the excellent water quality since the parameter
remained within the prescribed permissible limit for
drinking water.
2.1 Weight Assigned and Rating Scale:
Weighing means the relative importance of each
water quality parameter that play some significant
Table 1: Water quality parameters used in calculating WQI.
Parameters
PH
Total Hardness
B.O.D
Total Alkalinity
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Chloride
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Standard values
7-8.5
100 - 500
1–6
<120
>6
500 -1500
<100
200 - 500
2
Weight assign
4
2
4
3
4
4
2
2
Unit weight
0.16
0.08
0.16
0.12
0.16
0.16
0.08
0.08
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3. Nature and Science
2010;8(11)
Table 2: Quality rating scale for water quality parameters (qi)
Parameters
PH
Total Hardness
B.O.D
Total Alkalinity
Dissolved Oxygen
Total Solids
Total Suspended Solids
Chloride
Permissible 100
7.0-8.50
Slight 80
8.6-8.8
6.8-7
101-300
1.1-3.0
50-85
4.5-5.9
501-1000
30-65
200-400
<100
<1.0
<50
>6.0
<500
<30
<200
The other ratings falling between these two
extreme limits representing intermediate conditions
of the water. Now, sub index (SI) was calculated as
followsSub Index (SI)i = qi x Wi
Where,
(SI)i = Subindex of ith parameter.
Wi = Unit weight of ith parameter.
qi = quality rating of ith parameter.
Finally, water quality index for “n” parameter was
calculated asWQI = (qi x Wi)n
On the basis of above calculation, a computer
programme was prepared for the rapid assessment of
water quality index.
Severe 0
>9.2
<6.5
>500
>6.0
>120
<3.0
>1500
>100
>600
do
{
FILE *filePtr;
float DO = 0.0,PH = 0.0,BOD =
0.0,CHLOR = 0.0,HARD =
0.0,TSS = 0.0,TS = 0.0,TOALK =
0.0,G = 0.0,WQI = 0.0, SI = 0.0;
float
DO1,PH1,BOD1,CHLOR1,HARD1,TSS1,TS1,TOA
LK1;
float
G1,G2,G3,G4,G5,G6,G7,G8,LWQI, WQI1;
char date[12];
filePtr=fopen("RAMGANGA.txt","a");
printf("nPlease press enter after
giving the value");
printf("nPH OF THE
RAMGANGA RIVER WATER (PH)= ");
scanf("%f",&PH);
char newLine = 'n';
fputc(newLine, filePtr);
fprintf(filePtr,"%ft",PH);
printf("nTOTAL HARDNESS
OF RIVER WATER AS CaCO3
(HARD), mg/l= ");
scanf("%f",&HARD);
fprintf(filePtr,"%ft",HARD);
printf("nBOD OF RIVER
WATER (BOD), mg/l= ");
scanf("%f",&BOD);
fprintf(filePtr,"%ft",BOD);
printf("nTOTAL
ALKALINITY OF RIVER
WATER (TOALK), mg/l= ");
scanf("%f",&TOALK);
fprintf(filePtr,"%ft",TOALK);
printf("nDISSOLVED
OXYGEN CONCENTRATION IN
RIVER WATER(DO), mg/l= ");
scanf("%f",&DO);
fprintf(filePtr,"%ft",DO);
2.2 Computer programme for calculation of water
quality index of river Ramganga
// WaterQualityIndex.cpp : Defines the entry
point for the console application.
//
/*PROGRAM FOR CALCULATION OF WATER*/
/*QUALITY INDEX (WQI) AND TO ASSESS
THE*/
/*INCREASE OR DECREASE IN POLLUTION */
/*BY CALCULATING THE SENSITIVITY
INDEX*/
/***************************************
*******/
/* PROGRAM WRITTEN FOR
CALCULATING WATER*/
/*QUALITY INDEX FOR RAMGANGA
RIVER */
/***************************************
*******/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <conio.h>
void main()
{
char option = 'n';
http://www.sciencepub.net/nature
Moderate 50
8.9-9.2
6.5-6.7
301-500
3.1-5.0
85-120
3.0-4.4
1001-1500
66-100
401-600
3
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4. Nature and Science
2010;8(11)
printf("nTOTAL SOLIDS
PRESENT IN RIVER WATER
(TS), mg/l= ");
scanf("%f",&TS);
fprintf(filePtr,"%ft",TS);
printf("nTOTAL SUSPENDED
SOLIDS PRESENT (TSS),mg/l= ");
scanf("%f",&TSS);
fprintf(filePtr,"%ft",TSS);
printf("nCHLORIDE
PRESENT IN RIVER WATER
(CHLOR), mg/l= ");
scanf("%f",&CHLOR);
fprintf(filePtr,"%ft",CHLOR);
printf("nLAST WATER
QUALITY INDEX CALCULATED (LWQI)= ");
scanf("%f",&LWQI);
fprintf(filePtr,"%ft",LWQI);
printf("nSpecify the date for
the given data in (dd/mm/yyyy)
format ");
scanf("%s",&date);
printf("%s", date);
/* SCALE RATING FOR
B.O.D.(5-DAY), (mg/l) */
if(BOD<=1.0)
G3=100;
else if (BOD<=3.0)
G3=80;
else if (BOD<=5.0)
G3=50;
else if (BOD>6.0)
G3=0;
/* SCALE RATING FOR TOTAL
ALKALINITY, (mg/l) */
if(TOALK<50)
G4=100;
else if(TOALK<=85.0)
G4=80;
else if(TOALK<=120.0)
G4=50;
else if(TOALK>120.0)
G4=0;
/* SCALE RATING FOR
DISSOLVED OXYGEN,(mg/l) */
if(DO>6)
G5=100;
else if(DO>=4.9)
G5=80;
else if(DO>=4.4)
G5=50;
else if(DO<3)
G5=0;
/* SCALE RATING FOR TOTAL
SOLIDS, (mg/l) */
if(TS<500.0)
G6=100;
else if(TS<=1000.0)
G6=80;
else if(TS<=1500.0)
G6=50;
else if(TS>1500.0)
G6=0;
/* SCALE RATING FOR TOTAL
SUSPENDED SOLIDS, (mg/l) */
if(TSS<30.0)
G7=100;
else if (TSS<=65.0)
G7=80;
else if (TSS<=100.0)
G7=50;
else if (TSS>100.0)
G7=0;
/* SCALE RATING FOR
CHLORIDES, (mg/l) */
if(CHLOR<200.0)
G8=100;
else if (CHLOR<=400.0)
G8=80;
/* UNIT WEIGHTS OF
DIFFERENT PARAMETERS */
PH1=0.16f;
HARD1=0.08f;
BOD1=0.16f;
TOALK1=0.12f;
DO1=0.16f;
TS1=0.16f;
TSS1=0.08f;
CHLOR1=0.08f;
/* SCALE RATING FOR
PARAMETER PH */
if(PH<6.5 || PH>9.2)
G1=0;
else if(PH<=6.7 || PH>=8.9)
G1=50;
else if(PH<7 || PH>=8.6)
G1=80;
else if(PH<=8.5 || PH>=7)
G1=100;
/* SCALE RATING FOR TOTAL
HARDNESS, (mg/l) */
if(HARD<100.0)
G2=100;
else if (HARD<=300.0)
G2=80;
else if (HARD<=500.0)
G2=50;
else if (HARD>500.0)
G2=0;
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5. Nature and Science
2010;8(11)
else if (CHLOR<=600.0)
G8=50;
else if (CHLOR>600.0)
G8=0;
/* CALCULATING WATER
QUALITY INDEX (WQI) */
WQI=G1*PH1+G2*HARD1+
G3*BOD1+G4*TOALK1+G5*DO
1+G6*TS1+G7*TSS1+G8*CHLO
R1;
printf("n---------------------------------------------n");
printf("WATER QUALITY
INDEX = %3.2fn",WQI);
printf("---------------------------------------------n");
fprintf(filePtr,"%3.2ftt",WQI);
/* CALCULATING THE
SENSITIVITY INDEX */
SI= (WQI-LWQI)/WQI;
printf("SENSITIVITY INDEX
(SI)= %f",SI);
fprintf(filePtr,"%f",SI);
printf("n---------------------------------------------n");
if(SI>0)
printf("SI>0: WATER
QUALITY IS IMPROVEDn");
if(SI==0)
printf("SI=0 : NO CHANGE IN
THE POLLUTION STATUSn");
if(SI<0)
printf("SI<0 :
POLLUTION IS INCREASINGn");
printf("---------------------------------------------n");
fputc('t', filePtr);
fputs(date,filePtr);
fclose(filePtr);
printf("Do u want to enter another
entry press(Y/N)");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%c",&option);
}while(option == 'y' || option ==
'Y');
printf("nEND OF PROGRAM");
}
which revealed many remarkable features regarding
the pollution status of river Ramganga at six
sampling stations from Kalagarh to Katghar. It was
noted that none of the sampling station during entire
study period, have WQI = 100 implies that the water
of none of these sampling stations is fit for human
consumption directly without treatment. Results
revealed that at sampling station 1, Kalagarh, the
WQI found varied from 52.80 to 90.40, the minimum
value of WQI was recorded in the month of August
2006 and the maximum value was obtained in the
month of October 2005, January and February 2006.
The mean value (78.64 1.39) of WQI at Kalagarh
were found highest and fall between slight to
permissible range of pollution but in most occasions
it reached up to the permissible range indicating the
water of the river at this station remained either
cleaned or only slightly polluted all most throughout
the year. Kalagarh is located at the upstream of the
river having less anthropogenic activities
At sampling station 2, Seohara, the WQI of the
river was found in the ranged between 64.00 to 91.20
with the mean value of 78.20 1.05 which fall in the
pollution range of slight to permissible and some of
the time it was shifted toward the permissible range
representing the lesser amount of pollution in the
river. The mean value of water quality index were
found to be almost same as Kalagarh station,
therefore the river water quality at this station
remained more or less similar to that of Kalagarh
since it is devoid of any direct source of pollution and
anthropogenic activities.
The water of sampling station 3, Mishripur,
showed slight to permissible range of pollution but at
most of the time it remained slightly polluted during
the entire study period. The WQI varied between
54.40 and 82.40, minimum during August 2006 and
maximum in the month of December 2005. The mean
value of the WQI at this station was found 72.80
0.91 indicating the increasing load of pollution in
comparison to previous stations of upstream may be
due to the occasional mixing of effluent discharged
by the sugar industry at this station. The water at
Agwanpur (SS 4) remained within slight to
permissible pollution range. The value of water
quality index varied from 54.40 to 82.40 with mean
value of 71.30 1.01.
Water of river Ramganga at Sampling Lalbagh
(SS 5) and Katghar (SS 6) remained excessively
polluted and reached up to the sever range of
pollution. The mean value of water quality index at
Lalbagh (SS5), was noted as 47.80 1.01 with the
range from 30.40 to 62.40 and at Katghar (SS 6), it
was 48.98 1.09 with the range from 35.20 to 62.40.
The higher mean value of WQI at Katghar (SS 6)
With the help of above computer programme, all
the observed values of selected parameters were feed
as an input and results was obtained in the form of
WQI and sensitivity index as an output.
3. Results and Discussion
Results of water quality index obtained by the
computer programme have been depicted in Table 4,
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6. Nature and Science
2010;8(11)
indicates that river water gets self-purified as it
travels from station 5 to 6. Similar result was
reported by Kaur et.al. (2001). These two stations of
Ramganga river receives copious amounts of
domestic sewage of the city and effluent from several
brass industries located in the vicinity of the city.
The water of the river Ramganga was classified
on the basis of the pollution extent into five classes
(Table 3). Class I represented excellent water quality
(WQI between 90-100) fall in the permissible range
of water. Class II represented slight to permissible
range of pollution (WQI between 70-89) having good
water quality while class III corresponded to
moderate to slight range of pollution (WQI between
50-69) and the water quality remained satisfactory.
Class IV and V both represented severe to moderate
range of pollution but poor (WQI between 26-49) and
unacceptable (WQI between 0-25), respectively.
Results presented in table 4 revealed that the
water quality from SS1 to SS4 reflects good water
condition at most of the time as the mean value of
WQI fall in the range of slight to permissible while
SS5 and SS6 in downstream gets polluted by adding
the municipal sewage and industrial effluents and the
mean value of WQI of these stations fall in the severe
to moderate range of pollution indicating poor quality
of water.
Table: 3 Degree of pollution in Ramganga river.
Class
I
II
III
IV
V
WQI
90-100
70-89
50-69
26- 49
0-25
Degree of pollution
Permissible range
Slight to permissible range
Moderate to slight range
Severe to moderate range
Severe to moderate range
Water quality
Excellent
Good
Satisfactory
Poor
Unacceptable
Table 4: Water quality index of Ramganga river at six sampling stations.
Months
June 05
July 05
Aug 05
Sept 05
Oct 05
Nov 05
Dec 05
Jan 06
Feb 06
Mar 06
Apr 06
May 06
June 06
Jul 06
Aug 06
Sept 06
Oct 06
Nov 06
Dec 06
Jan 07
Feb 07
Mar 07
Apr 07
May 07
June 07
July 07
SS1
86.80
66.00
79.60
68.80
90.40
78.40
81.60
90.40
90.40
81.20
82.80
71.60
81.60
65.20
52.80
60.80
81.20
76.80
82.80
86.40
82.80
79.60
81.20
84.80
82.80
73.60
SS2
76.80
81.60
76.80
64.00
72.00
81.20
91.20
75.20
86.00
75.20
81.20
82.00
82.40
75.20
65.20
75.20
84.40
81.20
81.20
70.40
91.20
78.40
81.20
88.00
81.20
78.40
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SS3
79.20
64.00
65.20
72.00
70.40
70.40
82.40
70.40
81.20
72.00
70.40
78.00
81.20
72.00
54.40
70.40
70.40
75.20
75.20
75.20
78.00
75.20
75.20
75.20
67.20
75.20
6
SS4
76.40
81.60
65.20
67.20
72.00
72.00
84.80
75.20
80.40
70.40
62.40
76.40
78.00
67.20
54.40
62.40
67.20
67.20
75.20
70.40
62.40
67.20
75.20
75.20
75.20
67.20
SS5
38.40
38.40
52.40
30.40
59.20
59.20
52.40
56.00
54.40
43.20
46.40
46.40
46.40
38.40
30.40
48.00
54.40
54.40
44.00
40.80
46.40
46.40
46.40
46.40
46.40
46.40
SS6
35.20
52.40
46.40
52.40
59.20
59.20
62.40
52.80
46.40
46.40
46.40
46.40
50.40
38.40
38.40
51.20
54.40
54.40
44.00
56.80
50.40
46.40
44.00
46.40
46.40
54.40
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7. Nature and Science
Aug 07
Sept 07
Oct 07
Nov 07
Dec 07
Jan 08
Feb 08
Mar 08
Apr 08
May 08
Mean SE
2010;8(11)
67.20
75.20
75.20
84.40
81.20
81.20
81.20
82.80
81.20
81.20
78.64 1.39
67.20
73.20
75.20
81.20
70.40
75.20
81.20
78.40
81.20
75.20
78.20 1.05
72.00
72.00
70.40
72.00
81.20
70.40
72.00
67.20
75.20
72.80
72.80 0.91
54.40
51.20
59.20
59.20
62.40
40.80
48.00
46.40
46.40
40.80
47.80 1.29
46.40
56.00
59.20
56.00
44.00
40.80
48.00
46.40
44.00
40.80
48.98 1.09
R.K. Pillai HOD, Department of Zoology Hindu
College Moradabad for providing essential facilities.
Correspondence to:
Dr. J.K. Pathak
Assistant Professor,
Hydrobiology Lab, P.G. Department of Zoology,
Hindu College, Moradabad. 244001, Uttar Pradesh,
India.
Telephone: 91-0591-2451827
Mobile no: 91-09219724763, 09897106010
Email- jugal28@yahoo.com
Reference
[1] APHA, AWWA, WEFC. Standard methods for
the examination of water and waste water.1995.
Washingtod D.C.
[3] Dwedi S.L. and Pathak K.V. A preliminary
assignment of water quality index to Mandakini
river, Chitrakoot. IJEP. 2007; 27 (11): 1036-8.
SS 6
SS 5
SS 4
SS 3
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
SS 1
WQI
On the basis of the present investigation, it was
found that the water of none of the sampling station
of Ramganga river is not fit for direct human
consumption. The upstream of river from Kalagarh
(SS1) to Agwanpur (SS4) was found to have
relatively clean to slightly pollute and may be used as
bathing, swimming, laundry, irrigation, pisciculture
and industrial purposes but in downstream sampling
stations it was excessively polluted and inappropriate
for bathing, swimming and pisciculture. Variation in
the WQI at six sampling stations during the entire
study period is demonstrated in figure 1. An abrupt
decline in the values of WQI at sampling station 5 is
noticed.
72.00
70.40
72.00
72.00
75.20
68.00
70.40
75.20
75.20
68.00
71.30 1.01
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Figure 1: Spatial and temporal variation in WQI of
Ramganga river at six sapling stations (Each
sampling station represents 36 observations of three
years, N = 216)
Therefore, it is concluded that the water quality
index is an efficient tool to classify the water of the
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Acknowledgement
The author (JKP) is gratified to DST,
Government of India for the financial support
(SP/SO/AS-53/2003). The authors are also thankful
to Prof. S.D. Bhatt, Kumaun University Campus,
Almora for invariable encouragement. The authors
also thankful to Dr. S.N. Singh, Principal and Dr.
http://www.sciencepub.net/nature
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