Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the quality of water in the Shivnath River in Durg District, Chhattisgarh, India. Water samples were collected from upstream and downstream locations and analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties. The results showed increased pollution downstream, with the pH, turbidity, calcium, nitrates, BOD, COD, and faecal coliform levels exceeding permissible limits set by organizations like the BIS and WHO. While some parameters like magnesium, sulfates, and TDS remained within limits, the overall quality of water in the river was found to be adversely impacted due to discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the water quality of the River Cauvery near Srirangapatna, India. Water samples were taken from 12 points along the river during both wet and dry seasons and analyzed for various parameters. The results showed that dissolved oxygen levels were low while biochemical oxygen demand and total coliform levels were high, indicating the river's self-purification capacity was exceeded. Municipal wastewater discharges into the river were found to impair water quality. Proper wastewater treatment before discharge and banning direct dumping were recommended to improve conditions.
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
The document summarizes a study that assessed the quality of water in the Shivnath River in Durg District, Chhattisgarh, India. Water samples were collected from upstream and downstream locations and analyzed for physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties. The results showed increased pollution downstream, with the pH, turbidity, calcium, nitrates, BOD, COD, and faecal coliform levels exceeding permissible limits set by organizations like the BIS and WHO. While some parameters like magnesium, sulfates, and TDS remained within limits, the overall quality of water in the river was found to be adversely impacted due to discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the water quality of the River Cauvery near Srirangapatna, India. Water samples were taken from 12 points along the river during both wet and dry seasons and analyzed for various parameters. The results showed that dissolved oxygen levels were low while biochemical oxygen demand and total coliform levels were high, indicating the river's self-purification capacity was exceeded. Municipal wastewater discharges into the river were found to impair water quality. Proper wastewater treatment before discharge and banning direct dumping were recommended to improve conditions.
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
Regression models for prediction of water quality in krishna riverAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that developed regression models to predict water quality in the Krishna River in India based on land use data. Key points:
1) Regression models were developed relating concentrations of dissolved solids in the river to land use characteristics during the wet season, when most rainfall and runoff occurs.
2) Land use in the river basin is mainly agriculture, forest, and waste land. Correlation analyses found relationships between certain dissolved solids and different land uses.
3) The regression models accounted for a significant percentage of variation in concentrations of calcium, bicarbonates, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, phosphates, and silicates based on land use data.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
The objective of this study is to assess the hydrography in the lentic and lotic ecosystems. According to this study, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is highest in the Kukkarahalli lake (106.32), followed by Karanji lake (97.42), Varuna lake (95.73) and lowest in the Kamana lake (94.62). The Water Quality Index of lotic ecosystem (Kavery river) is highest in the Sangama (99.33), followed by Snanghat (96.40), Chandravana (93.05) and lowest in the Paschimavahini (90.48). So, the Water Quality Index of lentic ecosystem is higher than the loticecosystem in general. This indicates that, the water quality of standing water is deteriorated more than the running water
This study assessed the water quality of Anchar Lake in Kashmir, India over a 6-month period to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities. Physico-chemical parameters were measured monthly at 6 sites around the lake. Correlation and cluster analyses found some parameters were positively correlated while others were negatively correlated. The Bray Curtis similarity analysis showed 96% similarity between two sites and less than 92% similarity between other sites. Overall, the study found the lake to be heavily polluted due to sewage, agricultural and other waste entering the lake from surrounding areas.
1) The document discusses a study of water quality in urban runoff in the Springfield, Missouri metropolitan area from 2009-2014.
2) Thirty-three sampling sites within 6 municipalities were tested to characterize stormwater quality, reduce impacts on aquatic habitats, and establish Total Maximum Daily Loads.
3) The results found that 73.4% of samples exceeded the TMDL for total nitrogen and 81.3% exceeded it for total phosphorus, but no clear trends were observed related to percent urban area or drainage area.
This document summarizes a presentation on advancements in irrigation technology and their impact on water management. It provides background on the presenter and his research team. It then discusses various irrigation technologies including center pivots, mobile drip irrigation, variable rate irrigation, and soil water sensors. It highlights the benefits of these technologies but also challenges in their use. The presentation aims to improve irrigation and nitrogen use efficiency through better measurement and application of water and nutrients.
Physico Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda M.P.ijtsrd
Rapid Industrialization and urbanization affect the natural system including water. Ajnal river is a small river of Harda M.P. . In the recent decade it was polluted and become a Nalla. Sample was collected from the River Ajnal at three different sites of town Harda in different season. Research work divides on three different season winter, summer and monsoon in the year 2018 to 2019 and analyzed the physicochemical parameters Temperature, transparency, pH, alkalinity, water hardness, DO, etc. average water quality of the river was observed during research work. Suraj Chhipa | Narendra Khore | Dr. Rashida Qureshi ""Physico-Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda (M.P.)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29924.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/29924/physico-chemical-parameter-of-river-ajnal-at-harda-mp/suraj-chhipa
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
The document provides information about the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) operated by the Orange County Water District. It discusses GWRS's advanced water purification process using microfiltration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet light, and hydrogen peroxide to treat wastewater. The process produces water that meets all drinking water standards and is used for groundwater replenishment and as a seawater intrusion barrier. Research at OCWD focuses on optimizing the GWRS treatment process and characterizing the microbial communities at each treatment stage using next generation sequencing.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Water is the primary need for all vital life processes. Water itself is an environment, which support large number of organisms. However, it is highly affected due to increased population, industrialization and unplanned urbanization that makes pure water scanty to human beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highly contaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the same time, the quality of standing water is becoming more and more unfit for humankind due to unwise use, negligence and mismanagement. The quality of life is linked with the quality of environment, hence biological components of fresh water depend solely on better physico-chemical conditions, and therefore, analysis of physic-chemical parameters of water is essential. The present study was conducted at two different stations in the Rangawali Dam, from tribal area. Samples were collected between June 2007 and May 2009 on a monthly basis and evaluated quantitatively. The study carried out for two years included following physicochemical parameters of the water samples. The regional climate at the site of study is distinctly marked in to three seasons, namely Monsoon (June to September) winter (October to January) and summer (February to May). The physico-chemical parameters like Rain Fall , Atmospheric temp, Water temp, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved carbon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium Chlorides and Sulphates were studied on seasonal basis, since the climatic changes seem to influence the ecological factors, and physicochemical parameters.
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
The document summarizes a study on the use of a horizontal roughing filter (HRF) to remove nutrients from the effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant with aerated lagoons. The HRF achieved 46.6% removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen and 53.8% removal of total phosphorus from the lagoon effluent over 62 days of operation. The average concentrations of these nutrients decreased significantly from the inlet to the outlet of the HRF. The results indicate that horizontal roughing filtration is an effective method for upgrading aerated lagoon effluent quality.
Water Quality Assessment of VIT University “Green” Lake Using GISinventionjournals
ABSTRACT : VIT University “Green” Lake is a manmade lake present in VIT University, Vellore. The lake is primary used for disposal of treated industrial water and enhancing the aesthetic value of the University. As the population density area is really high the lake water pollution has affects the lives of the students directly. The purpose of the project was the determination of spatial variation of different physic-chemical characteristics of lake water viz. Chlorides (Cl-), Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity and hardness using Geographical Information System (GIS). Analysis provided the evidence of eutrophication and its effects on previous characteristics.
The document is a thesis submitted by Vinton Jefferson Johnson in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Environmental Chemistry from the University of Nairobi. It assesses water quality trends in Lake Naivasha, Kenya from 2003 to 2011 using remote sensing data and laboratory analysis of samples collected from six sites around the lake from September to November 2014. Key water quality parameters examined include pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chlorophyll a, and coliform. Trends over time and correlations between remote sensing and laboratory results are presented.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Estimating of the water environment capacity is an important content of the assessment of regional environmental impact. Water environment capacity is very important in the field of environmental science and it can provide reliable data environmental planning and management of water. In this paper, lake is the research object and one-dimensional model of water quality is built according to the conservation of mass of pollutants in the lake. Meanwhile, the method for confirming model parameters is put forward. The model is based on investigation in lake water environment and is applied to calculate water environment capacity of Xiaohu. Main pollutants of Xiaohu are COD, TN, fluoride, volatile phenol, BOD5, whose water environment capacity are 581.008kg/d, 185kg/d, 61.553kg/d, 0.387kg/d, 25.098kg/d accordingly.
This document summarizes the development and validation of models relating specific conductance (SC) to chloride concentration in surface waters in Massachusetts. Two linear regression models were generated using historic statewide data from 1994-2012 - one for freshwaters (R2=0.9445) and one for coastal waters (R2=0.9951). Both showed a strong relationship between SC and chloride. The models were validated using independent EPA and USGS data, with slopes close to 1:1, indicating the MassDEP models accurately predict chloride from SC. This allows statewide chloride monitoring via the less expensive SC method.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
This document summarizes a study on the effect of increasing sewage waste on microbe populations in the River Yamuna in India. Water quality parameters like BOD, ammonia, chlorides and sulphates indicated high levels of organic pollution, especially at sites downstream from urban and industrial areas. Populations of coliform bacteria and algae like Ulothrix, which thrive in polluted conditions, were highest where pollution loads were also highest. In contrast, populations of microbes like Paramecium, Difflugia and Cyclops declined significantly with increasing pollution, especially during summer months when pollution concentrations were highest due to lower water levels. The results suggest heavy pollution is negatively impacting the river's ecological balance.
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu, India. Samples were collected from three locations along the river on a monthly basis and tested for total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and magnesium. The results found that two of the sampling locations had water quality issues like high dissolved solids and magnesium that require treatment for drinking. Water quality was generally better during monsoon seasons with more rainfall. The study aims to evaluate the river's water resources and classify them for different uses.
This study assessed the water quality of Anchar Lake in Kashmir, India over a 6-month period to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities. Physico-chemical parameters were measured monthly at 6 sites around the lake. Correlation and cluster analyses found some parameters were positively correlated while others were negatively correlated. The Bray Curtis similarity analysis showed 96% similarity between two sites and less than 92% similarity between other sites. Overall, the study found the lake to be heavily polluted due to sewage, agricultural and other waste entering the lake from surrounding areas.
1) The document discusses a study of water quality in urban runoff in the Springfield, Missouri metropolitan area from 2009-2014.
2) Thirty-three sampling sites within 6 municipalities were tested to characterize stormwater quality, reduce impacts on aquatic habitats, and establish Total Maximum Daily Loads.
3) The results found that 73.4% of samples exceeded the TMDL for total nitrogen and 81.3% exceeded it for total phosphorus, but no clear trends were observed related to percent urban area or drainage area.
This document summarizes a presentation on advancements in irrigation technology and their impact on water management. It provides background on the presenter and his research team. It then discusses various irrigation technologies including center pivots, mobile drip irrigation, variable rate irrigation, and soil water sensors. It highlights the benefits of these technologies but also challenges in their use. The presentation aims to improve irrigation and nitrogen use efficiency through better measurement and application of water and nutrients.
Physico Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda M.P.ijtsrd
Rapid Industrialization and urbanization affect the natural system including water. Ajnal river is a small river of Harda M.P. . In the recent decade it was polluted and become a Nalla. Sample was collected from the River Ajnal at three different sites of town Harda in different season. Research work divides on three different season winter, summer and monsoon in the year 2018 to 2019 and analyzed the physicochemical parameters Temperature, transparency, pH, alkalinity, water hardness, DO, etc. average water quality of the river was observed during research work. Suraj Chhipa | Narendra Khore | Dr. Rashida Qureshi ""Physico-Chemical Parameter of River Ajnal at Harda (M.P.)"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29924.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/29924/physico-chemical-parameter-of-river-ajnal-at-harda-mp/suraj-chhipa
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
The document provides information about the Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) operated by the Orange County Water District. It discusses GWRS's advanced water purification process using microfiltration, reverse osmosis, ultraviolet light, and hydrogen peroxide to treat wastewater. The process produces water that meets all drinking water standards and is used for groundwater replenishment and as a seawater intrusion barrier. Research at OCWD focuses on optimizing the GWRS treatment process and characterizing the microbial communities at each treatment stage using next generation sequencing.
Water is a unique natural resource among all sources available on earth. It plays an important role in economic development and the general well-being of the country. This study aimed at using the application of water quality index in evaluating the ground water quality innorth-east area of Jaipur in pre and post monsoon for public usage. Total eleven physico–chemical characteristics; total dissolved solids, total hardness,chloride, nitrate, electrical conductance, sodium, fluorideand potassium, pH, turbidity, temperature) were analyzed and observed values were compared with standard values recommended by Indian standard and World Health Organization. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon. Water quality index study showed that drinking water in Amer (221.58,277.70), Lalawas (362.74,396.67), Jaisinghpura area (286.00,273.78) were found to be highly contaminated due to high value of total dissolved solids, electrical conductance, total hardness, chloride, nitrate and sodium.Saipura (122.52, 131.00), Naila (120.25, 239.86), Galta (160.9, 204.1) were found to be moderately contaminated for both monsoons. People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard. Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Water is the primary need for all vital life processes. Water itself is an environment, which support large number of organisms. However, it is highly affected due to increased population, industrialization and unplanned urbanization that makes pure water scanty to human beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highly contaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the same time, the quality of standing water is becoming more and more unfit for humankind due to unwise use, negligence and mismanagement. The quality of life is linked with the quality of environment, hence biological components of fresh water depend solely on better physico-chemical conditions, and therefore, analysis of physic-chemical parameters of water is essential. The present study was conducted at two different stations in the Rangawali Dam, from tribal area. Samples were collected between June 2007 and May 2009 on a monthly basis and evaluated quantitatively. The study carried out for two years included following physicochemical parameters of the water samples. The regional climate at the site of study is distinctly marked in to three seasons, namely Monsoon (June to September) winter (October to January) and summer (February to May). The physico-chemical parameters like Rain Fall , Atmospheric temp, Water temp, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved carbon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium Chlorides and Sulphates were studied on seasonal basis, since the climatic changes seem to influence the ecological factors, and physicochemical parameters.
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality using GIS systemPavan Grandhi
To analyze systematically for physio-chemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, Electrical Conductivity and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD).
Generate Ground Water Quality Map based in Jnanabharathi ward no.129, Bangalore, Karnataka state, India
The document summarizes a study on the use of a horizontal roughing filter (HRF) to remove nutrients from the effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant with aerated lagoons. The HRF achieved 46.6% removal of total Kjeldahl nitrogen and 53.8% removal of total phosphorus from the lagoon effluent over 62 days of operation. The average concentrations of these nutrients decreased significantly from the inlet to the outlet of the HRF. The results indicate that horizontal roughing filtration is an effective method for upgrading aerated lagoon effluent quality.
Water Quality Assessment of VIT University “Green” Lake Using GISinventionjournals
ABSTRACT : VIT University “Green” Lake is a manmade lake present in VIT University, Vellore. The lake is primary used for disposal of treated industrial water and enhancing the aesthetic value of the University. As the population density area is really high the lake water pollution has affects the lives of the students directly. The purpose of the project was the determination of spatial variation of different physic-chemical characteristics of lake water viz. Chlorides (Cl-), Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity and hardness using Geographical Information System (GIS). Analysis provided the evidence of eutrophication and its effects on previous characteristics.
The document is a thesis submitted by Vinton Jefferson Johnson in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Master of Science degree in Environmental Chemistry from the University of Nairobi. It assesses water quality trends in Lake Naivasha, Kenya from 2003 to 2011 using remote sensing data and laboratory analysis of samples collected from six sites around the lake from September to November 2014. Key water quality parameters examined include pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, conductivity, total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, chlorophyll a, and coliform. Trends over time and correlations between remote sensing and laboratory results are presented.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Estimating of the water environment capacity is an important content of the assessment of regional environmental impact. Water environment capacity is very important in the field of environmental science and it can provide reliable data environmental planning and management of water. In this paper, lake is the research object and one-dimensional model of water quality is built according to the conservation of mass of pollutants in the lake. Meanwhile, the method for confirming model parameters is put forward. The model is based on investigation in lake water environment and is applied to calculate water environment capacity of Xiaohu. Main pollutants of Xiaohu are COD, TN, fluoride, volatile phenol, BOD5, whose water environment capacity are 581.008kg/d, 185kg/d, 61.553kg/d, 0.387kg/d, 25.098kg/d accordingly.
This document summarizes the development and validation of models relating specific conductance (SC) to chloride concentration in surface waters in Massachusetts. Two linear regression models were generated using historic statewide data from 1994-2012 - one for freshwaters (R2=0.9445) and one for coastal waters (R2=0.9951). Both showed a strong relationship between SC and chloride. The models were validated using independent EPA and USGS data, with slopes close to 1:1, indicating the MassDEP models accurately predict chloride from SC. This allows statewide chloride monitoring via the less expensive SC method.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
This document summarizes a study on the effect of increasing sewage waste on microbe populations in the River Yamuna in India. Water quality parameters like BOD, ammonia, chlorides and sulphates indicated high levels of organic pollution, especially at sites downstream from urban and industrial areas. Populations of coliform bacteria and algae like Ulothrix, which thrive in polluted conditions, were highest where pollution loads were also highest. In contrast, populations of microbes like Paramecium, Difflugia and Cyclops declined significantly with increasing pollution, especially during summer months when pollution concentrations were highest due to lower water levels. The results suggest heavy pollution is negatively impacting the river's ecological balance.
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Vaigai River in Tamil Nadu, India. Samples were collected from three locations along the river on a monthly basis and tested for total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and magnesium. The results found that two of the sampling locations had water quality issues like high dissolved solids and magnesium that require treatment for drinking. Water quality was generally better during monsoon seasons with more rainfall. The study aims to evaluate the river's water resources and classify them for different uses.
IRJET- Water Quality Assessment of Nandini River (Nasardi), NashikIRJET Journal
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Analysis Of Water Quality Parameters A ReviewJim Jimenez
This document summarizes research on analyzing water quality parameters in rivers. It discusses how parameters like temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, chemical oxygen demand, biological oxygen demand, and heavy metals are tested. Heavy metals from sources like industrial and agricultural waste can poison aquatic life. The document reviews several studies on the Mula-Mutha River near Pune, India which found increasing pollution over time from domestic and industrial waste, affecting fish biodiversity. Other studies analyzed heavy metal contamination in the Mula-Mutha and Pavana Rivers, and water quality changes in the Pavana River from 2005 to 2013. The water quality in these rivers often exceeds WHO limits and reaches very poor levels due to untreated municipal and industrial
Water quality variables from peerwadi well, uranPrabhakar Pawar
Physico-chemical characteristics of water are of vital concern to human as it is directly related to human health.
Water quality is an important criterion used for evaluating the suitability of water for drinking, irrigation and recreation.
During present investigation, water quality variables of ground water were assessed from Peerwadi open well of Uran Beach, Dist
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This document summarizes a study that analyzed water quality parameters and calculated water quality indices (WQI) at various locations along the Ganges River in Allahabad, India. Water samples were collected from 8 sites including locations before and after the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers. Parameters like pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, ions were measured and compared to standards. WQIs ranged from 86.20 to 157.69 indicating poor water quality. Pearson's correlation found relationships among parameters and showed WQI can assess water quality trends at different locations.
Assessment of Physico-Chemical Properties and Toxic Heavy Metals in Water Fro...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes water quality samples from three sites along the Kali River in Meerut, India. Physicochemical parameters like pH, TDS, conductivity, BOD, COD and heavy metals were found to exceed permissible limits for drinking water. pH ranged from 7.1 to 8.3, TDS from 1643-3145 mg/L, and BOD and COD indicated high organic pollution. Dissolved oxygen levels were very low. Heavy metal analysis found levels of Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe and Zn exceeded limits for irrigation and drinking water. The study indicates the river water is polluted from industrial and domestic waste and requires treatment before use.
IJERD (www.ijerd.com) International Journal of Engineering Research and Devel...IJERD Editor
The document analyzes water quality parameters of the Bhima River in Gulbarga District, Karnataka, India. Water samples were collected from 3 sampling points along a 2 km stretch of the river. The samples underwent physical, chemical and biological testing to determine parameters like pH, TDS, hardness, chloride, nitrate, sulfate, DO, BOD and more. The Water Quality Index was calculated based on these 14 parameters. Analysis found that some parameters like TDS, hardness, BOD and nitrate exceeded limits, suggesting the surface water needs treatment before consumption and protection from contamination. The high WQI values indicate the water quality ranges from poor to very poor.
Assessment on the Ecosystem Service Functions of Nansi Lake in ChinaIJERA Editor
The assessment of ecosystem service functions is one of the focused area in modern ecological and
environmental research. As a typical shallow macrophytic lake in China, Nansi Lake is selected as the study
area. Based the indicator system and assessment models established in this research, the ecosystem service
functions of Nansi Lake are assessed. The results show that the ecosystem service function of drinking water
source area/aquatic product supply/ecological habitat/entertainment and landscape/ water purification function of
the lakeside zone for Nansi Lake is assessed as medium (2.2)/good (3.5)/medium (3)/medium (2.55)/medium (3),
and the overall ecosystem service function of Nansi Lake can be considered as ―Medium‖. The eutrophication
control and ecological restoration of lakeside wetland need to be enhanced in the future.
Assessment of rainfall intensity on temporal water quality of awba damAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that assessed the sensitivity of water quality parameters in Awba Dam, Nigeria to temporal variations in rainfall intensity over a 5-year period. Key findings include:
- Water quality parameters like turbidity, chloride, and TDS concentrations decreased with increasing rainfall intensity while pH and iron were less affected.
- Parameters showed high correlation with rainfall intensity in 2008-2010 when rainfall was lower, but relationships became more complex at higher rainfall in 2011-2012.
- The study concludes rainfall intensity significantly influences Awba Dam water quality at lower rainfall levels through surface runoff, though other factors impact relationships at higher rainfall.
Evaluation of Water Quality of Kharun River Stretch Near the Raipur CityIRJET Journal
This document evaluates the water quality of the Kharun River stretch near Raipur City, India. Water samples were collected from 7 locations along a 25 km stretch of the river during different seasons and tested for 13 physicochemical parameters. The results found that the river stretch near Jamrao was severely polluted, while the stretch near Jheet Ufra had good water quality. Parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity and nutrients exceeded acceptable limits, especially at locations downstream of urban and industrial areas, indicating pollution from sources like untreated sewage, agricultural runoff and industrial waste. Regular water quality monitoring is needed to protect the river from further contamination.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Seasonal and Temporal Variations in Physico Chemical and Bacteriological Char...ijtsrd
The Chambal River is a tributary of the Yamuna River in Central and Northen India, and thus forms part of the greater Gangetic drainage system. The river flows north northeast through Madhya Pradesh, running for a time through Rajasthan then forming the boundary between Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh before turning southeast to join the Yamuna in Uttar Pradesh state. It is a legendary river and finds mention in ancient scriptures. The perennial Chambal originates at Janapav, south of Mhow town, near Manpur, Indore, on the south slope of the Vindhya Range in Madhya Pradesh. The Chambal and its tributaries drain the Malwa region of northwestern Madhya Pradesh, while its tributary, the Banas, which rises in the Aravalli Range, drains southeastern Rajasthan. It ends a confluence of five rivers, including the Chambal, Kwari, Yamuna, Sind, Pahuj, at Pachnada near Bhareh in Uttar Pradesh state, at the border of Bhind and Etawah districts. The Chambal River is considered pollution free, and hosts an amazing riverine faunal assemblage including 2 species of crocodilians - the mugger and gharial, 8 species of freshwater turtles, smooth coated otters, gangetic river dolphins, skimmers, black bellied terns, sarus cranes and black necked storks, amongst others. The Chambal River is used for hydropower generation at Gandhi Sagar dam, Rana Pratap Sagar dam and Jawahar Sagar Dam and for annual irrigation of 5668.01 square kilometres in the commands of the right main canal and the left main canal of the Kota Barrage. The present article describes seasonal and temporal variations in physico chemical and bacteriological characteristics of Chambal river in Kota City, Rajasthan. Bablu Ram Meena | Sandeep Singh "Seasonal and Temporal Variations in Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Chambal River in Kota City, Rajasthan" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49278.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/49278/seasonal-and-temporal-variations-in-physicochemical-and-bacteriological-characteristics-of-chambal-river-in-kota-city-rajasthan/bablu-ram-meena
1) The study analyzed groundwater samples from 12 locations near the Varuna River in Varanasi, India to assess water quality.
2) Analysis found that around 50% of samples met drinking water standards for total dissolved solids, while 41% exceeded limits for nitrates.
3) High nitrate levels were likely due to fertilizer use, poor sanitation, and waste disposal near residential areas not engaged in agriculture. Proper waste management is needed to reduce nitrate pollution impacting over 40% of local groundwater.
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
Assessment of pesticide residues in sediments collected from river ravi and i...Alexander Decker
The study assessed pesticide residue levels in sediments collected from 18 sites along the River Ravi and its tributaries in Pakistan. All sediment samples were found to contain pesticide residues below national and international tolerance limits, with endosulfan being the most prevalent. Sediment samples collected downstream of the Degh fall and Hudiara drain tributaries, which receive untreated industrial and domestic waste, exhibited the highest contamination levels of DDT, DDE, endosulfan, and carbofuran.
An Assessment of Water Quality of Gomati River Particular Relevant To Physico...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes a study that assessed water quality in the Gomati River in Lucknow, India. Water samples were collected from 5 locations along the river and analyzed for physicochemical characteristics, pesticide residues, and heavy metals. The study found contamination with HCH, DDT, alachlor, heptachlor and butachlor pesticides at some locations, as well as various heavy metals. The water quality was determined to be unsafe for human consumption based on the contaminant levels found.
Evaluation of physico chemical parameters and microbiological populations o...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamitri River, Gujarat, India
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.4.8 ISSN: 2456-1878
www.ijeab.com Page | 1505
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and
Water Quality Index of Vishwamitri River,
Gujarat, India
Akshata Magadum1
, Tejas Patel1
, Deepa Gavali2
Gujarat Ecology Society, 3rd
Floor, Synergy House, Subhanpura, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Abstract— Development and industrialisation exert
pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity
of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small
River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri
River. The study revealed better water quality before its
entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs,
there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and
ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and
need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle
the river pollution problem.
Keywords- BOD, COD, DO, Vishwamitri River, Water
Quality Index.
I. INTRODUCTION
The rivers are the important sources of surface water and
India is a blessed country and rightly referred to as Land
of Rivers” because of numerous rivers and lakes
crisscrossing the terrain and landscape. Apart from source
of fresh water, rivers play major role in assimilation or
transportation of municipal and industrial waste water.
Riverine sediments play an important role as pollutant
accumulator and often reflect the history of the river
pollution (Jain, 2004). Sediments act as both carriers and
sinks for contaminants in aquatic environments (Mishra
and Dinesh 1991). Studies have shown that domestic and
industrial sewage, agricultural wastes have polluted
almost all of Indian rivers (Pani 1986). Most of these
rivers have turned into sewage carrying drains. This poses
a serious health problem to millions of people who
continue to depend on this polluted water from the rivers.
Major rivers present in Gujarat includes Sabaramti,
Naramada, Mahi, Tapti and Purna. Apart from these there
are small rivers running across the landscape. Most of
these rivers receive industrial and domestic sewage before
draining into the sea. However, monitoring of river
pollution is done in the major rivers and smaller rivers are
not monitored. Rivers like Sabarmati, Vishwamitri, Tapi
and Aji rivers are loaded with tons of industrial pollution,
sewage and garbage every day. The paper deals with one
such river Vishwamitri river passing through Vadodara
city. Rivers Present study deals with the aim to evaluate
the key stresses responsible for deteriorating the water
quality and to undertake the comparative study of
upstream and downstream of river.
The present paper uses the WQI index to express the
quality of water and is the major indices used to assess the
pollution and one of the effective ways to create
awareness among the public. Quality of water is defined
in terms of its physical, chemical, and biological
parameters (Almeida, 2007). Water quality index allows
for a general analysis of water quality on many levels
that affect a stream’s ability to host life and whether the
overall quality of water bodies poses a potential threat to
various uses of water (Akkaraboyina and Raju 2012).
II. STUDY AREA
The Vishwamitri River is a seasonal river, which flows
east to west between the Mahi and Narmada rivers in
Gujarat, India. It originates in the hills of Pavagadh and
flows west through the city of Vadodara and joins with
the Dhadhar River and Khanpur River and empties into
the Gulf of Khambat, near Khanpur village. A total of ten
stations is selected , out of which station 1 to 6 represent
outside the City limits and categoriesd as upstream
whereas station 7 to 10 represents the location within the
city.
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-4, July-Aug- 2017
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Fig.1: Sampling points of study area
III. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
The study is carried out between Decembers to March
2017. The physical parameters like temperature, pH, and
conductivity is measured directly in the field using
respective instruments. Dissolved oxygen was fixed in the
field and around 2 litres of water collected for further
analysis. A standard method was adopted for the water
quality assessment (APHA). Chemical Oxygen Demand
was estimated by Open Reflux method. Nitrite (NO2-N)
was determined by Colorimetric method and Nitrates was
estimated by Cadmium reduction method. Total
phosphate is estimated by Ascorbic acid method. Silicate
was estimated by Colorimetric method. Turbid metric
method was used for the estimation of Sulphates.
Statistical analysis carried out using the Statistical
package SPSS (Version 20) and PAST (Version 7).
In this study the WQI was calculated by using the
standards of drinking water quality recommended by BIS
(1993) and ICMR (1975). The weighted arithmetic index
method has been used for the calculation of WQI. Total
10 parameters (pH, Conductivity, TDS, TSS, DO, BOD,
Hardness, Nitrate, Flouride and Sulphate) were selected
for calculating the WQI.
Further quality rating or sub index (qn) was calculated
using the following expression-
Qn = 100 x [Vn-Vo] / [Sn-Vo]
Where, qn = Quality rating for the nth water quality
parameter.
Vn = Estimated value of the nth
parameter at a given
sampling station.
Sn = Standard permissible value of the nth parameter.
Vo = Ideal value of nth parameter in a pure water.
Unit weight was calculated by a value inversely
proportional to the recommended standard values
Sn of the corresponding parameters.
Wn = K/ Sn
Where, Wn = Unit weight for the nth parameter.
Sn = Standard value for nth parameter.
K = Constant for proportionality
The overall Water Quality Index (WQI) was calculated by
aggregating the quality rating with the unit weight
linearly.
WQI = Σqn Wn ⁄ ΣWn
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Water temperature ranged from 190
C to 240
C. The water
temperature is in accordance with the winter season, when
the sampling is done.
The pH values in present study ranged from 6.8 (Station
3) to 8.3 (station 8). Similar pH range was reported in
previous study (Deshkar et al., 2014). Thus, there is no
change in the pH level of the water.
Conductivity showed positive correlation with TDS, TSS,
BOD, Total phosphate and Sulphate (significant at 0.01
level), as conductivity is the sum of anions, cations,
dissolved ions, sulphates, carbonates, bicarbonates,
chlorides and others. The hierarchical cluster analysis
carried out for Conductivity (Fig.2) for different stations
reflected two major clusters. Cluster A included Stations
1 to 7 with low conductivity values (290 to 660 µs) and
cluster B with station 8, 9 and 10 showed higher
conductivity (800 to 1340 µs). This shows that there is
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deterioration of water downstream of the river after it
enters the city limits. The addition of industrial effluents
and other domestic discharges has contributed to presence
of higher ions (Nair et.al 1989 and Sugunan, 1989).
The chloride concentration in the present study increases
as one moves downstream from station 3 (20.99 mg/l) to
station 10 (109.96 mg/l). The presence of higher chlorides
in the residential and commercial area of the river is
reported (Hunt et al., 2012). Further, the relatively high
concentration of Total nitrogen, Phosphates and Total
phosphorus ions affect the conductivity which in turn
influence the concentration of chlorinity.
The Total dissolved solid (TDS) varied from 290 mg/L
(Station 3) to 810 mg/L (station 9) and the concentrations
are within the prescribed limits of CPCB (1500 mg/l).
The discharge from nearby areas at station 8 and 9 has
contributed to higher TDS. At upstream stations there is
less human influence into the river and water is
comparatively clean compared to downstream stations.
The chlrodies has also contributed to the TDS levels
(Taylor, 1984).
Total suspended solid (TSS) of water depend on
suspended particle of soil, silt and is directly related to the
turbidity of water. The highest TSS value was recorded at
station 9 (410 mg/L) and low recorded at station 3 (110
mg/l). The present result was higher compared to the
previous study in the same river (Deshkar et al., 2014).
The increased TSS values over the time period shows
increase in discharge of untreated sewage into the river.
The Total hardness ranged between 104 mg/L (station 2)
to 280 mg/L (station 8). The values increased from
upstream to downstream. The higher values at the
downstream stations may be due to the discharge of
untreated sewage and effluents. Similar values were
observed in Parna River (Pandey et.al, 2000).
The Dissolved oxygen (DO) showed marked difference in
the riverine stretch. In the upstream stations DO ranged
from 6.0 mg/l (station 1 and 3) to 11.3 mg/l (station 5).
On the other hand DO was absent in the stations 6 to 10.
The low concentration of DO in the fresh water aquatic
system indicates presence of high organic load (Yayyntas
et al., 2007). The direct discharge of untreated sewage
into the river has lead to anaerobic conditions. In the
present study the cluster analysis has shown three clusters
A, B and C. Cluster A includes the stations 1, 3, 4 and 6,
while Cluster B includes 7, 8, 9 and 10 and cluster C
includes station 3 and 5. Incidentally cluster C is distantly
related with cluster A and B by more than 75%. At these
stations there is presence of higher DO, which is
attributed to photosynthetic activity of the aquatic
vegetation that release oxygen. The minimum of 3 mg/L
dissolved oxygen is necessary for healthy fish and other
aquatic life (Clair. et al., 2003). Thus, the water quality
within the city limits is not suitable for aquatic life.
In the present study the concentrations of Biological
oxygen demand (BOD) ranged from 3 mg/L (Station 1) to
92 mg/L (Station 10). Station 10 being the last station
sampled showed the presence of high organic load
because of cumulative effect. The untreated sewage
disposal into the river may lead to the bacterial growth
and consume the dissolved oxygen in the river resulting in
oxygen depleted zone (Kulshrestha and Sharma, 2006;
Kumar and Chopra, 2012).
The negative correlation observed between DO and BOD,
both are inversely related as higher BOD represents
oxygen depletion zone and demand represents more
oxygen to degrade the organic pollutants present in the
system. Chemical oxygen demand showed high
significant positive relations with BOD, Nutrients and
TDS but negative relation with DO. This indicates
presence of industrial discharges that have influenced the
water quality.
Fig.2: Euclidian cluster analysis of conductivity
Fig.3: Euclidian cluster analysis of DO
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Fig.4: Euclidian cluster analysis of BOD
Fig.5: Euclidian cluster analysis of COD
The values of Chemical oxygen demand (COD) ranged
from 40 mg/L (station 3) to 520 mg/L (station 7). The
higher COD value was recorded at downstream stations
because of direct discharge of industrial effluents and
improper functioning of STPs. Further, the values of
COD at downstream stations were above the permissible
limits prescribed by CPCB (250 mg/L). The figure 5
cluster analysis depicts two clusters A and B; Cluster A
includes stations 1 to 6 with similar water quality, while
cluster B includes 7 to 10. The COD values were noted
higher compared to the earlier study (Deshkar et al.,
2014) indicative of increase in pollution load because of
expanding population.
The BOD to COD ratio differed in the riverine stretch.
The BOD: COD value was more than 0.5 indicative of
need for biological treatment of the water. On the other
hand the BOD: COD ration was 0.1 at station 7 and 8,
indicates presence of toxic waste and there is need for
tertiary treatment and stabilization. Thus, the water
quality of the river in the urban limits is highly polluted.
In the present study the Nitrate concentration ranged from
0.006 mg/L to 0.263mg/L. The maximum concentration
recorded at station 7 (0.263 mg/L) and minimum at
station 1(0.006 mg/L). The agricultural runoff, nitrate rich
fertilizers and animal faeces into the river may lead to the
higher values of nitrate (Tank et. al, 2013). The
concentrations are within the CPCB prescribed limits.
The values of Nitrite ranged from 0.013 mg/L (station 6)
to 0.291mg/L (station 7). The presence of low nitrite
value is indicative of conversion of nitrite to stable nitrate
by microbial activity. This conversion has exerted
pressure on the DO levels. Total nitrogen showed positive
correlation with Nitrates, Nitrites as these are related. The
increase in Total nitrogen value at downstream stations is
recorded because of discharges from industrial effluent.
The values of Total phosphate ranged from 0.060 mg/L
(station 2) to 0.800 mg/l (station 8). The major source of
phosphates is domestic sewage and hence the value
increases as one moves downstream of the riverine
stretch. The values of Sulphate was reported high at
station 10 (375 mg/L) and low at station 3 (135 mg/L).
Table.1: Results of water quality parameters
PARAMETER
S
CPCB
standard
s
UNIT
S
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
pH 5.5-9.0 7.03 8.1 8.3 8.2 8.03 8.1 7.2 6.8 8.2 7.2
Temperature - ºC 20 24 22 23 20 23 20 23 20 24
Conductivity - µs 660 420 290 460 560 490 430 1340 800 1280
TDS 1500 mg/L 560 460 290 400 480 420 600 800 810 780
TSS 100 mg/L 240 148 110 158 168 138 248 340 410 345
DO 4 mg/L 6 9.3 6 5 11.3 3 0 0 0 0
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BOD 30 mg/L 3 8 9 4 5 6 5.2 78 90 92
COD 250 mg/L 51 45 40 70 68 65 520 420 370 460
Chloride - mg/L 39.9 37.9 20.9 33.9 71.9 34.9 87.9 107.9 979
109.
9
Total hardness - mg/L 150 104 148 130 133 140 190 280 200 190
Calcium
hardness
- mg/L 110 76 91 100 72 80 108 100 124 104
Nitrate - mg/L
0.00
6
0.01
6
0.042
0.01
3
0.00
8
0.00
3
0.263 0.014 0.035
0.20
0
Nitrite 10 mg/L
0.03
4
0.02
1
0.057
0.01
6
0.03
5
0.01
3
0.291 0.023 0.02
0.09
6
Total nitrogen - mg/L 0.41
0.39
2
0.329 0.3
0.44
6
0.37
2
0.715 1.874 1.976
2.01
3
Total phosphate - mg/L
0.20
0
0.06
0
0.047
0
0.07
6
0.06
0
0.03
3
0.093 0.800 0.500
0.76
0
Sulphate 400 mg/L 142 172 135 175 216 204 191 265 314 375
WQI= ΣWnqn/ΣWn
68 75 99.1 88.5
116.
5
78
320.5
1
543.1
8
581.5
2
593.
4
Fig.6: Graph of WQI
As per the WQI rating, the upstream stations (1 to 6) are
categorized as C and D grade indicating that the water can
be used for irrigation. However, the downstream stations
are categorised as grade E indicative of presence of high
pollution load and the water cannot be used for any
purpose. Despite of presence of six STPs in Vadodara
city, there is inefficiency in the functioning of the STPs
leading to presence of high pollution in the river. The
river pollution is a foremost issue with not only major
river of India but also the minor rivers. As the
urbanisation increases the problem of pollution is bound
to increase and there is need to decentralise the sewage
collection. Perhaps new technology of treatment has to be
designed so as to reduce the pollution load of the rivers.
In coming years, this would be an important issue for
minor rivers as well.
V. CONCLUSION
From the present study it is concluded that the water
quality of Vishwamitri River showed good quality and
low pollution prior to its entry into the Vadodara city. The
discharge of untreated sewage and dumping of solid waste
in or on the bank of the river have contributed to poor
water quality in the downstream locations. There is
discrepancy in the functioning of the STPs and untreated
sewage finds its way into the river system disturbing the
ecology and aquatic life.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are thankful to Gujarat Ecology Society for
providing the necessary facilities required to carry out the
present study.
68 75
99.1
88.5
116.5
78
320.51
543.18
581.52 593.4
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
WQI
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