This document summarizes a study of two water purification stations (Sharq-Dijla and Al-Karamah) on the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq from October 2012 to September 2013. Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and biological oxygen demand were measured at locations before, inside, at the pipe, and after each station. Results showed seasonal variations in the parameters, with lowest dissolved oxygen and highest biological oxygen demand occurring during summer months. Byproducts from the water purification process appeared to affect water quality in the Tigris River downstream of the stations.
This document summarizes the results of a study that used the ArcGIS-based Nitrate Load Estimation Toolkit (ArcNLET) to estimate the nitrogen load from 158 septic systems to surface waterbodies in East Palatka, Putnam County, Florida. The modeling considered four cases with different parameter values and found that the load estimate depends most on the denitrification coefficient. Across all cases, the majority (75-83%) of the nitrogen load was deposited in the St. Johns River. The study concludes that spatial data on septic systems, soil properties, and surface waters allows for nitrogen load modeling in the area and that the denitrification coefficient most influences load estimates.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Water is the primary need for all vital life processes. Water itself is an environment, which support large number of organisms. However, it is highly affected due to increased population, industrialization and unplanned urbanization that makes pure water scanty to human beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highly contaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the same time, the quality of standing water is becoming more and more unfit for humankind due to unwise use, negligence and mismanagement. The quality of life is linked with the quality of environment, hence biological components of fresh water depend solely on better physico-chemical conditions, and therefore, analysis of physic-chemical parameters of water is essential. The present study was conducted at two different stations in the Rangawali Dam, from tribal area. Samples were collected between June 2007 and May 2009 on a monthly basis and evaluated quantitatively. The study carried out for two years included following physicochemical parameters of the water samples. The regional climate at the site of study is distinctly marked in to three seasons, namely Monsoon (June to September) winter (October to January) and summer (February to May). The physico-chemical parameters like Rain Fall , Atmospheric temp, Water temp, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved carbon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium Chlorides and Sulphates were studied on seasonal basis, since the climatic changes seem to influence the ecological factors, and physicochemical parameters.
This document provides an outline for a student's undergraduate seminar presentation on assessing groundwater quality. The outline includes sections on introducing groundwater and the water cycle, reviewing relevant literature, stating the aims and objectives of assessing quality, sources of groundwater pollution, sampling methods, measures for assessment, graphical representation techniques, the importance of assessment, a case study, conclusions, and references. The case study examines a previous study on the hydrogeological assessment of groundwater resources in Abeokuta area, Nigeria.
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
The document analyzes water quality data from the Euphrates River (Shatt Al-Hillah) in Iraq collected over 2010-2011.
It assessed water quality for both civilian (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water) uses. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, salts and minerals were measured monthly at 4 stations and compared to Iraqi, WHO and EPA standards.
For drinking water, most parameters met Iraqi and WHO standards except for sulfates and total dissolved solids (TDS) which exceeded limits. For irrigation water, salinity levels showed problems for some classifications while sodium and chloride hazards were mild-moderate. The study aims to evaluate Euphrates water suitability for different uses
This document summarizes the results of a study that used the ArcGIS-based Nitrate Load Estimation Toolkit (ArcNLET) to estimate the nitrogen load from 158 septic systems to surface waterbodies in East Palatka, Putnam County, Florida. The modeling considered four cases with different parameter values and found that the load estimate depends most on the denitrification coefficient. Across all cases, the majority (75-83%) of the nitrogen load was deposited in the St. Johns River. The study concludes that spatial data on septic systems, soil properties, and surface waters allows for nitrogen load modeling in the area and that the denitrification coefficient most influences load estimates.
Assessment of Physicochemical parameters and Water Quality Index of Vishwamit...IJEAB
Development and industrialisation exert pressure on the riverine system deteriorating the serenity of the rivers. The present study was carried out in Small River flowing through Vadodara city viz., Vishwamitri River. The study revealed better water quality before its entry into the urban area. Despite of presence of STPs, there is poor water quality affecting the aquatic life and ecology. The paper throws light on pollution aspect and need to develop decentralised treatment system to tackle the river pollution problem.
The challenges of river water quality management are so enormous, due to the unpredictive modes of contamination. Monitoring different sources of pollutant load contribution to the river basin is also quite tasking, resulting to laborious and expensive process which sometimes lead to analytical errors. This study deals with the assessment of the physico– chemicaland bacteriological parameters of water samples from River Amba during the period of August 2017 to January 2018 and developing regression models. Water quality Parameters such as Temperature, Turbidity (NTU), Suspended solids (mg/l), Colour, Total solids, Total dissolved solids, Electrical conductivity (μs/cm), pH, Hardness, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), and Total Coliform were obtained and compared with water quality standards. The results of the water quality analysis of the study in comparison with drinking water quality standard issued byWorld Health Organization(WHO) and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration Control (NAFDAC) revealed that most of the water quality parameters were not adequate to pronounce the water potable. Hence adequate water treatment processes should be employed to make the water fit for consumption and other domestic uses. Statistical analysis was done, in which the systematic correlation and regressionanalysis showed a significant linear relationship between different pairs of water quality parameters. The highest correlation coefficient between different pairs of parameters obtained is (r = 0.999), resulting from the correlation between TS and SS. Multiple regression analysis was also carried out and regression equations were developed. It was observed that the parameters studied had a positive correlation with each other.
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Water is the primary need for all vital life processes. Water itself is an environment, which support large number of organisms. However, it is highly affected due to increased population, industrialization and unplanned urbanization that makes pure water scanty to human beings. Day by day, water bodies are being highly contaminated and are becoming biological deserts. At the same time, the quality of standing water is becoming more and more unfit for humankind due to unwise use, negligence and mismanagement. The quality of life is linked with the quality of environment, hence biological components of fresh water depend solely on better physico-chemical conditions, and therefore, analysis of physic-chemical parameters of water is essential. The present study was conducted at two different stations in the Rangawali Dam, from tribal area. Samples were collected between June 2007 and May 2009 on a monthly basis and evaluated quantitatively. The study carried out for two years included following physicochemical parameters of the water samples. The regional climate at the site of study is distinctly marked in to three seasons, namely Monsoon (June to September) winter (October to January) and summer (February to May). The physico-chemical parameters like Rain Fall , Atmospheric temp, Water temp, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Dissolved carbon dioxide, Calcium, Magnesium Chlorides and Sulphates were studied on seasonal basis, since the climatic changes seem to influence the ecological factors, and physicochemical parameters.
This document provides an outline for a student's undergraduate seminar presentation on assessing groundwater quality. The outline includes sections on introducing groundwater and the water cycle, reviewing relevant literature, stating the aims and objectives of assessing quality, sources of groundwater pollution, sampling methods, measures for assessment, graphical representation techniques, the importance of assessment, a case study, conclusions, and references. The case study examines a previous study on the hydrogeological assessment of groundwater resources in Abeokuta area, Nigeria.
11.application of principal component analysis & multiple regression models i...Alexander Decker
Principal component analysis and multiple regression models were used to analyze water quality data from four sampling points along the Jakara River in Nigeria. PCA identified five factors explaining 83.1% of the variance in water quality: 1) ionic pollution from salts and minerals, 2) erosion runoff affecting suspended solids and turbidity, 3) domestic pollution shown by biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand, 4) dilution affecting temperature and dissolved oxygen, and 5) agricultural runoff containing nitrates and phosphates. Multiple regression identified dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, total solids, and chloride as best predicting water quality variation, explaining 94.2% of variability.
The document analyzes water quality data from the Euphrates River (Shatt Al-Hillah) in Iraq collected over 2010-2011.
It assessed water quality for both civilian (drinking water) and agricultural (irrigation water) uses. Water quality parameters like pH, turbidity, salts and minerals were measured monthly at 4 stations and compared to Iraqi, WHO and EPA standards.
For drinking water, most parameters met Iraqi and WHO standards except for sulfates and total dissolved solids (TDS) which exceeded limits. For irrigation water, salinity levels showed problems for some classifications while sodium and chloride hazards were mild-moderate. The study aims to evaluate Euphrates water suitability for different uses
This document summarizes a study on the effects of industrial wastes on the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq. Water samples were collected from 8 sites along the river over 4 seasons and analyzed for physical, chemical, and heavy metal parameters. Results found that most parameters exceeded WHO standards, except for pH and EC. Higher levels of dissolved solids, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, calcium, magnesium and heavy metals indicated pollution from industrial and urban waste. The water quality varies seasonally and spatially due to changes in waste discharge and river flow. Overall, the study aims to assess water quality and pollution sources to inform future monitoring and protection of this important water resource.
This document summarizes a study on analyzing ammonia levels in groundwater samples from Chittagong, Bangladesh. Nine groundwater samples were collected from shallow and deep aquifers in different parts of the city. Laboratory analysis found high levels of ammonia associated with elevated arsenic and manganese, suggesting reducing conditions may control the release of arsenic and manganese in groundwater. Standard addition calibration produced a linear calibration curve with an R2 value of 0.9977. Ammonia results from the laboratory analysis mostly matched field measurements, though some samples may need to be reanalyzed. Further study of the hydrogeochemistry is planned to better understand factors controlling arsenic mobilization.
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
This document presents a model for assessing the risk of hydrocarbon contaminant transport from the vadose zone to the groundwater table. The model numerically solves advection-diffusion-reaction equations to obtain hydrocarbon concentration profiles with depth in the soil and the mass loading rate into groundwater. The model was applied to hydrocarbon concentration data from a contaminated gas refinery site in Iran. Four scenarios were defined representing different risk management policies and natural biodegradation effects to predict future contaminant profiles and risk of contaminants reaching groundwater. Comparison of the scenarios showed that biodegradation plays an important role in attenuating contaminants, with scenarios including it resulting in a 50-year contaminant flux period into groundwater versus 300 years for scenarios
Abstract— 11 wells in Wadi Fatimah were chosen to perform this study. The studied area was classified into three regions namely Abo-Hassani, Al-Khief, and Allaf. In Abo-Hassani, the water quality agrees with the WHO standards. The TDS was between 175 and 339 ppm. The hardness was below 193 ppm. The sodium and the chloride were below 71 and 63 ppm, respectively. The water here suffers from the presence of E.Coli. In Al-Kheif region, the water suffers from the high TDS 1077 ppm and the presence of E. Coli. In Allaf region the TDS was high a little (487 ppm), but still within WHO standards for drinking water. In this region, the sulfate value and the total hardness were above 250 ppm, which exceeds the WHO standards.
Measurement of slap2 and gisp 17 o and proposed vsmow slap normalizationMahbubul Hassan
The document presents new measurements of the δ17O values of SLAP2 and GISP ice core water samples. It aims to establish a standardized δ17O value for SLAP to improve normalization and reduce discrepancies in reported δ17O and 17Oexcess values between laboratories. The authors measured the samples on a mass spectrometer and recommend defining SLAP to have δ18O = -55.5‰ and 17Oexcess = 0, yielding an approximate δ17O value of -29.6968‰. Using this normalization, their measured values of GISP were δ17O = -13.16 ± 0.05‰ and 17Oexcess = 22 ± 11 per meg. They conclude
Water Quality Assessment of VIT University “Green” Lake Using GISinventionjournals
ABSTRACT : VIT University “Green” Lake is a manmade lake present in VIT University, Vellore. The lake is primary used for disposal of treated industrial water and enhancing the aesthetic value of the University. As the population density area is really high the lake water pollution has affects the lives of the students directly. The purpose of the project was the determination of spatial variation of different physic-chemical characteristics of lake water viz. Chlorides (Cl-), Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity and hardness using Geographical Information System (GIS). Analysis provided the evidence of eutrophication and its effects on previous characteristics.
การนำเสนอบทความวิชาการในการประชุมวิชาการวิศวกรรมโยธาแห่งชาติ ครั้งที่ 25
ระหว่างวันที่ 15-17 กรกฎาคม 2563 ในรูปแบบออนไลน์ จังหวัดชลบุรี
หัวข้อ Impacts of Future Climate Change on Inflow to Pasak Jolasid Dam
in Pasak River Basin, Thailand
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Isotope hydrology uses stable and radioactive isotopes as tracers to study hydrological processes. Stable isotopes of oxygen (18O) and hydrogen (deuterium) are fractionated during evaporation and condensation, allowing precipitation to be distinguished from evaporated waters. Global and local meteoric water lines relate the 18O and deuterium compositions in precipitation. Radioactive isotopes like tritium (3H), with a half-life of 12.3 years, and its daughter product helium-3 (3He) are used to directly date groundwaters up to 55 years old. Beyond this, radiocarbon dating is applied to date waters from 300 to 55,000 years before present.
The document describes analyzing data from a urban wastewater treatment plant. It discusses:
1) Performing principal component analysis on influent and effluent water quality data to identify relationships between observations and variables.
2) Clustering days based on daily plant performance data using Euclidean distance to group days with similar overall performance.
3) Hierarchical clustering is used to identify subgroups of days and k-medoids is chosen over k-means due to its robustness to outliers.
This document discusses the use of radioisotopes in groundwater research. It begins by providing background on groundwater and then discusses why further research is needed due to poor understanding and management of groundwater resources. It describes how stable and radioactive isotopes can be effective tools for hydrological investigations by helping to study recharge sources and rates, groundwater ages, aquifer interactions, and groundwater quality issues like salinization and pollution. Specific isotopes discussed include radiocarbon, tritium, and environmental isotopes. Applications and current uses in developing countries are also summarized.
The document summarizes research on the Los Humeros Geothermal System in Mexico. It discusses acid-rock interactions observed in some wells, extremely high boron concentrations found in the fluids, and variations in fluid chemistry over time. It presents the current conceptual model of the reservoir and examines some unresolved issues, including the sources of acidity, boron concentrations, and the nature and location of the heat source powering the system. The researchers estimate that only a small fraction of the stored heat could power a large electricity plant for decades, suggesting potential for future development as an enhanced geothermal system.
Isotope hydrology uses naturally occurring isotopes and tracers to understand hydrological processes like recharge rates and mechanisms, surface water and groundwater interactions, and pollution sources. Key applications include determining the origin and flow of water, and characteristics of aquifers. Environmental isotopes like hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and radiogenic isotopes provide information over large spatial and temporal scales. Measurements of isotope ratios in water samples using mass spectrometry can reveal the origin and movement of groundwater and identify contamination sources. Isotope techniques are effective hydrological tools that provide insights not obtainable by other methods and are important for managing water resources.
This document summarizes a study investigating nitrogen removal at an aerobic landfill leachate treatment plant in southern Sweden. The study aimed to examine (1) nitrogen removal capabilities of on-site treatment plants, (2) the treatment capacity of the Hedeskoga plant in particular, and (3) potential nitrification inhibition from different leachate qualities. Methods included analyzing biological activity and inhibition in the aerobic treatment plant. Results found the Hedeskoga plant has sufficient capacity and retention time to aerobically treat leachate in the aerated lagoon, removing ammonia satisfactorily during warmer seasons primarily via nitrification and denitrification. Some leachate showed slightly higher inhibition potential but mixing with
Abstract
This paper present most considerable facet of water purification system. Water purification system is the indispensable system which always needs consistency for the durability rationale for the dispatch of water from the pumping sector to the consumers & necessitate of mechanization or automation system in the water purification structure is for monitoring, storing & scheming the system parameter of drives which are install in the water treatment plant. There is considerable amount of wastage of energy as well as water during the manually operating the valves during opening and closing process.
Keywords: Conventional structure, Multiflo Automation System, PLC Logic & Water treatment plant (WTP).
Application of magnetic nanoparticles in drinking water purification城材 李
1) Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) stabilized with poly-allylamine-hydrochloride (PAAH) were shown to effectively remove four pathogenic bacterial species from drinking water - Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Over 99.5% removal was achieved when bacterial counts were less than 105 CFU/mL.
2) MNPs had different adhesion effects on different bacterial species, adhering best to Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas due to their external cell structure and ion exchange capacity.
3) Testing on real drinking water samples achieved 99.48% bacteria removal and residual counts below WHO standards, demonstrating the potential of this technique for practical drinking water
Earth quake risks and its reduction methods for hill regions using dampers tecIAEME Publication
This document discusses earthquake risks in hill regions and methods to reduce risks using damper technology. It summarizes a study that developed and tested friction dampers to control building vibration during earthquakes or strong winds. The study contributed to earthquake preparedness and safe construction practices in hill regions. Recent earthquakes in India have demonstrated the need for assessing seismic risks to buildings, as most are constructed without engineering. The document also outlines ideal and irregular building configurations for earthquake resistance and discusses how irregularities can concentrate loads and damage.
This document summarizes a study on the effects of industrial wastes on the Tigris River in Baghdad, Iraq. Water samples were collected from 8 sites along the river over 4 seasons and analyzed for physical, chemical, and heavy metal parameters. Results found that most parameters exceeded WHO standards, except for pH and EC. Higher levels of dissolved solids, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, calcium, magnesium and heavy metals indicated pollution from industrial and urban waste. The water quality varies seasonally and spatially due to changes in waste discharge and river flow. Overall, the study aims to assess water quality and pollution sources to inform future monitoring and protection of this important water resource.
This document summarizes a study on analyzing ammonia levels in groundwater samples from Chittagong, Bangladesh. Nine groundwater samples were collected from shallow and deep aquifers in different parts of the city. Laboratory analysis found high levels of ammonia associated with elevated arsenic and manganese, suggesting reducing conditions may control the release of arsenic and manganese in groundwater. Standard addition calibration produced a linear calibration curve with an R2 value of 0.9977. Ammonia results from the laboratory analysis mostly matched field measurements, though some samples may need to be reanalyzed. Further study of the hydrogeochemistry is planned to better understand factors controlling arsenic mobilization.
Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015Dasapta Erwin Irawan
The following there slides were made for Joint Indonesia-UK Conference on Computational Chemistry 2015, consists of three abstracts:
1. Generalised mixed model of water quality in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
2. PCA computation to detect water interactions in Cikapundung Riverbank using R
Author: Dasapta Erwin Irawan1*, Cut Novianti Rachmi2, Prana Ugi3, Dwi Suhandoko1, Ahmad Darul1, Nurjana Joko Trilaksono1
3. Landfill Plume Identification : a Review
Author: Ramadhan, F.R1., Nafisah, L.A1., Yosandian, Hazmanu1., and Irawan, D.E 2.
The quality of any body of surface or ground water
is a function of either both natural influences and human
influences. Without human influences water quality would be
determined by the weathering of bedrock minerals, by the
atmospheric processes of evaporation, transpiration and the
deposition of dust and salt by wind, by the natural leaching of
organic matter and nutrients from soil, by hydrological factors
that lead to runoff, and by biological processes within the aquatic
environment that can alter the physical and chemical
composition of water. Declining water quality has become a
global issue of concern as human populations griesrow, industrial
and agricultural activities expand, and climate change threatens
to cause major alterations to the hydrological cycle.
This document presents a model for assessing the risk of hydrocarbon contaminant transport from the vadose zone to the groundwater table. The model numerically solves advection-diffusion-reaction equations to obtain hydrocarbon concentration profiles with depth in the soil and the mass loading rate into groundwater. The model was applied to hydrocarbon concentration data from a contaminated gas refinery site in Iran. Four scenarios were defined representing different risk management policies and natural biodegradation effects to predict future contaminant profiles and risk of contaminants reaching groundwater. Comparison of the scenarios showed that biodegradation plays an important role in attenuating contaminants, with scenarios including it resulting in a 50-year contaminant flux period into groundwater versus 300 years for scenarios
Abstract— 11 wells in Wadi Fatimah were chosen to perform this study. The studied area was classified into three regions namely Abo-Hassani, Al-Khief, and Allaf. In Abo-Hassani, the water quality agrees with the WHO standards. The TDS was between 175 and 339 ppm. The hardness was below 193 ppm. The sodium and the chloride were below 71 and 63 ppm, respectively. The water here suffers from the presence of E.Coli. In Al-Kheif region, the water suffers from the high TDS 1077 ppm and the presence of E. Coli. In Allaf region the TDS was high a little (487 ppm), but still within WHO standards for drinking water. In this region, the sulfate value and the total hardness were above 250 ppm, which exceeds the WHO standards.
Measurement of slap2 and gisp 17 o and proposed vsmow slap normalizationMahbubul Hassan
The document presents new measurements of the δ17O values of SLAP2 and GISP ice core water samples. It aims to establish a standardized δ17O value for SLAP to improve normalization and reduce discrepancies in reported δ17O and 17Oexcess values between laboratories. The authors measured the samples on a mass spectrometer and recommend defining SLAP to have δ18O = -55.5‰ and 17Oexcess = 0, yielding an approximate δ17O value of -29.6968‰. Using this normalization, their measured values of GISP were δ17O = -13.16 ± 0.05‰ and 17Oexcess = 22 ± 11 per meg. They conclude
Water Quality Assessment of VIT University “Green” Lake Using GISinventionjournals
ABSTRACT : VIT University “Green” Lake is a manmade lake present in VIT University, Vellore. The lake is primary used for disposal of treated industrial water and enhancing the aesthetic value of the University. As the population density area is really high the lake water pollution has affects the lives of the students directly. The purpose of the project was the determination of spatial variation of different physic-chemical characteristics of lake water viz. Chlorides (Cl-), Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Turbidity and hardness using Geographical Information System (GIS). Analysis provided the evidence of eutrophication and its effects on previous characteristics.
การนำเสนอบทความวิชาการในการประชุมวิชาการวิศวกรรมโยธาแห่งชาติ ครั้งที่ 25
ระหว่างวันที่ 15-17 กรกฎาคม 2563 ในรูปแบบออนไลน์ จังหวัดชลบุรี
หัวข้อ Impacts of Future Climate Change on Inflow to Pasak Jolasid Dam
in Pasak River Basin, Thailand
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Isotope hydrology uses stable and radioactive isotopes as tracers to study hydrological processes. Stable isotopes of oxygen (18O) and hydrogen (deuterium) are fractionated during evaporation and condensation, allowing precipitation to be distinguished from evaporated waters. Global and local meteoric water lines relate the 18O and deuterium compositions in precipitation. Radioactive isotopes like tritium (3H), with a half-life of 12.3 years, and its daughter product helium-3 (3He) are used to directly date groundwaters up to 55 years old. Beyond this, radiocarbon dating is applied to date waters from 300 to 55,000 years before present.
The document describes analyzing data from a urban wastewater treatment plant. It discusses:
1) Performing principal component analysis on influent and effluent water quality data to identify relationships between observations and variables.
2) Clustering days based on daily plant performance data using Euclidean distance to group days with similar overall performance.
3) Hierarchical clustering is used to identify subgroups of days and k-medoids is chosen over k-means due to its robustness to outliers.
This document discusses the use of radioisotopes in groundwater research. It begins by providing background on groundwater and then discusses why further research is needed due to poor understanding and management of groundwater resources. It describes how stable and radioactive isotopes can be effective tools for hydrological investigations by helping to study recharge sources and rates, groundwater ages, aquifer interactions, and groundwater quality issues like salinization and pollution. Specific isotopes discussed include radiocarbon, tritium, and environmental isotopes. Applications and current uses in developing countries are also summarized.
The document summarizes research on the Los Humeros Geothermal System in Mexico. It discusses acid-rock interactions observed in some wells, extremely high boron concentrations found in the fluids, and variations in fluid chemistry over time. It presents the current conceptual model of the reservoir and examines some unresolved issues, including the sources of acidity, boron concentrations, and the nature and location of the heat source powering the system. The researchers estimate that only a small fraction of the stored heat could power a large electricity plant for decades, suggesting potential for future development as an enhanced geothermal system.
Isotope hydrology uses naturally occurring isotopes and tracers to understand hydrological processes like recharge rates and mechanisms, surface water and groundwater interactions, and pollution sources. Key applications include determining the origin and flow of water, and characteristics of aquifers. Environmental isotopes like hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and radiogenic isotopes provide information over large spatial and temporal scales. Measurements of isotope ratios in water samples using mass spectrometry can reveal the origin and movement of groundwater and identify contamination sources. Isotope techniques are effective hydrological tools that provide insights not obtainable by other methods and are important for managing water resources.
This document summarizes a study investigating nitrogen removal at an aerobic landfill leachate treatment plant in southern Sweden. The study aimed to examine (1) nitrogen removal capabilities of on-site treatment plants, (2) the treatment capacity of the Hedeskoga plant in particular, and (3) potential nitrification inhibition from different leachate qualities. Methods included analyzing biological activity and inhibition in the aerobic treatment plant. Results found the Hedeskoga plant has sufficient capacity and retention time to aerobically treat leachate in the aerated lagoon, removing ammonia satisfactorily during warmer seasons primarily via nitrification and denitrification. Some leachate showed slightly higher inhibition potential but mixing with
Abstract
This paper present most considerable facet of water purification system. Water purification system is the indispensable system which always needs consistency for the durability rationale for the dispatch of water from the pumping sector to the consumers & necessitate of mechanization or automation system in the water purification structure is for monitoring, storing & scheming the system parameter of drives which are install in the water treatment plant. There is considerable amount of wastage of energy as well as water during the manually operating the valves during opening and closing process.
Keywords: Conventional structure, Multiflo Automation System, PLC Logic & Water treatment plant (WTP).
Application of magnetic nanoparticles in drinking water purification城材 李
1) Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) stabilized with poly-allylamine-hydrochloride (PAAH) were shown to effectively remove four pathogenic bacterial species from drinking water - Escherichia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Over 99.5% removal was achieved when bacterial counts were less than 105 CFU/mL.
2) MNPs had different adhesion effects on different bacterial species, adhering best to Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas due to their external cell structure and ion exchange capacity.
3) Testing on real drinking water samples achieved 99.48% bacteria removal and residual counts below WHO standards, demonstrating the potential of this technique for practical drinking water
Earth quake risks and its reduction methods for hill regions using dampers tecIAEME Publication
This document discusses earthquake risks in hill regions and methods to reduce risks using damper technology. It summarizes a study that developed and tested friction dampers to control building vibration during earthquakes or strong winds. The study contributed to earthquake preparedness and safe construction practices in hill regions. Recent earthquakes in India have demonstrated the need for assessing seismic risks to buildings, as most are constructed without engineering. The document also outlines ideal and irregular building configurations for earthquake resistance and discusses how irregularities can concentrate loads and damage.
(1) General concepts of earthquake resistant design include providing lateral resistance throughout the building, tying all structural elements together, and ensuring good connection to the foundation.
(2) Buildings should be planned with symmetry and regularity to avoid torsion, and larger buildings may need separation into blocks for regularity.
(3) Design aspects include simplicity without unnecessary projections, and consideration of slope stability if locating on a hillside.
Abstract Ground water is fresh water located in the core space of soil and rocks and water is essential for the survival of human beings. In addition to food, shelter and clothing, water is one of our basic human needs and lack of potable water is a major cause of death and disease in our world. Now a days due to rapid industrialization even in rural areas, water become contaminated. Presently there are no appropriate low cost methods available for removal of water contaminants from drinking water. There are a variety of purification methods of drinking water which are very costly and those methods cannot serve a common man effectively. The purpose of this study is to provide information on low cost household water treatment using seeds of the Drum stick tree. Present study deals with the suitability of coagulation-flocculation process using Moringa Oleifera seeds as natural coagulant for purification of water for drinking purpose. In present study various does of Moringa Oleifera seed powder like 50, 100 and 150 mg/litre were taken and checked for the efficiency dose for various water samples. After treatment of water samples with Morigna Oleifera seed powder were analyzed for the parameters like Turbidity and pH. There is an appreciable change in these parameters and the values are within the range of W.H.O. standards. Application of this low cost Moringa Oleifera seeds is recommended for eco-friendly, non-toxic, simplified water treatment where rural people living in extreme poverty are presently drinking highly turbid and contaminated water. Keywords: Drumstick (Moringa Oleifera), Natural coagulant, water samples, absorbent, coagulant.
Concrete filled steel tubes subjected to axial compressioneSAT Journals
Abstract Concrete-filled steel tubular columns have excellent earth-quake resistant properties such as high strength and ductility and large energy absorption capacity. For concrete-filled steel tubes (CFST), local buckling commonly observed in bare steel columns is effectively prevented, giving a higher capacity. However if the concrete core and the steel tube are loaded simultaneously the steel tube expands more than the concrete core under moderate loads since Poisson’s ratio is higher for the steel section. The objective of this paper is To evaluate the accuracy of codal design approach by comparing experimental results with the analytical results obtained using EC4, ACI-318 and AISC-LRFD, for prediction of load carrying capacity of CFST columns under axial compression. Based on this the experimental programme is conducted on concrete filled steel tubes of length 300mm, thickness 1 to 3mm for circular, square and rectangular cross section with three different grades of concrete.200 T capacity Compression testing machine is used for experimental investigation.. The experimental results are compared with analytical results obtained by stated code of practices. From this it is concluded that EC4 gives conservative results. From which it is observed that EC4 gives conservative results with experimental results and it is concluded that EC4 provisions may be used for further analytical study to develop an expression to predict the section capacity CFST columns. As the grade of concrete increases the load carrying capacity is also increases. This paper presents the details of study carried out and the conclusions arrived. Keywords: CFST, high strength, local buckling, analytical, ACI-318, EC4, AISC-LRFD.
Optimisation of earth quake response of tall building by using different fram...eSAT Journals
Abstract In India reinforced concrete structures are mostly used since this is the most convenient & economic system for low-rise buildings. However, for medium to high-rise buildings this type of structure is no longer economic because of increased dead load, less stiffness, span restriction and hazardous formwork. So the Structural engineers are facing the challenge of striving for the most efficient and economical design solution. Also Earthquake engineering should be extended to the design of earthquake sensitive tall buildings. Use of composite material is of particular interest, due to its significant potential in improving the overall performance through rather modest changes in manufacturing and constructional technologies. In India, many consulting engineers are reluctant to accept the use of composite steel-concrete structure because of its unfamiliarity and complexity in its analysis and design. But literature says that if properly configured, then composite steel-concrete system can provide extremely economical structural systems with high durability, rapid erection and superior seismic performance characteristics. This paper discusses Optimization of Earth quack response of tall building by using different types of framing system over the height of the building . So to optimize the earth quack response, a Ten story Combined model ( R.C.C, Composite and Steel frames) is developed and analyzed by using ETABS ; it proves that the combined model is better option. Key Words: Composite structure, Tall Building and Steel structures
Comparison of percentage steel and concrete quantities of a r.c building in d...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper addresses the performance and variation of percentage steel and concrete quantities of R.C.C framed structure in different seismic zones. One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of a nature is a severe earthquake and it terrible after effect. It is highly impossible to prevent an earth quake from occurring, but the damage to the buildings can be controlled through proper design and detailing. Hence it is mandatory to do the seismic analysis and design to structures against collapse. Designing a structure in such a way that reducing damage during an earthquake makes the structure quite uneconomical, as the earth quake might or might not occur in its life time and is a rare phenomenon. The present IS code 1893:2002 doesn’t provide information about the variation of concrete and percentage of steel from zone to zone. This study mainly focus on the comparison of percentage steel and concrete quantities when the building is designed for gravity loads as per IS 456:2000 and when the building is designed for earthquake forces in different seismic zones as per IS 1893:2002. Keywords: Earthquakes, Reinforcement, Ductility, Damageability, STAAD-Pro.
Earth quake response of different shapes of mivan wall tall buildingseSAT Journals
Abstract In recent times due to globalization, the construction industry has started focusing on new innovative ways of working. The construction industry has started adopting new technologies and approaches in order to increase the overall efficiency of the project. The “aluminum formwork systems” which is also called as Mivan wall System is one such new technology which has been used extensively across the world. . MIVAN WALL technology is suitable for constructing large number of houses within short time using room size forms. In this system of formwork construction, cast – in – situ concrete wall and floor slabs are casted monolithically in one continuous pour. In the present work, the Different shapes of Mivan wall building which is irregular in shape is analyzed by Response Spectrum Method further the investigation is carried to know the contribution of different shapes of Mivan wall building to lateral strength and lateral stiffness of the high rise building. Along with this the comparison has been carried out between different shapes of Mivan wall building. Key Words: Mivan wall, Tall Building and Aluminum formwork
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EARTH-QUAKE RESISTANT FOR MULTI-STORIED BUILDING ON A ...Ijripublishers Ijri
his project named as “DESIGN OF EARTH-QUAKE RESISTANT MULTI-STORIED RCC BUILDING ON A SLOPING
GROUND” involves the analysis of simple 2-D frames of varying floor heights and varying no of bays using a very popular
software tool STAAD Pro. Using the analysis results various graphs were drawn between the maximum axial force,
maximum shear force, maximum bending moment, maximum tensile force and maximum compressive stress being
developed for the frames on plane ground and sloping ground. The graphs used to drawn comparison between the two
cases and the detailed study of “SHORT COLOUMN EFFECT” failure was carried up. In addition to that the detailed
study of seismology was undertaken and the feasibility of the software tool to be used was also checked. Till date many
such projects have been undertaken on this very topic but the analysis were generally done for the static loads i.e. dead
load, live load etc, but to this the earthquake analysis or seismic analysis is to be incorporated. To create a technical
knowhow, two similar categories of structures were analyzed, first on plane ground and another on a sloping ground.
Then the results were compared. At last the a structure would be analyzed and designed on sloping ground for all possible
load combinations pertaining to IS 456, IS 1893 and IS 13920 manually.
1. The document provides an overview of safety systems and statistics related to India's railway system. It details measures taken to ensure safety, including inspections, maintenance schedules, and medical exams for employees.
2. Departments like civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and operations work together on safety and have prescribed duties to maintain infrastructure and rolling stock.
3. In case of an accident, standard procedures are followed which include sounding sirens, dispatching medical and breakdown staff, and conducting inquiries to determine the causes and impose punishments when needed. Overall, efforts are made continuously to reduce human failures and minimize accidents.
This document discusses methods for earthquake resisting construction. It begins by defining earthquakes and seismic waves, then discusses different types of seismic waves and how their movement causes shaking. It also covers where earthquakes typically occur and how their magnitudes are measured. The document then examines the impacts of earthquakes and how buildings can collapse. Finally, it presents several methods for improving earthquake resistance in structures, such as using shear walls, dampers, and designing foundations to avoid liquefaction or weak soils.
Icarus design is a Design firm offering services in Industrial design and Branding.
We have been working on several socially relevant projects that we wish to upload here.
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Earthquake resistant building constructiondaspriyabrata3
1 INTRODUCTION
2 EARTHQUAKE THEORY
3 EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE AND ENERGY
4 EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKES
5 MAJOR EARTHQUAKES
6 NOTABLE EARTHQUAKES AND THEIR ESTIMATED
MAGNITUDE
7 HOW EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT CONSTRUCTION IS
DIFFERENT
8 SEISMIC DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
9 EFFECT OF EARTHQUAKE ON REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS
10 ROLES OF FLOOR AND MASONRY WALLS SLABS
11 STRENGTH HIERARCHY
12 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING
13 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
14 REMEDIAL MEASURES TO MINIMISE THE LOSSES DUE TO EARTHQUAKES
15 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WITH REINFORCED HOLLOW CONCRETE BLOCK(RHCBM)
16 STRUCTURAL FEATURES
17 STRUCTURAL ADVANTAGES
18 CONSTRUCTIONAL ADVANTAGES
19 ARCHITECTURAL AND OTHER ADVANTAGES
20 STUDIES ON THE COMPARATIVE COST ECONOMICS OF RHCBM
21 MID-LEVEL ISOLATION 32-34
22 EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE BUILDING USING SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEMS WITH SLIDING ON CONCAVE SURFACE
23 DESCRIPTION
24 CONCEPT OF FRICTION PENDULUM BEARING
25 SLIDING PENDULUM SEISMIC ISOLATION SYSTEM
26 BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
27 BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
28 DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
29 ESTIMATION
30 CONCLUSION
31 BIBLIOGRAPHY
This document discusses techniques for building earthquake resistant structures in India. It covers various sources of earthquakes and methods to resist seismic activity, including both active and passive systems. Some specific techniques mentioned are shear walls, bracing, dampers, isolation, and using light-weight materials. Suggestions are provided such as avoiding weak column designs, including thick slabs and cross walls, and following building codes.
This document discusses various methods of water purification and identifies the most appropriate methods based on different situations. It identifies boiling, filtering, distilling, and chlorination as common purification methods. Distilling is considered the most effective as it removes the widest range of contaminants, but has limitations as it removes minerals. The appropriate method depends on factors like local water quality, cost, and performance of the system. Groups will present creative ways to purify water and discuss limitations of distilling.
The document discusses earthquakes and techniques for improving earthquake resistance in buildings. It defines earthquakes and describes how they occur due to movement in the earth's crust. It then covers types of earthquakes, causes and effects, seismic waves, and performance and design considerations for improving earthquake resistance. Specific techniques discussed include using shear walls, base isolation methods, energy dissipation devices, and keeping buildings in compression. The conclusion emphasizes following construction standards and periodic training to help assure earthquake-resistant buildings.
- The document discusses the resistance of fly ash-based and slag-based geopolymer concrete to sulfate and acid attack.
- Specimens of both geopolymer concretes and ordinary Portland cement concrete were subjected to 5% sodium sulfate and 5% sulfuric acid solutions.
- Test results found that both types of geopolymer concrete underwent very little change in compressive strength under acid and sulfate attack, suggesting their durability is much superior to ordinary cement concrete in these environments.
Preliminary assessment of shatt al arab riverine environment, basra governora...Alexander Decker
This document presents the results of a study assessing water quality in 16 sites in Basra Governorate, southern Iraq. Water samples were collected from Shatt Al-Arab River, irrigation canals branching from the river, marshes, and the Arabian Gulf and analyzed for major ions, nutrients, and heavy metals. Analysis revealed that water quality in Shatt Al-Arab River does not meet standards for drinking or irrigation due to high levels of ions like sodium, chloride, and sulfate. Pollution is attributed to population growth, oil/gas production, agriculture, and lack of wastewater treatment. The study aims to evaluate contaminant levels and sources to examine water suitability for different uses.
This study analyzed water quality parameters of the Tigris River as it passes through Baghdad, Iraq. Water samples were taken from 8 sites over 4 seasons. Physical measurements included temperature, pH, conductivity, and turbidity. Chemical analyses determined COD, anions, cations, total dissolved solids, hardness, chlorides, sulfates, nitrates, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and heavy metals. Results found several parameters exceeded WHO standards, indicating pollution from industrial wastes. Correlation analysis revealed relationships between water quality parameters and likely pollution sources. Overall, the study assessed the effects of industrial waste on Tigris water quality through comprehensive physical and chemical analysis of samples from different seasons.
This study investigated ecological processes in an urban stormwater lake during its ice-covered period from November to mid-April. Data from two winter seasons showed chlorophyll-a levels under ice were 22% of open-water levels, indicating primary productivity still occurs. Nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus were significantly higher under ice, likely from road and urban runoff. Under ice, total phosphorus levels correlated positively with chlorophyll-a when nutrient ratios were low, suggesting phosphorus controls algal growth. The results provide evidence of active nutrient cycles in stormwater lakes during winter, contrary to assumptions of dormancy under ice cover.
This document summarizes a study analyzing the water quality of the River Cauvery near Srirangapatna, India. Water samples were taken from 12 points along the river during both wet and dry seasons and analyzed for various parameters. The results showed that dissolved oxygen levels were low while biochemical oxygen demand and total coliform levels were high, indicating the river's self-purification capacity was exceeded. Municipal wastewater discharges into the river were found to impair water quality. Proper wastewater treatment before discharge and banning direct dumping were recommended to improve conditions.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. The results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within acceptable limits. Some metals like chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas during the wet season and effluent discharges from industrial and municipal waste during the dry season. The river's ecological status is important to protect.
Seasonal variations in heavy metal status of the calabar river, cross river s...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that examined seasonal variations in heavy metal concentrations in the Calabar River in Cross River State, Nigeria. Surface water samples were collected during the wet and dry seasons across five stations and analyzed for heavy metals. Results showed that iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, and total hydrocarbon concentrations were low in both seasons and within WHO standards. Chromium, cadmium, barium, nickel, vanadium and mercury were not detected. Some metals like iron, zinc, copper, lead and hydrocarbons varied significantly between seasons. The sources of heavy metals included runoff from industrial, agricultural and residential areas in the wet season and effluent discharges in the dry season. The river's heavy
Many people in Africa depend on water from
rivers and borehole, but purity of the drinking water from these
sources remains questionable. Mudzira River being the longest
River in a village called Vimtim located in Mubi North Local
government area in Adamawa State was studied in the months of
September to December, 2012 to ascertain the suitability of the
water for human consumption and other related uses. Five study
point: inlet (A, B), middle (C) and out let (D, E) were adopted for
monitoring the physico-chemical parameters using standard
procedures. The mean total temperature values were A (25.000C),
B (24.500C), C (25.500C), D (24.000C) and E (24.000C. Average P
H
values were A (8.00), B (7.87), C (8.20) D (8.37) and E (8.13). The
average conductivity values were A (73.90
1 cms
), B
(73.11
1 cms
), D (74.00
1 cms
) and E (73. 80
1 cms
). The
average total dissolves solid value of each sample were A (17.10),
B (17.10), C (20.00) D (21.64) and E (21.60.). The average
turbidity value of sample were A (47.00), B (47.00), C (50.00) D
(53.00) and E (50.00). Average total hardness value are A
(20.00mg/l), B (20.00mg/L) C (24.00mg/L), D (20.00mg/L) and E
(20.00mg/L). The average chloride content were A (12mg/L), B
(16mg/L), C (12 mg/L) D (16mg/L) and E (16mg/L). The average
calcium content were A (0.3mg/L) B (0.4mg/L), C (0.3mg/L), D
(0.3mg/L) and E (0.2mg/L). The average content of magnesium
were A (12mg/L), B (16mg/L), C (16Mg/L), D (12mg/L), E
(12mg/L). The lead content of River Mudzira water was
negligible. The mean coliform count were A (4), B (3), C (6), D
(7), and E (4).The values of the parameters studied were within
the WHO/NAFDAC recommended standards, excepts for total
coliform levels. In conclusion Vimtim residents consuming
untreated water from River Mudzira are potentially exposed to
possible acute, sub chronic or even chronic water borne diseases
like typhoid fever, dysentery, diarrhea etc.
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from aLarge, Impounded River The Oh.docxcurwenmichaela
Nitrous Oxide Emissions from a
Large, Impounded River: The Ohio
River
J . J . B E A U L I E U , * W . D . S H U S T E R , A N D
J . A . R E B H O L Z
National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of
Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, 26 West Martin Luther King Drive, Cincinnati,
Ohio 45268
Received May 17, 2010. Revised manuscript received
August 9, 2010. Accepted August 10, 2010.
Models suggest that microbial activity in streams and rivers
is a globally significant source of anthropogenic nitrous oxide
(N2O), a potent greenhouse gas, and the leading cause of
stratospheric ozone destruction. However, model estimates of
N2O emissions are poorly constrained due to a lack of
direct measurements of microbial N2O production and consequent
emissions, particularly from large rivers. We report the first
N2O budget for a large, nitrogen enriched river, based on direct
measurements of N2O emissions from the water surface and
N2O production in the sediments and water column. Maximum
N2O emissions occurred downstream from Cincinnati, Ohio,
a major urban center on the river, due to direct inputs of N2O
from wastewater treatment plant effluent and higher rates
of in situ production. Microbial activity in the water column
and sediments was a source of N2O, and water column production
rates were nearly double those of the sediments. Emissions
exhibited strong seasonality with the highest rates observed
during the summer and lowest during the winter. Our results
indicate N2O dynamics in large temperate rivers may be
characterized by strong seasonal cycles and production in the
pelagic zone.
Introduction
Atmospheric concentrations of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potent
greenhouse gas with a global warming potential nearly 300
times that of carbon dioxide (1) and the leading cause of
stratospheric ozone destruction (2), are rising by 0.26% per
year (1). The primary anthropogenic source of N2O is the
biological conversion of nitrogen (N) to N2O in terrestrial
and aquatic ecosystems (3). Nitrous oxide production in
agricultural soils has been well studied with over 1000
published measurements and is a relatively well constrained
component of the global N2O budget (4). Anthropogenic N2O
production in rivers which receive anthropogenic N in runoff
and sewage inputs may be as large as 1.7 Tg N y-1 or 25%
of the global N2O budget (1, 5). However, this estimate is
uncertain, partially due to a lack of N2O emission measure-
ments from large rivers made over annual temporal scales.
In this study we measured the production and emission
of N2O from the Markland Pool of the Ohio River, which is
ranked by annual discharge as the third largest river in North
America. Nitrous oxide emission rates were measured
biweekly for 13 months at one site and along a transect of
the pool during two successive summer surveys. We quanti-
fied several sources of N2O to the river including wastewater
treatment plant (WWTP) effluent and microbial N2O pro-
...
This study evaluated the quality of irrigation water resources in the central Albanian regions of Kavaja and Kruja over 2009-2010. Water samples were collected and analyzed for various parameters including pH, salts, chemicals, and nutrients. The results found that water resources in Kruja generally had low salt levels within established standards. However, resources in Kavaja showed higher salt levels that could cause light soil salinity issues in some areas. Specifically, sodium and chloride levels in certain Kavaja resources posed toxicity risks. Based on standards, the study classified all resources as Class 2 quality. The authors conclude continuous monitoring is needed due to pollution risks from increasing industrial and urban activities in the regions.
Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretri...ijtsrd
The estuarine clam, Meretrix meretrix was exposed to predetermined seasonal sublethal and lethal concentrations of CdCl2, 2½ H2O for 96 hrs. Experiments were conducted during summer, monsoon and winter by keeping control group of clams. Estuarine water parameters like temperature, pH, salinity, rainfall and dissolved oxygen were recorded. In the present study, it is found that, it has significant influence on rate of oxygen consumption and toxicity of cadmium chloride. During summer, clams from LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.1ppm and 1.8 ppm respectively. During monsoon LC0 and LC50 group were treated with 1.6 ppm and 2.0 ppm respectively. During winter clams from LC0 and LC50 group were exposed to 1.4 ppm and 2.1 ppm cadmium chloride respectively. During summer, as compared to control group, there were 3.83, 17.04, 16.77 and 10.63 increase in oxygen uptake at the end of 24, 36, 48, and 60 hrs. There were 0.35, 4.97 and 21.75 decrease at the end of 48, 72, 84 and 96 hrs. Moreover, similar trend of oxygen consumption was observed in LC0 and LC50 .group of clams in winter and monsoon season. During monsoon and winter clams from control group showed similar trend of oxygen uptake with less significant fluctuations. Clams from control group and LC0 and LC50 group showed less oxygen consumption during monsoon than summer and winter. Sanjay Kumbhar "Study of Seasonal Variations in Oxygen Consumption of Estuarine Clam, Meretrix Meretrix (Linnaeus, 1758) after Acute Exposure of Cadmium Chloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-3 , April 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30543.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/30543/study-of-seasonal-variations-in-oxygen-consumption-of-estuarine-clam-meretrix-meretrix-linnaeus-1758-after-acute-exposure-of-cadmium-chloride/sanjay-kumbhar
investigative study of seasonal changesIJAEMSJORNAL
Physico-chemical parameters of River Oluwa water in Agbabu, Nigeria were investigated to determine its quality characteristics and establish seasonal effects on the water. Water from the river was collected at five different points in dry season (March, 2008 and 2009) and rainy season (July, 2008 and 2009). Insitu parameters (pH, EC and Turbidity) were measured using Horiba Water Checker Model U-10 while TDS was by Lovibond CM – 21 Tintometer. Subsequently in the Laboratory, Na+ and K+ were determined using flame photometric methods while Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-, PO42- and NO3- were determined by wet analysis. River Oluwa water was alkaline with average pH of 7.41 and 7.53 in dry and rainy seasons respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was high during dry season (av. 630.44 µS/cm), but low in the rainy season (av. 317.58 µS/cm) due to long residence time in dry season allowing more water-rock interaction. Turbidity’s average values of 0.14 NTU and 2.29 NTU in dry and rainy seasons respectively suggested moderate pollution with particulate matter. The order of average cations concentrations in the dry and rainy seasons was Ca2+ > K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ while that of the anions was HCO3- > Cl- >SO42- > NO3-. The ions concentrations though lower in rainy season, Ca2+-HCO3- water was dominant in both seasons. Quality evaluation for irrigation revealed that the water was suitable for all irrigation purposes. River Oluwa water was soft, low mineralized, chemically potable, suitable for irrigation but with lower ionic concentrations in rainy season.
Impact of contaminants on groundwater quality in patcham, south east england.Alexander Decker
This study investigated the impact of contaminants on groundwater quality in Patcham, South-East England. Data from weather stations and loggers in boreholes was used to analyze potential contaminant pathways through the chalk aquifer. Laboratory tests found that parameters like pH, conductivity and ions were within WHO guidelines, indicating water quality was suitable for use. The chalk aquifer is an important water source but is vulnerable to surface contaminants due to its karst nature with features like swallow holes.
1) The document analyzes the physico-chemical parameters of groundwater samples collected from 10 locations in the Sangrampur Tehsil region of Buldana District, Maharashtra, India.
2) Testing found that most parameters were within acceptable levels for drinking water according to Indian standards, though a few locations showed higher levels of turbidity, COD, calcium, and magnesium after the monsoon season.
3) Overall groundwater quality was deemed not harmful for human use, but some parameters exceeded limits at individual locations possibly due to nearby industrial, mining or sewage influences, indicating increased human impact on water quality.
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical characterization of water quality in Dayet Aoua lake in Morocco. Key findings from the study include:
1) The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Temperatures ranged from 7.1°C to 25.6°C depending on the season.
2) pH levels remained alkaline between 7.77 and 11.45. Dissolved oxygen levels indicated the lake is well oxygenated.
3) Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were low, indicating an absence of organic pollution and classifying the lake as mesotrophic.
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical characterization of water quality in Dayet Aoua lake in Morocco. Key findings from the study include:
1) The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Temperatures ranged from 7.1°C to 25.6°C depending on the season.
2) pH levels remained alkaline between 7.77 and 11.45. Dissolved oxygen levels indicated the lake is well oxygenated.
3) Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were low, indicating an absence of organic pollution and classifying the lake as mesotrophic.
The document summarizes a study on the physico-chemical characterization of water quality in Dayet Aoua lake in Morocco. Key findings from the study include:
1) The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Temperatures ranged from 7.1°C to 25.6°C depending on the season.
2) pH levels remained alkaline between 7.77 and 11.45. Dissolved oxygen levels indicated the lake is well oxygenated.
3) Nutrient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a were low, indicating an absence of organic pollution and classifying the lake as mesotrophic.
This document summarizes a study of the physico-chemical characteristics of Lake Dayet Aoua in Morocco between March 2015 and February 2016. Key findings include:
- The lake water is transparent with a maximum depth of 5.3 meters. Dissolved oxygen levels were high, indicating the lake is well-oxygenated throughout.
- Temperature varied seasonally from 7.1°C in winter to 25.6°C in summer. The water remained well-mixed with no temperature variation between surface and bottom.
- pH was alkaline, ranging from 7.77 to 11.45. Conductivity varied from 362 to 520 μs/cm depending on inflow from a tributary river
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
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study of al karamah and sharq-dijla drinking water
1. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-1, Jan-Feb- 2017
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Study of Al-Karamah and Sharq-Dijla drinking
water purification and their byproduct effects on
the Tigris River
Khalid A. Rasheed
Biotechnology Research Center, Al-Nahrain University
Abstract— Two studied stations were involved in this
study included Sharq–Dijla and Al-Karamah water
purification stations. Water samples collected from four
sites with three replicates for each sample of each site of
the river and the station: before, after, inside the stations
and at the pipe. The study started in October 2012 to
September 2013.
Results showed that the minimum level of water
temperature was 11o
C during (December-January) at
Sharq –Dijla.While the maximum level was 30o
C during
(August-September) at both AL-Karamah and Sharq –
Dijla stations. pH results revealed that the highest level of
pH was 8.63 during (October-November) at AL-Karamah
station followed by the lowest level was 6.73 in(February-
March) at Sharq –Dijla station. The highest level of EC
was 1068 µS/cm during (April-May) at Sharq-Dijla
station, while the lowest level was 693 µS/cm during
(August- September) at the same station.
The results of DO showed that the highest level was 11.51
ppm during (December-January) at Sharq- Dijla station,
while the lowest level was 4.25 ppm during (August-
September) at AL- Karamah station.The BOD results
recorded the highest level of BOD5 was 4.49 ppm during
(August- September), and the lowest level was 0.67 ppm
during (December-January) both results at Sharq-Dijla
station.
Total hardness showed that the highest level was about
404 ppm during (December-January) at AL-Karamah
station, and the lowest level 162 ppm during (August-
September) at the same station. Free chlorine
measurements found with Iraqi limits and WHO for these
two stations. The highest value of Iron concentration was
3.30ppm in (December-January) at Al-Karamah station,
while the lowest value was1.63ppm in (August-
September) at Sharq–Dijla station.
Keywords— Tigris River, Al-Karamah, Sharq-Dijla,
drinking water, purification.
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the dawn of civilization several cities has been built
on the banks of the Tigris River along the Baghdad city.
To overcome the problem of increased population
number, various hydraulic projects have been constructed
along the Tigris river, according to reports of Iraqi water
resources ministry, during the period of1989-1991, seven
water purification units (Sharq- Dijla,Al-Karamah,Al-
Kadsia ,Al-Doura, Al-Wehda, Al-Rasheed and Al-
Wathba stations) were constructed on both AL-Karik and
AL-Resafa with limited productionpower. All of those
stations were producing potable water enough for four
million people, though increasingin population in
Baghdad was the most difficult problem, atthe present
time population within Baghdad reached until 8-10
million people so the productivity of the potable water
purification unit is not enough (Al-Ansari& Knutsson,
2011).
Enlargement of Baghdad boundaries within past thirty
year, had made delivering potable drinking water to the
far areas of Baghdad considered as a challenge, polluted
drinking water with very low concentration of chlorine
was delivered to the limited places of Baghdad , this
problem resulted from deficiency in the number of water
purification units ,bad situation of the water pipes with
taking in consideration that 1000km of transporting pipes
were changed within the period of 1984-1982(Hamza,
2007).
The aim of this project was to study the characterization
of two potable drinking water in Baghdad City and their
byproduct effects on the Tigris river.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study area:
Sharq -Dijla and AL-Karamah stations located in the
north part of Baghdad city. The distance between these
stations is about 7km (Figure 1). Three replicate samples
were collected from the river representative the left side
and the right side of the river and the third replicate from
the middle part of the river.
2. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-1, Jan-Feb- 2017
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Fig.1: Samplingstation (A) represented Sharq-Dijla station (S1a, S2a, S3a, S4a), (B) represented Al-Karamah station (S1b,
S2b, S3b, S4b)
Sampling Procedure:
Sampling was collected bimonthly from October 2012 to
September 2013, at the two sites as explained. The
samples were taken about 2m from the shoreline at a
depth of 45-50 cm.
Water samples for dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological
oxygen demand (BOD5) were collected in 250ml sterile
dark Winkler bottles (washed and sterile by placing them
in the oven for 4hr at 200o
C).
Parameter studies
Temperature:
The Temperature was determined by a mercury
thermometer.
pH:
The pH was measured by portable pH meter type Hanna.
Electrical Conductivity (EC):
Measured by using a portable conductivity meter type
Siemens. Results were recorded in μS/cm.
DO and BOD5:
The Azide modification method described by APHA
(1998) was used for measuring DO and BOD5, BOD5
bottles kept in the incubator at 20±1o
C for 5 days in the
dark then measured as the following:
DO after 5 days in incubator.–= DO initial5BOD
Total Hardness T.H.:
According to (Frohlich &Urish, 2002) the total hardness
was calculated according to the following equation:
Total Hardness as CaCO3 mg/l=
𝐴 𝑥 𝐵
𝑚𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑥 1000
A: ml of EDTA used in the titration
B: mg of CaCO3 equivalent to 1ml of EDTA
Free Chlorine concentration:
Depending on the color of the concentration of Cl free
chlorine concentration can be determined according to
(Senior, 2009)
Fe concentration:
According to (Singer ,2006) using Phenanthroline method
was used, the concentration of iron level was measured
with mg/l according to the equation:
Fe conc. (mg/l) =
conc.of standard solution
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
x1000
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Temperature
Energy from the sun is the main factor influence air
temperature, sunlight and air temperature both influence
water temperature, as well as water flow, drought,
climatic condition (Ndiongueet al., 2005).
The minimum value of water temperature recorded was
11o
C during (December-January) at Sharq –Dijla (Figure
2). While, the maximum value of water temperature was
30o
C during (August-September) at both stations, (Figure
3).A significant difference between months at each station
was detected, with no significant differences between the
sampling location at the same station along the study
period.
Temperature showed slight changes between the
collection samples because they were at the same
geographic location and those changes due to the time
difference of collection because some samples were
collected in the early morning and other collected on the
moon when the sun is vertical to water surface this
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phenomenon were noticed by (Ismail& Al-Saadi., 2000).
The water temperature outside the normal range for a
stream or river can cause harm to the aquatic organisms
that live there. If the water temperature changes by even a
few degrees, it could indicate a source of unnatural
warming of the water or thermal pollution (John, 1989).
Inverse correlation recorded between water temperature
and dissolved oxygen (r= -0.139). One important aspect
of water temperature its effect on the solubility of gases,
more gas can be dissolved in cold water than in warm
water (Wolf.1998).
Fig.2: Monthly temperature distribution within locations in Sharq -Dijla station
Fig.3: Monthly temperature distribution within locations in AL-Karamah station
pH values
The pH value of a water is a measurement of the activity
of the hydrogen atom, because the hydrogen activity is a
good representation of the acidity or alkalinity of the
water (Millero, 2001).
Results showed that the highest value of pH was 8.63
during (October-November) at AL-Karamah station
(Figure 4), while the lowest value was 6.73 during
(February-March) at Sharq–Dijla station,(Figure5). The
statistical analysis of the data revealed significant
differences between months at each station, with no
significant differences detected between the sampling
location at the same station along the study period at (P
<0.05). The increase of pH values during (October-
November) may be due to using additional doses of alum
article to precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to
control pipes corrosion (Reezoqy , 2009), slight decreases
of pH in (February-March) as a result of the dissolving
of CO2 in water by drop of temperature which led to form
carbonic acid (HCO3), which is weak and break down into
hydrogen ion which act to when increase it concentration
decrease the pH value (Chapman,1996).These results
disagree with Wahab (2010) who stated that the highest
value of pH was in summer. Surface water typically has a
010203040
Temperature
c
Months
S1=Befor The
station
S2=Inside The
station
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The
station
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temperaturec
Months
S1=Before The station
S2=inside The station
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The station
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pH value between 6.5 and 8.5. The pH of a water source
can vary naturally (WHO, 1996).
While a direct correlation between pH and water
temperature was found (r= 0.234), while direct correlation
was noticed between pH and turbidity(r=0.92).
Fig.4: Monthly pH readings within locations in Sharq-Dijla station
Fig.5: Monthly pH readings within locations in AL-Karamah station
Electrical conductivity:
Electrical conductivity is the ability of a substance to
conduct electricity. The conductivity of water is a more-
or-less linear function of the concentration of dissolved
ions (Barnes, 2003).
Results showed that the highest value of EC was 1068
µS/cm during (April-May) at Sharq- Dijla station (Figure
6), while the lowest value was 693 µS/cm during
(August-September) at Sharq- Dijla station (Figure 7).
The statistical analysis of the data revealed significant
differences between months and among sampling location
of each station at the same months (P ˂0.05). Hashim
(2010) showed the same result in his study on the Tigris
river. The increase of EC during winter was due to the
rains, soil wash and withdraw into the river which helped
to increase the dissolved salts and decrease in summer
(WHO, 1996). (Hamudat, 2009) stated that the values of
EC increased during summer and decreased during
winter.
The increase of EC differed with the environmental
factor, including temperature and the presence of
dissolved ions like Cl, K, Mn ,Na. , the increasing and the
decrease in E.C. related to dissolve salts rates in water
river because E.C. measurement related with total
dissolved solids concentration (Rashid , 2001). An inverse
correlation was found between E.C. values and water
temperature (r=-0.145), and direct correlation was found
between EC and TSS and TDS (r= 0.204).The maximum
allowed limit of the EC under (Iraqi laws) is 2000µS/cm.
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=inside The
station
S3=at The pipe
pH
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
PH
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside The station
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The station
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Fig.6: Monthly electrical conductivity variations(µS/cm)in Sharq-Dijla station.
Fig.7: Monthly electrical conductivity variations (µS/cm) in Karamah station.
Dissolved Oxygen:
DO is an indicator of water quality, low levels can
produce an aerobic condition leading to smelly water
(Pitt, 2000). The measurement of DO can use to indicate
the degree of pollution by organic matter, the destruction
of organic substances and the level of self-purification of
the water (Chapman, 1996).
The results of D.O showed that the highest value of DO
was 11.51 ppm in (December-January) at Sharq-Dijla
station, while the lowest value was 4.25 ppm in on
seasonally or even over 24 hour periods in relation to
temperature and biological activity such as photosynthesis
and respiration. A significant difference between months
and between sampling locations of each station were
detected of each station at the same months along the
study period. The maximum allowed limit of DO (under
Iraqi) laws and WHO was>5. Increased temperature
accelerates the degradation of organic matter in the
overlying water and in bottom deposits which makes an
increased demand on DO resources of a given system
(Pitt, 2000).
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
E.C
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside The
station
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The
station
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
E.C
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside The pipe
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The
station
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Fig.8: Monthly dissolved oxygen concentrations (ppm) in Sharq-Dijla station
Fig.9: Monthly dissolved oxygen concentration(ppm)in AL-Karamah station
BOD:
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) refers to the amount
of oxygen that would be consumed if all the organics in
one liter of water were oxidized by bacteria and protozoa
(Don, 2001).
Results showed that the highest value of the BOD was
4.49 ppm in(August- September)at Sharq-Dijla station,
while the lowest value was 0.67 ppm in (December-
January) at Sharq-Dijla station (Figures 10,11), the
increase in BOD values due to the leaking of sewage from
broken pipes or sewage treatment stations into the river or
may be due to soil wash with heavy rains and domestic
discharges (Sabriet al., 2000). If there is a large quantity
of organic waste in the water supply, there will also be a
lot of bacteria present working to decompose this waste.
In this case, the demand for oxygen will be high (due to
all the bacteria) so the BOD level will be high. As the
waste is consumed or dispersed through the water, BOD
levels will begin to decline. Nitrates and phosphates in a
body of water can contribute to high BOD levels (Titze&
Walter, 2008).
A significant difference between months and between
sampling locations of each station at the same were
detected. A direct correlation between BOD and water
temperature was found (r=0.913) and reverse correlation
between BOD and DO (r= -0.243).The maximum
allowed limits of BOD under (Iraqi laws) and WHO is >
5.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
D.Oppm
Months
S1=before The
station
S2=Inside The pipe
S3=at The station
S4=after The station
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
D.oppm
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside The pipe
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The
station
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Fig.10: Monthly BOD5 (ppm) recording within locations in Sharq-Dijla station
Fig.11: Monthly BOD5 (ppm) within location in AL-Karamah station
Total hardness:
The natural sources of hardness in water are dissolved
polyvalent metallic ions from sedimentary rocks, sewage
and runoff from soils. A minor contribution to the total
hardness of water is also made by other polyvalent ions,
such as aluminum, barium, iron, manganese (Ong et
al.,2009).
The highest value of T.H was 404 ppm during
(December-January) at AL- Karamah station (Figure 12)
and the lowest level 162 ppm during (August- September)
at AL- Karamah station (Figure 13). The differences
recorded among seasons of total hardness caused by the
soil wash out, agricultural flow, or from industrial
pollutants. The results showed an increase during the
autumn months due to the increase in salt concentrations,
especially calcium salt due to the preservation campaign
mentioned earlier before to reach a high value in winter
because the rainfall. Then increase of material in the
water in the lands next to the water sources (Skipton et
al., 2004).A significant difference between months at
each station and among sampling location of each station
at the same months were detected.
Dissolved solids can produce hard water, which leaves
deposits and films and on the insides of hot water pipes
and boilers. Soaps and detergents do not produce as much
lather with hard water as with soft water. As well, high
amounts of dissolved solids can corrode pipes, and have a
metallic taste. The same minerals that are deposited on
these rocks can cause problems when they build up in
pipes and(Thomas & Sach,2000). Inverse correlation
between T.H and temperature (r= -0.558) were detected,
and direct correlation with turbidity (r= 0.695).
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
B.O.Dppm
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside The
station
S3=at The pipe
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
B.O.Dppm
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside The
station
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The
station
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Fig.12: Monthly total hardness concentration (ppm) in Sharq-Dijla station.
Fig.13: Monthly total Hardness (ppm) within locations in AL-Karamah station
Free chlorine:
If enough chlorine is added, some will remain in the water
after all possible organisms have been destroyed. Free
chlorine willremain in the water until it is used to destroy
new contamination (Davis & Lambert, 2002)
The results showed that free chlorine was in the
acceptable limits at the two stations and the four sampling
locations of each station. The statistical analysis showed
no significant difference between months of each station
along the study period (p>0.05). These results agreed with
the results of (Al-Qaisi, 2005(.
The fall down in free chlorine concentration into normal
values due to the decomposition of chlorine when it reacts
with water into (HOCL)Hypo chloric acid, this acid
decompose rapidly into Hypochlorite ion (WHO,2004).
Free chlorine can associate with organic compound within
water forming organic halogens this association made free
chlorine concentration in water decrease )Volk et al.,
2002; Ndiongue et al., 2005).No correlation was detected
between chlorine and temperature.
The maximum allowed limit of chlorine under (Iraqi
laws) and WHO is< 0.3 ppm.
Iron test:
Consequence of the growth of heavy industry has been
the addition of high concentrations of heavy metals
originating from anthropogenic inputs including industrial
wastewater discharges, sewage wastewater, fossil fuel
combustion and atmospheric deposition (Mohiuddin et
al., 2010).
Results showed that the highest value of Iron
concentration was 3.30ppm in (December-January) at Al-
Karamah station, while the lowest value was1.63ppm in
(August- September) at Sharq –Dijla station (Figures
14,15). Al-Fatlawey(2007) stated that Iron concentration
within river water increased in winter and decrease in
summer this increase due to the industrial discharges that
contain iron, rains and domestic discharges were
considered as one of the main causes of the increase, but
this study stated that iron concentration after the station
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
T.Hppm
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside The station
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The station
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
T.Hppm
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside The
station
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The
station
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was approximately equal to its concentrations before the
station.
A significant difference between months and between
sampling location of each station at the same months.An
inverse correlation was detected between Iron
concentration and temperature(r=- 0.631).The maximum
allowed limit of iron under (Iraqi laws) and WHO is 0.3
ppm.
Fig.14: Monthly iron concentration (ppm)within location inSharq-Dijla station
Fig.15: Monthly iron concentration (ppm) within location in AL-Karamah station
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[3] Al-Qaisi, R. K. J. 2005. Residual chlorine
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Technology
[4] APHA (American Public Health Association). 1998.
Standard methods for the examination of water and
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[6] Chapman, D. 1996. Ed. Water Quality Assessment-
A Guide to use of Biota, Sediment and Water in
Environmental Monitoring. 2nd
ed. Chapman &Hall,
London.
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
Feppm
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside T he pipe
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Fe
ppm
Months
S1=Before The
station
S2=Inside
Thestation
S3=at The pipe
S4=after The
station
10. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB) Vol-2, Issue-1, Jan-Feb- 2017
1878-ISSN: 2456/dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.1.20http:/
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