The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Classification either on quality or type based for groundwater can offer great advantages especially in regional groundwater management. It provides a short, quick processing, interpretation for a lot of complete hydro-chemical data sets and concise presentation of the results. There is a demonstrable need for a quality assurance, with the advanced usage of world's largest fresh water storage i.e Ground water. Its getting depleted over the years and the quality of the same degrading with a rapid pace. Ground water Quality is assessed mainly by the chemical analysis of samples. The data obtained from the chemical analysis is key for the further classification, analysis, correlation etc. Graphical and Numerical interpretation of the data is the main source for Hydro-chemical studies. In this paper we test the performance of the many available graphical and statistical methodologies used to classify water samples including: Collins bar diagram, Stiff pattern diagram, Schoeller plot, Piper diagram, Durov's Double Triangular Diagram, Gibbs's Diagram, Stuyfzand Classification. This paper explains various models which classify, correlate etc., summarizing the water quality data. The basic graphs and diagrams in each category are explained by sample diagrams. In addition to the diagrams an overall characterization of hydro-chemical facies of the water can be carried out by using plots which represents a water type and hardness domain. The combination of graphical and statistical techniques provides a consistent and objective means to classify large numbers of samples while retaining the ease of classic graphical presentation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
Progressive deteriortaion of groundwater quality in Vrishabhavathi Valley Bas...AM Publications
The present work aims to study the progressive deterioration of groundwater quality over a period of
eight years, in and around the Vrishabhavathi Valley, an erstwhile fresh water stream, now carrying huge amounts of
industrial, agricultural and domestic effluents from the western part of Bangalore metropolis. Groundwater samples were
collected from both the borewells and open wells along the Vrishabhavathi valley watershed during April 2014 from the
same sampling sites, that were chosen for the study in 2006 by these authors and subjected to a comprehensive
physico-chemical analysis and water quality indices were worked out for the entire study area, both for the 2006 and the
present data. The water quality indices have risen alarmingly and it has been found that nearly 67% of the samples are
non-potable and it is seen that this number has risen sharply from 50 % non-potability in study 1 conducted in 2006. This
clearly shows that there is a massive deterioration of water quality in the study span of 8 years, clearly reflecting the
unabated and huge increase in the concentration of pollutants from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources that
have been making their way to the groundwaters of Vrishabhavathi valley basin. The results imply that the groundwater
of all the affected areas are completely unfit for human consumption and needs elaborate and appropriate treatment for
improving its quality.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
The aquifer system covers about 1400 to 1800 sq.km.
In general, the aquifers consist of the upper water table aquifer up to 30 m depth and the lower artesian aquifer of more than 500 m thickness, separated by semi-confining layer with thickness of up to 45 m.
Analysis of Water Quality Index for Groundwater in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore...IJERA Editor
Groundwater has become a necessary resource over the past decades due to the increase in its usage for drinking,
water supply, irrigation and industrial uses etc. Groundwater resources are now facing threats due to
anthropogenic activities. The groundwater quality is equally important as that of quantity. Mapping of spatial
variability of groundwater quality is of vital importance and it is particularly significant where groundwater is
primary source of potable water. The present study has been undertaken to analyze the spatial variability of
groundwater quality for Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore District located in the Andhra Pradesh State. MS ExcelAnalysis
ToolPak is used for mathematical analysis of the parameters and ArcGIS Version 10.1 is used for the
spatial analysis and it is a powerful tool for representation and analysis of spatial information related to water
resources. A total of 280 bore well water samples are collected. The major water quality parameters such as pH,
Total dissolved solids, Total alkalinity as calcium carbonate, Total hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate,
Fluoride, Iron have been analysed as per BIS 10500-2012. The spatial variation maps of these groundwater
quality parameters were derived and integrated through GIS. The final integrated map shows five priority classes
such as Excellent, Good, Poor, Very poor, Unsuitable for zones of the study area and provides a guideline for the
suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes
Al-Hilla River has a great importance to the people in the vicinity which serves as
a main drinking and irrigation source. The aim of the current study is to estimate the
Water Quality Index (WQI) of Al-Hilla River, southern Baghdad using the weighted
arithmetic water quality index method. Water samples were collected from 7 stations
in March in which eight water quality parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, concentration of hydrogen ion, electrical
conductivity, chlorides, alkalinity and biological oxygen demand. The calculated WQI
of Al-Hilla River indicates that the river water is unsuitable for drinking which is
majorly attributed to the total dissolved solids and turbidity. This interprets the
condition of the river which can help the local authority in taking action by identifying
the sources of pollution and improving the water quality and stakeholders should be
involved in the decision making and mitigation alternatives.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
Progressive deteriortaion of groundwater quality in Vrishabhavathi Valley Bas...AM Publications
The present work aims to study the progressive deterioration of groundwater quality over a period of
eight years, in and around the Vrishabhavathi Valley, an erstwhile fresh water stream, now carrying huge amounts of
industrial, agricultural and domestic effluents from the western part of Bangalore metropolis. Groundwater samples were
collected from both the borewells and open wells along the Vrishabhavathi valley watershed during April 2014 from the
same sampling sites, that were chosen for the study in 2006 by these authors and subjected to a comprehensive
physico-chemical analysis and water quality indices were worked out for the entire study area, both for the 2006 and the
present data. The water quality indices have risen alarmingly and it has been found that nearly 67% of the samples are
non-potable and it is seen that this number has risen sharply from 50 % non-potability in study 1 conducted in 2006. This
clearly shows that there is a massive deterioration of water quality in the study span of 8 years, clearly reflecting the
unabated and huge increase in the concentration of pollutants from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources that
have been making their way to the groundwaters of Vrishabhavathi valley basin. The results imply that the groundwater
of all the affected areas are completely unfit for human consumption and needs elaborate and appropriate treatment for
improving its quality.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
Factor analysis as a tool for evaluation of spatial and temporal variations i...IOSR Journals
In this case study, factor analysis was applied for evaluation of temporal/spatial variations in the
groundwater quality of Aravakurichi block, Karur district, Tamil Nadu, India. This statistical technique was
employed for the better interpretation of large complex water quality data set obtained from twenty five
groundwater locations in four seasons during the year 2012. The water samples were characterized for the
physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total alkalinity, electrical conductivity, total hardness, calcium ions,
magnesium ions, total dissolved solids, fluorides, chlorides and sulphates. Factor analysis indicated four factors
initially and when rotation of the factor axis was executed, it yielded two factors with clear indication of high
loadings for some variable and low loadings for others, facilitating data interpretation in terms of original
variables. Overall, this case study demonstrated the effectiveness of factor analysis to identify marker variables
for assessing the chemistry of groundwater besides earmarking representative sampling stations to undertake
suitable water quality management in a shortest possible time.
The aquifer system covers about 1400 to 1800 sq.km.
In general, the aquifers consist of the upper water table aquifer up to 30 m depth and the lower artesian aquifer of more than 500 m thickness, separated by semi-confining layer with thickness of up to 45 m.
Analysis of Water Quality Index for Groundwater in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore...IJERA Editor
Groundwater has become a necessary resource over the past decades due to the increase in its usage for drinking,
water supply, irrigation and industrial uses etc. Groundwater resources are now facing threats due to
anthropogenic activities. The groundwater quality is equally important as that of quantity. Mapping of spatial
variability of groundwater quality is of vital importance and it is particularly significant where groundwater is
primary source of potable water. The present study has been undertaken to analyze the spatial variability of
groundwater quality for Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore District located in the Andhra Pradesh State. MS ExcelAnalysis
ToolPak is used for mathematical analysis of the parameters and ArcGIS Version 10.1 is used for the
spatial analysis and it is a powerful tool for representation and analysis of spatial information related to water
resources. A total of 280 bore well water samples are collected. The major water quality parameters such as pH,
Total dissolved solids, Total alkalinity as calcium carbonate, Total hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate,
Fluoride, Iron have been analysed as per BIS 10500-2012. The spatial variation maps of these groundwater
quality parameters were derived and integrated through GIS. The final integrated map shows five priority classes
such as Excellent, Good, Poor, Very poor, Unsuitable for zones of the study area and provides a guideline for the
suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes
Al-Hilla River has a great importance to the people in the vicinity which serves as
a main drinking and irrigation source. The aim of the current study is to estimate the
Water Quality Index (WQI) of Al-Hilla River, southern Baghdad using the weighted
arithmetic water quality index method. Water samples were collected from 7 stations
in March in which eight water quality parameters were analyzed: Turbidity, total
dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, concentration of hydrogen ion, electrical
conductivity, chlorides, alkalinity and biological oxygen demand. The calculated WQI
of Al-Hilla River indicates that the river water is unsuitable for drinking which is
majorly attributed to the total dissolved solids and turbidity. This interprets the
condition of the river which can help the local authority in taking action by identifying
the sources of pollution and improving the water quality and stakeholders should be
involved in the decision making and mitigation alternatives.
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
Assessment of Water Pollution of Water Bodies using GIS - A Reviewijtsrd
Quality and quantity of water bodies is considered main pillar for sustainable development. Assessment of surface water bodies is required for growing urban cities like Surat. Due to impact of urbanization, the surface water bodies of Surat City have been adversely affected. The main Scope of study is the qualitative classification of the Creek and Tapi River of Surat City based on the effective qualitative parameters in the Indian water standards for drinking purpose. The study focuses on spatial changes in surface water quality based on a combined examination of physical and chemical parameters.GIS is proper solution for analysing the useful information obtain from spatial and temporal data because this analysis extract information from the available spatial data which can be very helpful in the future decision making. To obtain spatial dissemination of surface water quality parameters (as COD, BOD, pH, DO, Turbidity, EC, TDS, TSS and Chloride), interpolating technique is used. Divya A. Lad | Dr. Mehali J. Mehta | Prof. Manisha P. Vashi"Assessment of Water Pollution of Water Bodies using GIS - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10706.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/10706/assessment-of-water-pollution-of-water-bodies-using-gis---a-review/divya-a-lad
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
Groundwater analysis in the vicinity of nag rivereSAT Journals
Abstract The objective of this research studies is to analyse the water and waste water characteristics of Nag river and groundwater quality in the vicinity of the river. Nag River, which serves as the tributary of the Kanhan River originates in the hills to the west of Nagpur and flows in a serpentine course past Nagpur City, joining the main river at Saongi in the east of the District. Today most of the Nagpur sewage is let into Nag River tributaries without any sufficient treatments, which includes wastes, hazardous in nature of this river which crosses the city which has population of about 50 lakh, which makes the river extremely polluted. The River which titled the city is now struggling for its own existence. For the analysis purpose of the river, by whose name lots of people swear as their mother, has been divided into five areas based on the occupancy .The values from the studies were found to be problematic in the vicinity and nearby area. In the present study, groundwater samples of monsoon, winter and summer season of the selected five different zones of the city were taken for the investigation and analyzed for various parameters with regard to drinking water standards and assessed for their suitability for human consumption. The results of ground water direct us to the fact that the pollution in Nag river has its effect on the ground water as well as the Water Quality Index (WQI) which reflect a composite influence of contributing factors on the quality of water for any water system Keywords: Water & Waste Water Quality, Nag River and Nagpur, groundwater, physico-chemical characteristics, pollution, water quality index
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
This lecture covers environmental flow and its inter-relationship with the integrated water resource management. Environmental flow allows for meeting the water needs of the aquatic ecosystems.
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Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna river
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Regression Models For Prediction Of Water Quality In Krishna
River
M. Chandra Sekhar & K. Surender Reddy
Professor in Civil Engineering, Water & Environment Division, National Institute of Warangal, Warangal 506 004, INDIA, E mail - 380mcs@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The River Krishna and its tributaries drain three important states of South India. The river water plays a very
important role in the overall socioeconomic development of Andhra Pradesh. In large river basins monitoring
non-point sources pollution is rather difficult and expensive and is subjected to analytical errors. Hence,
modeling water quality using land use data of the basin is attempted in the present study. The contribution from
non-point sources (runoff from the river basin) is quiet considerable as the river drains various type of land uses.
In this context, it is necessary to make a detailed study of the water quality of the river, to estimate the level of
pollution and also main sources of pollution. Correlation studies explain the relationships, between dissolved
solids concentration and land use of the basins. The multiple regression models accounted for significant
variation in concentrations for majority of dissolved solids. The predicted concentrations are in good agreement
with the observed values. The proposed models can be useful for planning land use controls in integrated water
quality management program. As water quality of flowing water is closely linked to the land use in the basin, it
is essential to include land use management in future river basin planning. Carefully designed land use studies to
identify characterized and quantity of non point sources is essential elements to be emphasized to plan water
quality management programme. The results of study indicate relative importance of non point sources pollution
in addition to point sources pollution.
Keywords: Dissolved solids, Land use planning , Regression models, Water quality.
1 Introduction
Study of water quality is fundamental to understanding a water resource, as it gives insight into the benefits
derived from water management. Urbanization and industrialization are recognized to be main causes for water
quality degradation for quite some time. Hence, assessment of non-point (diffuse) pollution, which arises from
the river basin is overshadowed by the urgent need for treatment of domestic and industrial wastewater (point
sources). At present, huge sums are being invested in treatment works in an attempt to revitalize streams/lakes
and protect water resources, yet as investigators have pointed out, there is evidence that the clear water
objectives will not be realized because of runoff wastes that reach the streams/lakes without being processed. It
seams reasonable that the identification, evaluation and modelling of this type of pollution should be considered
as an integral part of all watershed water quality management projects (Sekhar and Raj 1995). Hence, modelling
of non-point source pollution, however complex, is very essential for any water quality management programme.
The purpose of this paper is to develop models to study the influence of land use on stream water chemistry.
Two broad categories of methods are available for estimating non-point pollution sources to surface waters.
The first is an indirect approach that utilizes measurements of water quality parameters in streams, rivers, or
lakes to infer the importance of pollution sources. The alternative direct approach focuses on the non-point
sources and attempts to mathematically describe the transport of pollutants to the water body (Haith and
Dougherty, 1976). The indirect approach utilizes water quality data (immission data) from streams, rivers or
lakes and infers the importance of non-point source pollution from these in stream observations. These provide
general indications of the quality and quantity of non-point pollution. However, their focus is on the observed
water quality of a water body than on sources or causes of pollution. Loading factors based on measured in
stream water quality parameters have limited credibility, since the values of such parameters are affected by a
variety of pollution sources as well as in stream physical and chemical processes. However, the influence
depends on the nature of pollutant (conservative/non-conservative), time of travel, flow characteristics, etc.
Indirect approaches are generally based on comparisons of pollutant export in stream flow from watersheds.
Watersheds are characterized according to land use and pollutant exports, e.g., urban agricultural and forested
watersheds. The result is pollutant-loading factor, e.g., kg/km2 of phosphorus for agricultural land and urban
areas. The water quality planner can apply these reported values to his study region by taking an inventory of
land uses and multiplying the areas of each use by the appropriate loading factor (Hartigan, et. al, 1983).
Alternatively, when time and money permit, the planner may isolate small single land use watersheds within the
study area, undertake a water quality sampling program, and determine these loading factors. The indirect
inference approach can be extended beyond simple loading factors by the use of regression models, which have
178
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
2. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
land use characteristics as independent variables and in stream water quality parameters as dependent variables
(Haith, 1976).
2 Study Area
The Krishna river is the second largest eastward draining, perennial river in the peninsular India. The river basin
stretches between 730 211 and 810 091 East longitudes and 130 071 and 190 251 North latitudes. There are about 13
major tributaries which join the along its length and draining an area of 258,000 km2. The average annual rainfall
in the river basin is about 780mm. The wet seasons sets in by the middle of June and withdraws by the middle of
October. About 90% of the rainfall occurs during the wet/post-monsoon season (June-October) and during the
rest of the year (dry/pre-monsoon season) there is very little rainfall with no regular pattern. The river basin has
various land use patterns, of which agricultural land use (double crop – 35 %; single crop – 25 %), forests (15%),
waste land (15%) and mixed land use (10%) are the important land use classifications. The predominant soils in
the area are sandy loams and loams.
3 Materials and Methods
The Central Water Commission (CWC), Government of India collects hydrological (gauge and discharge
observations) and water quality data from 57 monitoring stations on the River Krishna and it’s tributaries. The
Seba current meter is used to measure velocity and discharges are estimated by area velocity method. The
discharge and water quality are monitored at an interval of 10 days. All the samples were collected from midstream at about 15 cm depth and stored in pre-cleaned polyethylene bottles (CWC Mannual, 1995). After
measuring some of the parameters like conductivity, pH, temperature, etc., on the spot, appropriate reagents were
added for preservation of samples before taking them to the laboratory for further analyses. The analyses for
water quality parameters are carried out as per the “Standard Methods for Examination of Water and
Wastewater” (APHA, 1985).
Taking rainfall distribution into account, the multiple regression models are developed for wet seasons as
90% of the rainfall occurs during that season. This is possible, as the pollutants selected for the present study
namely are conservative (concentrations do not change with respect to time). One methodology which offers
considerable promise is the use of statistical analysis of land use and water quality data. Correlation and
regression analysis, are attempted for the study of land use and non-point source impacts on water quality.
Emphasis is placed on dissolved solids representing the stream water chemistry, which are generally considered
to be associated with non-point sources. Stepwise regression methods are applied to water quality parameters
and land use data for eight watersheds draining to the River Krishna through the tributaries.
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 Land Use Classification: Land use classification of the river basin is of dynamic nature and it influences the
hydrologic system and hence, the water quality of the river. As such land use classification is a first step in any
water quality management study. In all the sub-basins of the Krishna river, land use is mainly classified into
agriculture, forest and waste land. Agriculture is the most predominant activity and its percentage varies around
35 - 60%. Forests contribute 10 – 20 % area and waste land is about 10% for many sub-basins. However, for
Ghataprabha basin forests contribute 56%. Urban areas and mixed land uses make up the remaining percentage.
The existing land use (1981 - 91) are considered for the study, and the impact of changing land use pattern on
water quality of the river is not attempted. As 90% of the rainfall occurs during the wet season, the influence of
land use activities on water quality is restricted to the wet season between June and November. The other part of
the year receives occasional insignificant rainfall.
4.2 Stream Hydrology: All the tributaries of the Krishna River considered for the study exhibit seasonality in
flow conditions. The discharges are minimum during the dry season and maximum during the wet season. The
variation in wet season ranges between 10-15 times of the dry flows. However, during rare storm events
discharges in the order of 50-60 times the dry flows are recorded. This type of seasonal flow variation is one of
the characteristics of watersheds with tropical climate. The temperature variation in the study area suggests such
seasonal variations in flow. The maximum temperature is 40-420 C is recorded in the month of May and
minimum 10-120 C during the month of December. The mechanism of overland flow is not considerable during
the dry season even if there is a rare rainfall event, as water being absorbed by the soils to reach saturation
conditions, before overland flow can take place. This is probable due to long dry spells as common to tropical
regions, with little or no rainfall. However, during the monsoon period, overland flow contribution to the flow is
considerable.
179
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
3. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
4.3 Water Quality: Large variations in flow conditions lead to variations in water quality of the tributaries of
River Krishna. These large variations in flow and water quality explain the response of the stream to rainfall
events on the sub-basins. Physical observations at the monitoring stations suggest high-suspended solids content
during wet season, due to the influence of runoff from the basins. During the dry season, though flows are low,
the water is clear with no considerable suspended sediment. These observations indicate considerable overland
flow contribution to the stream flow monsoon season. The dissolved oxygen concentration in general varies
around 10-8 mg/L, inspire of considerable pollution from both point and non-point (diffuse) sources. Though,
dissolved oxygen is not directly considered for the purpose of the study, dissolved oxygen can influence NH3,
NO3, and SO4 levels to certain extent. Further, maximum specific conductivity values are observed during the
dry seasons due to contribution of dissolved solids by point sources and base flows. The reduced dilution effect
during the dry season is another possible season for such observation. Decreases in electrical conductivity and
pH, with increase in discharge prove the effect of dilution on water quality. Owing to lag effect, the
concentrations, and electrical conductivity for a given discharge are usually lower on the falling limb of the
hydrograph for some of the dissolved ions, which occur in combined form. These observations (though are
qualitative in the present study) can be effectively used to study the impact of first flush, lag and dilution on the
stream water quality.
4.6 Correlation Studies: The results of the correlation studies between concentrations dissolved solids and land
use activities of the basin are presented in Table 1. Some of the parameters exhibited significantly good
correlation, while the others indicated insignificant correlation. This is perhaps due to highly variable nature of
chemical concentrations in precipitation and inputs from the basin. Further, most of the inputs and outputs
occur during relatively short periods of heavy rainfall and high discharge. Sodium, calcium and magnesium seem
to occur together in the basin, which is probably due to the geological characteristics of the soils in the basin. As
sodium is reactive, it did not have any significant correlation with any other ions. Calcium is strongly correlated
with sulphates, nitrates and phosphates, indicating that it occurs in combined forms, which later gets dissolved.
Calcium is negatively correlated with silicates, which means that as silica increases calcium decreases. The soils
contributing silica and calcium are quiet different, hence, negative correlation is obvious. Magnesium is strongly
correlated with bicarbonates, suggesting its occurrence in the form of magnesium bicarbonates. Bicarbonates
exhibit good correlation with silicates indicating that they occur together in the basin. Most of these observations
are supported by the general classification of the soils found in the basin, which are reported to be predominantly
loam, clay loam and laterite soils (Sekhar, 2001).
Parameter
Na
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Ammonia
Bicarbonates
Chlorides
Sulphates
Nitrates
Phosphates
Silicates
Waste land
Agl.s Land
Forest land
1.00
0.67
0.93
-0.22
0.43
0.17
0.14
0.27
0.38
-0.08
0.04
0.38
-0.39
Ca
1.00
0.35
-0.10
-0.31
0.08
0.67
0.72
0.69
-0.76
0.50
0.74
-0.87
Mg
1.00
-0.25
0.73
0.27
-0.12
-0.01
0.13
0.28
-0.20
0.17
-0.09
Table 1 Correlation Matrix
SO4
NH3 HCO3 Cl2
NO3
PO4
SiO2
1.00
-0.36
-0.24
-0.09
-0.25
-0.53
0.02
-0.10
0.13
-0.07
1.00
0.73
-0.70
0.27
0.48
-0.63
1.00
-0.73
0.71
0.48
-0.65
1.00
-0.81
-0.71
0.88
1.00
0.44
-0.44
-0.42
-0.31
0.78
-0.61
-0.30
0.49
1.00
0.37
0.25
0.03
0.11
-0.33
0.41
-0.16
1.00
0.89
0.49
-0.64
0.14
0.49
-0.59
Waste
land
Agl.
Land
Forest
land
1.00
0.53
-0.68
1.00
-0.94
1.00
Waste land has significant positive correlation with calcium and phosphates, indicating the absence of plant
uptake or soil leaching. Agriculture land has significant positive correlation with calcium and negative
correlation with silica. This is perhaps due to low calcium uptake by plants and the negative correlation may be
due to land cover controlling silica erosion from the basin. Forest land is positively correlated with silicates, due
to significant deforestation activities. Nitrates and phosphate uptake is quiet good in the forest land and hence,
negative correlation. Forest area is negatively correlated with waste land and agriculture land indicating the
influence of forest land on them.
180
EESE-2013 is organised by International Society for Commerce, Industry & Engineering.
4. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
4.7 Regression Models: The multiple regression models developed during the study are presented in Table 2.
The final equations are given in the table and stepwise equations are not indicated in the table. The coefficient of
determination (r2) gives an indication about the suitability of the model. The models explain 87% variation of
calcium, 52% variation of bicarbonates, 69% variation of chlorides, 56% variation of sulphates, 67% variation of
nitrates, 62% variation of phosphates and 92% variation of silicates. For sodium, magnesium and ammonia, the
models could not explain significant variations. This is possibly due to the reactions of these ions with soils and
other ions. The models are verified and found to provide reasonable estimates of dissolved solids concentrations
generated from the river basin. The predications of the dissolved solids using the developed models are in good
agreement with observed values. However, it is observed that nitrates, phosphates and silicates are over
predicted by the models.
5 Conclusions
The River Krishna is a very large basin, with number of tributaries. Considering the above fact, it is rather
difficult or impossible and expensive to monitor all individual sources of pollution. The study reported in the
paper illustrates the impact of land use on the water quality and attempts to model stream water chemistry with
the available land use and water quality data. Land use in the basin is dominated by agriculture. However, forests
are diminishing due to increased urbanization and industrialisation. The influence of land use activities on water
quality is mainly restricted to post monsoon season, as 90% of the rainfall occurs during the season. The
tributaries of the river exhibit seasonality in flow conditions with minimum flows during dry season and
maximum flows during the wet season. The available water quality information indicates high concentration of
suspended solids during the wet flows and high concentration of dissolved solids during the dry season which are
due to flushing and dilution effects. The models developed form a basic tool to support water quality and land
use management in future. The proposed models are based on the use of available data at the river scale and
would therefore be directly applicable to the study area. It could be further useful for policy makers to impose
land use controls, so as to minimize water quality degradation.
Parameter
Sodium
Calcium
Magnesium
Ammonia
Bicarbonates
Chlorides
Sulphates
Nitrates
Phosphates
Silicates
Table 2 Multiple Regression Models
Model
Na = -725.42 FL – 556.70 Ag. L – 1800.79 WL + 675
Ca = -86.13 FL – 97.09 Ag. L – 84.19 WL + 109.44
Mg = -200.31 + 64.83Ag. L – 5.82 FL+ 5.1
NH3 = 5.74 Ag. L - 0.058 WL + 1.288FL – 3.1
HCO3 = -335.25 WL + 349.88 FL + 654.41 Ag. L – 283.98
Cl- = 688.88 AgL – 420.72 WL + 208.76 FL – 305.87
SO4 =-564.93 FL – 682.90 AgL – 1002.45 WL + 650
NO3 = -15.76 FL – 22.05 AgL – 20.94 WL + 20.00
PO4 = 8.64 WL – 5.59 FL – 8.66 AgL + 6.00
SiO2 = 34.78 FL – 23.52 WL + 43.47 AgL – 22.35
R2
0.255
0.869
0.148
0.062
0.520
0.690
0.564
0.672
0.618
0.925
REFERENCES
APHA (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (18th edn), APHA, New York.
CWC Manual (1995). Water Quality Monitoring in Krishna River Basin, Central Water Commission,
Hyderabad.
EPA Report (1973). Methods for Identifying and Evaluating the Nature and Extent of Non-point Sources of
Pollutants, No. 430/9-73-014, United States Environmental Protection Agency Washington, D.C.
Haith, D. A. (1976). Land Use and Water Quality in New York Rivers, Journal of Environmental
Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, pp. 1-15.
Haith, D. A. and J. V. Dougherty (1976). Nonpoint Source Pollution from Agricultural Runoff, Journal of
Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, Vol. 102, No. EE5, pp. 1055-1069.
Hartigan, J. P., T. F. Quasebarth, and S. Elizabeth (1983). Calibration of NPS Model Loading Factors, Journal of
Environmental Engineering Division, Vol. 109, No. 6, pp. 1258-1272.
Sekhar, M. C. and P. A. Raj. (1995). Landuse - Water Quality Modelling, Water Science Technology, Vol. 31,
No. 8, pp. 383-386.
Sekhar, M. C. (2001) Immission Approach for Modelling Dissolved Solids in a River and Separation of Point
and Nonpoint Loads, Ph. D. Thesis, Regional Engineering College, Warangal, India.
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