This document summarizes a study that evaluated groundwater quality in the Kurmapalli Vagu basin of Andhra Pradesh, India using water quality index (WQI).
1) Water samples from 25 locations were tested for 12 physicochemical parameters and WQI was calculated to determine suitability for drinking.
2) WQI values ranged from 44-217, with 7 locations suitable for drinking and the rest unsuitable mostly due to high fluoride levels.
3) A WQI contour map was generated to study the spatial distribution of groundwater quality in the study area. Remedial measures and structures are proposed to improve groundwater quality.
Analysis of Water Quality Index for Groundwater in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore...IJERA Editor
Groundwater has become a necessary resource over the past decades due to the increase in its usage for drinking,
water supply, irrigation and industrial uses etc. Groundwater resources are now facing threats due to
anthropogenic activities. The groundwater quality is equally important as that of quantity. Mapping of spatial
variability of groundwater quality is of vital importance and it is particularly significant where groundwater is
primary source of potable water. The present study has been undertaken to analyze the spatial variability of
groundwater quality for Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore District located in the Andhra Pradesh State. MS ExcelAnalysis
ToolPak is used for mathematical analysis of the parameters and ArcGIS Version 10.1 is used for the
spatial analysis and it is a powerful tool for representation and analysis of spatial information related to water
resources. A total of 280 bore well water samples are collected. The major water quality parameters such as pH,
Total dissolved solids, Total alkalinity as calcium carbonate, Total hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate,
Fluoride, Iron have been analysed as per BIS 10500-2012. The spatial variation maps of these groundwater
quality parameters were derived and integrated through GIS. The final integrated map shows five priority classes
such as Excellent, Good, Poor, Very poor, Unsuitable for zones of the study area and provides a guideline for the
suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality data using geoR and mgcv R-package (I...Dasapta Erwin Irawan
Author:
Irawan, DE.1, Prabowo, K.1, and Akter, F.2, Vervoort, W.2
Affiliation:
1 Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung, 40132
2 Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney
Biomedical Building, Australian Technology Park, NSW 2015
a)Irawan, DE: d.erwin.irawan@gmail.com
Abstract:
Quantitative-spatial analysis has been applied to 295 samples of shallow groundwater quality data from Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin (BSGwB) taken in 1997, 1998, 2007, 2010, and 2011. This paper discuss the use of variogram using geoR and generalised additive model (GAM) using mgcv R-package to identify the spatial distribution and mixing process betwee groundwater and Cikapundung river water. The variograms show significant water quality trend in north-south direction, and in the direction to the Cikapundung River. From the GAM tests using gaussian and gamma family, some significant elements can be identified: (1) geological control from Fe, Mn, Na concentration; (2) agricultural control from NO2, NO3 concentration; and (3) other surficial control from EC, CO3, CO2, SO4 concentration. Both analysis suggest the close interaction between groundwater and river water and the occurrence of mixing between both.
Revisiting hydrostratigraphy in Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin: a well-log...Dasapta Erwin Irawan
Author
Sunarwan, B.1, Irawan, DE. 1, Puradimaja, DJ. 1, Notosiswoyo, S.2, Sadisun, IA1, Setiawan, T.3, and Anugrah, RM4
Affiliation
1 Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
2 Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung, 40132
3 Geological Survey of Indonesia, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources,
Jl. Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung, 40122
4 Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21. Sumedang
Corresponding author:
a)Irawan, DE: d.erwin.irawan@gmail.com
Abstract
An attempt to revisit the hydro-stratigraphy of Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin (BSGB) has been done based on 111 well-logging training dataset. Transformation of resistivity values from well-log data to relative porosity and permeability used Chilingarian approach and Baker-Hughes Atlas of log responses. Then boundary marker was drawn to separated different aquifer layers. Simple linear regression equations were derived from the transformation: (a) tuff layers: θ= -0.0023ρ+2.5619,μ= -63.514θ+167.38,σ=22.912 μ+238.78; (b) clay layers: θ= -0.0181 ρ+2.6281,μ= -61.842 θ+163.91,σ=5.1202 μ-11.503; (c) sand layers: θ= -0.0078 ρ+2.5992,μ= -60.75 θ+161.02,σ=394.35 μ-2156.8. Based on the new aquifer taxonomy, three hydro-stratigraphic units (HSU) and six sub HSU have been defined. UHs 1 is the top layer of the BSGB, located at elevation above 650 masl. It has three sub HSU that consists of tuf and sand. The permeability (K) values of this unit range from 0,0014 to 0.1 m per day. HSU-2 with two sub HSU consists of tuf and sand, located at elevation from 625 to 650 masl. This unit has K values from 0.1 to 6 m per day. HSU-3, which is located at elevation from 500 to 625 masl, has only one sub HSU. This unit consists of tuf, sand, and volcanic breccias, with K values from 0.3 to 7.1 m per day. This models, however, are still needed more test to new dataset.
Analysis of Water Quality Index for Groundwater in Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore...IJERA Editor
Groundwater has become a necessary resource over the past decades due to the increase in its usage for drinking,
water supply, irrigation and industrial uses etc. Groundwater resources are now facing threats due to
anthropogenic activities. The groundwater quality is equally important as that of quantity. Mapping of spatial
variability of groundwater quality is of vital importance and it is particularly significant where groundwater is
primary source of potable water. The present study has been undertaken to analyze the spatial variability of
groundwater quality for Gudur Mandal, SPSR Nellore District located in the Andhra Pradesh State. MS ExcelAnalysis
ToolPak is used for mathematical analysis of the parameters and ArcGIS Version 10.1 is used for the
spatial analysis and it is a powerful tool for representation and analysis of spatial information related to water
resources. A total of 280 bore well water samples are collected. The major water quality parameters such as pH,
Total dissolved solids, Total alkalinity as calcium carbonate, Total hardness, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate,
Fluoride, Iron have been analysed as per BIS 10500-2012. The spatial variation maps of these groundwater
quality parameters were derived and integrated through GIS. The final integrated map shows five priority classes
such as Excellent, Good, Poor, Very poor, Unsuitable for zones of the study area and provides a guideline for the
suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes
Correlation Study For the Assessment of Water Quality and Its Parameters of G...IOSR Journals
In the present work water samples are collected from six different Ghats of Ganga river in Kanpur city from March 2010 to February 2011 on monthly basis and water quality assessment is carried out. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) value is determined using correlation matrix to identify the highly correlated and interrelated water quality parameters. To test the significance of the pair of parameters p-value is carried out and in order to test the joint effects of several independent variables, without frequent or repeated monitoring of water quality in a location. Higher concentration of Chromium (6.7 mg/l) at Siddhnath ghat in June, and its monthly variation showed highly adverse effect on river Ganga due to tanneries effluent. It is found that significant positive correlation holds for Temp vs BOD GH1 (r= 0.99, p<0.01),><0.01),><0.01);><0.01),><0.01),><0.01).><0.01),><0.01),><0.01). Chromium is found that non significant correlation. The mean values of all the measured physico-chemical parameters of Ganga river water are within the highest desirable limit set by WHO except BOD.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Spatial analysis of groundwater quality data using geoR and mgcv R-package (I...Dasapta Erwin Irawan
Author:
Irawan, DE.1, Prabowo, K.1, and Akter, F.2, Vervoort, W.2
Affiliation:
1 Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung, 40132
2 Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, University of Sydney
Biomedical Building, Australian Technology Park, NSW 2015
a)Irawan, DE: d.erwin.irawan@gmail.com
Abstract:
Quantitative-spatial analysis has been applied to 295 samples of shallow groundwater quality data from Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin (BSGwB) taken in 1997, 1998, 2007, 2010, and 2011. This paper discuss the use of variogram using geoR and generalised additive model (GAM) using mgcv R-package to identify the spatial distribution and mixing process betwee groundwater and Cikapundung river water. The variograms show significant water quality trend in north-south direction, and in the direction to the Cikapundung River. From the GAM tests using gaussian and gamma family, some significant elements can be identified: (1) geological control from Fe, Mn, Na concentration; (2) agricultural control from NO2, NO3 concentration; and (3) other surficial control from EC, CO3, CO2, SO4 concentration. Both analysis suggest the close interaction between groundwater and river water and the occurrence of mixing between both.
Revisiting hydrostratigraphy in Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin: a well-log...Dasapta Erwin Irawan
Author
Sunarwan, B.1, Irawan, DE. 1, Puradimaja, DJ. 1, Notosiswoyo, S.2, Sadisun, IA1, Setiawan, T.3, and Anugrah, RM4
Affiliation
1 Faculty of Earth Sciences and Technology, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
2 Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Bandung Institute of Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung,
Jl. Ganesa No. 10, Bandung, 40132
3 Geological Survey of Indonesia, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources,
Jl. Diponegoro No. 57, Bandung, 40122
4 Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21. Sumedang
Corresponding author:
a)Irawan, DE: d.erwin.irawan@gmail.com
Abstract
An attempt to revisit the hydro-stratigraphy of Bandung-Soreang Groundwater Basin (BSGB) has been done based on 111 well-logging training dataset. Transformation of resistivity values from well-log data to relative porosity and permeability used Chilingarian approach and Baker-Hughes Atlas of log responses. Then boundary marker was drawn to separated different aquifer layers. Simple linear regression equations were derived from the transformation: (a) tuff layers: θ= -0.0023ρ+2.5619,μ= -63.514θ+167.38,σ=22.912 μ+238.78; (b) clay layers: θ= -0.0181 ρ+2.6281,μ= -61.842 θ+163.91,σ=5.1202 μ-11.503; (c) sand layers: θ= -0.0078 ρ+2.5992,μ= -60.75 θ+161.02,σ=394.35 μ-2156.8. Based on the new aquifer taxonomy, three hydro-stratigraphic units (HSU) and six sub HSU have been defined. UHs 1 is the top layer of the BSGB, located at elevation above 650 masl. It has three sub HSU that consists of tuf and sand. The permeability (K) values of this unit range from 0,0014 to 0.1 m per day. HSU-2 with two sub HSU consists of tuf and sand, located at elevation from 625 to 650 masl. This unit has K values from 0.1 to 6 m per day. HSU-3, which is located at elevation from 500 to 625 masl, has only one sub HSU. This unit consists of tuf, sand, and volcanic breccias, with K values from 0.3 to 7.1 m per day. This models, however, are still needed more test to new dataset.
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Progressive deteriortaion of groundwater quality in Vrishabhavathi Valley Bas...AM Publications
The present work aims to study the progressive deterioration of groundwater quality over a period of
eight years, in and around the Vrishabhavathi Valley, an erstwhile fresh water stream, now carrying huge amounts of
industrial, agricultural and domestic effluents from the western part of Bangalore metropolis. Groundwater samples were
collected from both the borewells and open wells along the Vrishabhavathi valley watershed during April 2014 from the
same sampling sites, that were chosen for the study in 2006 by these authors and subjected to a comprehensive
physico-chemical analysis and water quality indices were worked out for the entire study area, both for the 2006 and the
present data. The water quality indices have risen alarmingly and it has been found that nearly 67% of the samples are
non-potable and it is seen that this number has risen sharply from 50 % non-potability in study 1 conducted in 2006. This
clearly shows that there is a massive deterioration of water quality in the study span of 8 years, clearly reflecting the
unabated and huge increase in the concentration of pollutants from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources that
have been making their way to the groundwaters of Vrishabhavathi valley basin. The results imply that the groundwater
of all the affected areas are completely unfit for human consumption and needs elaborate and appropriate treatment for
improving its quality.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples of Inkollu Mandal, ...IJERA Editor
Physico-chemical parameters of groundwater quality based on Physic-chemical parameters at Inkollu mandal, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for Drinking purpose. Nine ground water samples were collected from different places of Inkollu mandal of Prakasam district. The quality analysis has been made through the pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride and Iron. By observing the results, it was shown that the parameters from the water samples were compared with WHO (World Health Organization) and BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), USPH (United state Public health ) for ground water .The results revealed that some parameters were in high concentration and quality of the potable water has deteriorated to a large extent at some sampling locations.
Investigating the groundwater of Qorveh-Chaharduli plain in terms of drinking...Innspub Net
Groundwater resources contamination caused by environmental pollutions including both chemical fertilizers and industrial and domestic waste leachate is currently one of the most important environmental issues which has exposed the humans life to risk in some regions. The data of Qorveh plain located in Kurdistan were used in 10-year statistical periods (2002-2012). After selecting the best evaluated resources, considering the data accuracy and distribution, statistics reconstruction and control were conducted and after investigation of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, it was found that, the data were not normal and consequently, the data logarithm was calculated to be normalized, then, the best variogram model was fitted to spatial structure of the data (SO4, Cl, Na, TDS and TH) using GS+ software. To draw the water zonation map according to Schuler, overlap of the five layers in ArcGIS was used. For the year 2012, most of the eastern parts of the plain (south east and north east) and a small part of the west, totally by an area of 200.2 km2 have poor quality of water for drinking. Get more articles like this at: http://goo.gl/PVkZji
EVALUATION OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT FOR KRISHNA RIVER BANK STRETCH OF ANDHRA PRA...IAEME Publication
Objective: To determine thesuitable and economical techniques to stabilize the banks of the Krishna riverand to protect the bank from Flood water.
Methods/Analysis:The paper aim is to study about the methods to stabilizethe banks of the Krishna River and also to control the erosion at the banks ofthe river by using various methods as soft and hard approaches to reduceerosion of the bank and to reduce the seepage, to stabilize the river banks.
Findings: The major risk observed from the previously occurred floods inKrishna river basin is that the bank was washed out with flood water it is lackof proper bank stabilizing methods. Novelty/Improvement:By adopting the flood management system in the River Krishna bank then theimpact on assets will be reduced.
Ground water quality and water quality index of dwarka district of national c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Quality in Rural Areas of Uttar Pradesh ...IJERA Editor
The importance of groundwater for the existence of human society cannot be exaggerated. Groundwater is the
major source of water in both rural and urban India.Duringlast decade, it was observed that ground water get
polluted drastically and hence, resulted into many water borne diseases which is a cause of many health hazards.
In this paper an attempt has been made to test groundwater quality of different villages of Uttar Pradesh, India
on the basis of thirteen parameters like pH, total dissolved solids, conductivity, total hardness, biological oxygen
demand etc. The results obtained were compared with the BIS (IS 10500:1991) Permissible Standards for
drinking water. Normal Distribution analysis was applied to describe various characteristics of the samples
collected and Correlation Analysiswas done on the samples which measured the strength of association between
twowaterparameters.On the basis of results obtained from analytical and statistical analysis, it was revealed that
all the water sources chosen for study are not suitable for the utilization of water.
Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industrie...ijtsrd
The water quality was assessed by monitoring various physico-chemical parameters like temperature, pH, hydrogen sulphide, total dissolved solids (TDS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), sulphate, oil and grease and chloride (Cl-). The assessed quality of intake water and effluent water after treatment was studied. The treated waste water quality was compared with the permissible standards prescribed by Telangana State Pollution Control Board (TSPCB) and found well within the limits. This water could be successfully utilized for irrigation and horticulture purposes. Dr. Suresh Shukla | Prof. Dr. M. A. Singaracharya"Assessment of Water Quality Status of Godavari river around process industries at Manuguru, Telangana State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10880.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/microbiology/10880/assessment-of-water-quality-status-of-godavari-river-around-process-industries-at-manuguru-telangana-state/dr-suresh-shukla
ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY OF GODAVARI RIVER AT NASHIK, MAHARASHTRA, INDIAIAEME Publication
Godavari is the second largest river in India. It originates from Triambakeswar, Nashik, Maharashtra and finally discharges into the Bay of Bengal near Narasapuram in West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh. The study covers about 24 km of river starting from Gangapur dam to Dasak village. Fifteen locations were selected for collection of water samples from the river and water samples were analysed for water quality parameters. It was observed that untreated or partially treated sewage alongwith industrial wastewater is entering into the river at twelve prominent locations in the study stretch. This data was used to compute the value of National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index(NSFWQI), mostly applicable in USA and India. The results of NSFWQI of Godavari river indicates that its water quality as ‘Good’ (70-90) from Gangapur dam to Someshwar, ‘Bad’ (25-50) from Aanadwalli bridge to Samtanagar and ‘Very bad’ (0-25) at Agartakli STP downstream.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Progressive deteriortaion of groundwater quality in Vrishabhavathi Valley Bas...AM Publications
The present work aims to study the progressive deterioration of groundwater quality over a period of
eight years, in and around the Vrishabhavathi Valley, an erstwhile fresh water stream, now carrying huge amounts of
industrial, agricultural and domestic effluents from the western part of Bangalore metropolis. Groundwater samples were
collected from both the borewells and open wells along the Vrishabhavathi valley watershed during April 2014 from the
same sampling sites, that were chosen for the study in 2006 by these authors and subjected to a comprehensive
physico-chemical analysis and water quality indices were worked out for the entire study area, both for the 2006 and the
present data. The water quality indices have risen alarmingly and it has been found that nearly 67% of the samples are
non-potable and it is seen that this number has risen sharply from 50 % non-potability in study 1 conducted in 2006. This
clearly shows that there is a massive deterioration of water quality in the study span of 8 years, clearly reflecting the
unabated and huge increase in the concentration of pollutants from municipal, industrial and agricultural sources that
have been making their way to the groundwaters of Vrishabhavathi valley basin. The results imply that the groundwater
of all the affected areas are completely unfit for human consumption and needs elaborate and appropriate treatment for
improving its quality.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Physico-Chemical Analysis of Selected Groundwater Samples of Inkollu Mandal, ...IJERA Editor
Physico-chemical parameters of groundwater quality based on Physic-chemical parameters at Inkollu mandal, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh, India have been taken up to evaluate its suitability for Drinking purpose. Nine ground water samples were collected from different places of Inkollu mandal of Prakasam district. The quality analysis has been made through the pH, EC, TDS, Total Hardness, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, Fluoride and Iron. By observing the results, it was shown that the parameters from the water samples were compared with WHO (World Health Organization) and BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards), USPH (United state Public health ) for ground water .The results revealed that some parameters were in high concentration and quality of the potable water has deteriorated to a large extent at some sampling locations.
Investigating the groundwater of Qorveh-Chaharduli plain in terms of drinking...Innspub Net
Groundwater resources contamination caused by environmental pollutions including both chemical fertilizers and industrial and domestic waste leachate is currently one of the most important environmental issues which has exposed the humans life to risk in some regions. The data of Qorveh plain located in Kurdistan were used in 10-year statistical periods (2002-2012). After selecting the best evaluated resources, considering the data accuracy and distribution, statistics reconstruction and control were conducted and after investigation of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, it was found that, the data were not normal and consequently, the data logarithm was calculated to be normalized, then, the best variogram model was fitted to spatial structure of the data (SO4, Cl, Na, TDS and TH) using GS+ software. To draw the water zonation map according to Schuler, overlap of the five layers in ArcGIS was used. For the year 2012, most of the eastern parts of the plain (south east and north east) and a small part of the west, totally by an area of 200.2 km2 have poor quality of water for drinking. Get more articles like this at: http://goo.gl/PVkZji
EVALUATION OF FLOOD MANAGEMENT FOR KRISHNA RIVER BANK STRETCH OF ANDHRA PRA...IAEME Publication
Objective: To determine thesuitable and economical techniques to stabilize the banks of the Krishna riverand to protect the bank from Flood water.
Methods/Analysis:The paper aim is to study about the methods to stabilizethe banks of the Krishna River and also to control the erosion at the banks ofthe river by using various methods as soft and hard approaches to reduceerosion of the bank and to reduce the seepage, to stabilize the river banks.
Findings: The major risk observed from the previously occurred floods inKrishna river basin is that the bank was washed out with flood water it is lackof proper bank stabilizing methods. Novelty/Improvement:By adopting the flood management system in the River Krishna bank then theimpact on assets will be reduced.
Ground water quality and water quality index of dwarka district of national c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Water quality index with missing parameterseSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents the efficient modifications in calculating formula of water quality index. Water quality index provides us a single number which expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time which is based on several quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and usable by the public. In this paper a formula will be found to calculate water quality index when the numerical value of some of it’s quality parameters are missing. The standard formula to calculate water quality index has nine water quality parameters- biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, pH, nitrate, phosphate, faecal coliform, turbidity, total dissolve solids and temperature. Sometimes it becomes very difficult to find out the values of all these parameters because of lack of time or because of failure in testing. In that case the formula with missing parameters will help us to calculate water quality index. Index Terms: Water quality index, q- values, weight factors, weighted mean.
Water quality index for groundwater of southern part of bangalore cityeSAT Journals
Abstract Combining different water quality parameters into one single number leads an easy interpretation of an index, thus providing an important tool for management and decision making purposes. Water quality index is a statistical index and is based on the rank order of observation. The purpose of an index is to transform the complex water quality data into information that is easily understandable and useable by the general public. As a part of research work, 14 important water viz., pH, Ec, Cl, Fe, F, SO4, T.H, Ca, Mg, TDS, Na, K, Zn, NO3 were used to evaluate WQI of Southern part of Bangalore City. The water quality index number varies between (19 to122).The indices is classified as Excellent at range less than 10, Good at range 10 to 30, Medium at a range 30 to 50, Bad at a range 50 to 75, and Very Bad at a range greater than 75and the corresponding range contributed by each group is 0%, 18%, 18%, 28%, and 36% respectively. Keywords: WQI, Bangalore
Develop and Apply Water Quality Index to Evaluate Water Quality of Tigris and...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Seasonal variations in water quality index of sirhind canal passing through m...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Water Quality Index for Assessment of Rudrasagar Lake Ecosystem, IndiaIJERA Editor
Water quality of lakes, rivers and reservoirs in developing countries like India is being degraded
because of the contaminated inflows and surrounding influence. There is a serious need for appropriate water
quality monitoring for future planning and management of Lake and other type of water resources. Quality of
water in Rudrasagar Lake, Tripura, India has been investigated in this paper. Water Quality Index (WQI) was
applied in Rudrasagar Lake India using water quality parameters like pH, Turbidity, Conductivity, Hardness,
Alkalinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Nitrate. Based on the importance of the
parameter for aquatic life the relative weight is assigned to each water quality parameter ranged from 1 to 4.
Tests were performed on site using electronic measuring device as well as on Laboratory with samples of water
collected from different locations of Rudrasagar Lake. It shows that water quality of Rudrasagar Lake falls
within the ‗good water‘ category but marginally. Continuous monitoring of Rudrasagar lake is suggested for
proper management.
Final year civil engineering project report physico chemical analsis of groun...Shaik Jawad
Final year civil engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering project report
environmental engineering
remote sensing technique
ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality
physico chemical analysis of ground water quality with application of GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUE
A Study on Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Borewell Water In Sugar Town, ...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is a natural resource for drinking water .In addition to the population growth, urbanization and industrialization also extend the demand of water. Providing safe drinking water supply to the ever growing urban and sub-urban population is going to be a challenge to the civil authorities, city planners, policy makers and environmentalists. Groundwater is a major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas of Mandya. Mandya city is rapidly raising population, changing lifestyle and intense competition among users- agriculture, industry and domestic sectors is driving the groundwater table lower. Besides, discharge of untreated wastewater through bores and leachate from unscientific disposal of solid wastes also contaminate groundwater, thereby reducing quality of fresh water resources.
The present work is aimed at assessing the water quality index for the ground water samples of Sugar town, Mandya city. The groundwater samples of about 40 samples were collected and subjected for a comprehensive physicochemical analysis. The purposes of this investigation are to provide an overview of present ground water quality for the following 12 parameters such as pH, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, total dissolved solids, iron, fluoride, alkalinity are to be considered for calculating the WQI. The results are analyzed by WQI method for predicting water quality. Water Quality Index (WQI) is a very useful and effective way for assessing the quality of water. WQI is a very useful tool for communicating the information on overall quality of water.
Assessment of Water Pollution of Water Bodies using GIS - A Reviewijtsrd
Quality and quantity of water bodies is considered main pillar for sustainable development. Assessment of surface water bodies is required for growing urban cities like Surat. Due to impact of urbanization, the surface water bodies of Surat City have been adversely affected. The main Scope of study is the qualitative classification of the Creek and Tapi River of Surat City based on the effective qualitative parameters in the Indian water standards for drinking purpose. The study focuses on spatial changes in surface water quality based on a combined examination of physical and chemical parameters.GIS is proper solution for analysing the useful information obtain from spatial and temporal data because this analysis extract information from the available spatial data which can be very helpful in the future decision making. To obtain spatial dissemination of surface water quality parameters (as COD, BOD, pH, DO, Turbidity, EC, TDS, TSS and Chloride), interpolating technique is used. Divya A. Lad | Dr. Mehali J. Mehta | Prof. Manisha P. Vashi"Assessment of Water Pollution of Water Bodies using GIS - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd10706.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environment-engineering/10706/assessment-of-water-pollution-of-water-bodies-using-gis---a-review/divya-a-lad
Drinking Water Quality Assessment of Commercial Areas in Shivamogga Town usin...ijsrd.com
The present study aimed at assessment of the drinking water quality of commercial areas of shivamogga town using NSF-WQI. The physico-chemical parameters such as pH, Temp, EC, Ca, Mg, TDS, Cl, Sulphate, Nitrate, Phosphate, Iron, DO, BOD, COD, Total hardness, Alkalinity, Turbidity values used to assess water quality. Few parameters pH, TDS, phosphate, nitrates, DO, BOD & turbidity were considered to compute water quality index based on national sanitation foundation (NSF-WQI). WQI is an excellent management & general administrative tool in communicating water quality information. NSF-WQI online calculator is used to calculate the water quality index. According to NSF-WQI ranking, water quality is good & suitable for drinking purpose.
PHYSICO CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GROUND WATER QUALITY AND APPLICATION OF GIS AND REMOTE SENSING TECHINIQUE FOR ASSESSMENT OF GROUND WATER QUALITY BY GENERATING GROUND WATER QUALITY MAP
THIS IS THE ACTUAL TITLE OF PROJECT IN ABSOLUTE SENSE
THIS IS THE FINAL YEAR PROJECT OF BE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PARTICULARLY IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGG, GIS AND REMOTE SENSING
ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN COASTAL ZONE MANDALAS OF SRIKAKULAM DIST...IAEME Publication
This study is designed to focus on the assessment of groundwater quality within the rural coastal Mandals of (Kaviti and Etcherla Mandals) in Srikakulam district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Kaviti Mandal belongs to the Uddanam area. Groundwater is a major source for drinking and agricultural purpose of these Mandals. A total of 20 water samples were collected from these two Mandals in a single sampling campaign in Aprial 2020. To analyze 16 water quality variables and apply the principal component analysis (PCA) to explore the parameters in change for the main variability in water quality variance for two Mandals groundwater. And to identify the source of pollution. The PCA results displayed the four significant main components and combined explained in Kavity at 76.2 % and in Etcherla at 85.9 % of the variances Specifically followed by forming activities, seasonal effects, geological effects, and domestic sewage discharge effects represent 32.9 %, 19.9 %, 13.1 %,10.2 % and 20.9 %, 14.7 %, 9.7 % respectively, of the total variance of water quality in both Mandals. The results of PCA replicated a good look at the water quality monitoring and understanding of the groundwater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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11.generation of groundwater quality index map
1. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Print) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol 1, No.2, 2011
Generation of Groundwater Quality Index Map –
A Case Study
P. Srinivas (Corresponding author)
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Vignan University,
Vadlamudi, Guntur- 522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Tel: +91-9866305533 E-mail: vasu77.p@gmail.com
G. N. Pradeep Kumar
Professor & Former Head, Department of Civil Engineering,
SVU College of Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University,
Tirupati- 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Tel: +91-9963069986 E-mail: saignp@gmail.com
A. Srinivasa Prasad
Professor & Head, Department of Civil Engineering,
Vignan University,
Vadlamudi, Guntur- 522 213, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Tel: +91-9490223827 E-mail: annavarapu_sp@yahoo.com
T. Hemalatha
Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
SVU College of Engineering, Sri Venkateswara University,
Tirupati- 517 502, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Tel: +91- 9848041686 E-mail: t_hemalata@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Reliance on groundwater has been rapidly increasing, especially in the arid and semiarid regions, resulting in its
overexploitation leading to deterioration of quality. Kurmapalli Vagu basin of Andhra Pradesh, a semi-critical
region with respect to the stage of groundwater development is a good example. Its monitoring and assessment
is imperative for devising preventive measures against health hazards. Groundwater samples from twenty five
locations were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters in terms of Water Quality
Index (WQI) to determine its suitability for drinking purposes. Seven locations were found to have WQI value
within the limits. High values of WQI were mostly due to high content of Fluorides. WQI Contour map was
generated to study spatial distribution of quality of groundwater. Suitable remedial measures and groundwater
augmenting structures are proposed in the study area to improve the quality of groundwater.
Keywords: Groundwater, WQI, Fluorosis, Groundwater augmenting structures.
1. Introduction
9
2. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Print) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol 1, No.2, 2011
Water is the most essential and one of the prime necessities of life. Rising demand of water for
irrigation, agriculture, domestic consumption and industry is forcing stiff competition over the allocation of
scarce water resources among both, areas and types of use. To meet the increasing water demands, reliance on
groundwater has been rapidly increasing, especially in the arid and semiarid regions.
During past several decades, groundwater quality has emerged as one of the important and confronting
environmental issues (Ravi Chandra Babu et al. 2006). Attention on water contamination and its management
has become a need of the hour because of far reaching impact on human health (Mahadevaiah and Sanjeevi
2006, Sinha and Kumar 2008). The utility of groundwater available is dependent on its physical, chemical and
bacteriological properties. Spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater quality is a function of climate
(precipitation and evaporation), topography (slope which affects the residence time of groundwater), geology of
the area (mineralogical and chemical composition of rocks and soils with which groundwater is in contact) etc.
(Aswathanarayana 2002).
Kurmapalli Vagu basin is not served by irrigation projects except a few tanks that are also hardly get
filled up. In the study area groundwater is the only source of drinking water (Rajani et al. 2006). Attempt has
been made to evaluate the groundwater quality focusing on drinking water. Groundwater samples from twenty
five locations were collected within the basin and were analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters. WQI
was evaluated for determining suitability of water for drinking.
2. Study Area
The Kurmapalli Vagu basin, 108.09 sq.km. in extent, is located at about 55 km south east of Hyderabad
(Figure 1). It lies between 78040’ - 78050’45” E longitude and 16050’- 1700’ N latitude. It was categorised as
semi-critical with respect to the stage of groundwater development (Pradeep Kumar and Srinivas 2011).
In the present study IRS P6 - LISS III & IRS 1D - PAN merged RS data acquired on 27th April 2008,
geocoded at the scale of 1:50,000 and Survey of India (SOI) toposheet nos. 56 L/9, 56 L/13 have been used for
preparation of various thematic maps. The base map of the study area is shown in Figure 2.
3. Water Quality Index
Water Quality Index, indicating the water quality in terms of a number, offers a useful representation of
overall quality of water. Horton (1965) defined Water Quality Index as a reflection of composite influence of
individual quality characteristics on the overall quality of water. WQI is used to assess water quality trends for
management purpose. (Srivastava et al. 2007). For calculation of WQI, selection of parameters has great
importance (Chatterjee and Raziuddin 2007). Since, selection of many number of parameters widen the water
quality index and importance of various parameters depends on the intended use, twelve physico-chemical
parameters namely pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Alkalinity, Total
Hardness, Fluoride, Chloride, Nitrate, Sulphate, Iron, Calcium and Magnesium were used to calculate WQI.
4. Determination of Water Quality Index
To determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose, Water Quality Index was computed
using Eq. (1).
n n
WQI =
qiWi Wi
(1)
i 1 i 1
where, Wi is a Weightage factor computed using Eq.(2).
Wi = K / Si (2)
th
where, Si = Standard value of the i water quality parameter, K is a proportionality constant, which is taken as
1.0 ( Ravi Chandra Babu et al. 2006 ), n is the total number of water quality parameters.
10
3. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Print) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol 1, No.2, 2011
Quality rating (qi) is computed using Eq.(3).
qi = {[(Va Vi ) / (Si Vi )] 100} (3)
where, qi = Quality rating for the ith water quality parameter, Va = Actual value of the ith water quality
parameter obtained from laboratory analysis, Vi = Ideal value of the ith water quality parameter obtained from
standard tables, Vi for pH = 7 and for other parameters it is equivalent to zero.
5. Water Quality Analysis
Table 1 presents values of twelve water quality parameters, determined as per APHA 1995, of
groundwater samples collected from 25 different locations (Figure 3). WHO standard values (WHO 1971), ideal
values and weightage factors of water quality parameters are listed in Table 2. Status of water quality based on
WQI is given in Table 3.
6. Results and Discussion
6.1 Results and Discussion on Various Water Quality Parameters
6.1.1 pH
pH of drinking water is normally between 6.5 to 8.5 while that of natural water is between 4 to 9. The
analysis showed that the pH values range between 6.4 to 8.2 (Table 1), indicating that the water is neutral.
Minimum pH was observed at Mal village while maximum value was at Sakali Seripalli village. pH value of
samples at six locations lie between 6 and 7, seventeen locations lie between 7 and 8 and remaining two
locations between 8 and 9.
6.1.2 Electrical Conductivity
Electrical conductivity is the ability of water to allow electric current through it and is expressed in
micro mhos per centimeter (µ mhos/cm). Conductivity value of fresh waters is in the range of 5 to 500 µ
mhos/cm. Maximum value of 2863 µmhos/cm (Table 1) was observed at Venkatesh nagar village while
minimum value was 842 µmhos/cm at Polepalli Main road. Water samples at eleven locations were having
electrical conductivity value between 1000 to 2000 µmhos/cm and at ten locations in the range of 2000 to 3000
µ mhos/cm and at the remaining four locations below 1000 µ mhos/cm.
6.1.3 Total Dissolved Solids
Concentration of dissolved solids in groundwater decides its applicability for drinking, irrigation or
industrial purposes. Concentration of dissolved matter in water is given by the weight of the material on
evaporation of water to dryness up to a temperature of 180 0C. The values are expressed in mg/l. Major
constituents of TDS include Bicarbonates (HCO3-), Sulphates (SO42-) and Chlorides (Cl-) of Calcium,
Magnesium, Sodium and Silica. Groundwater containing more than 1000 mg/l of total dissolved solids is
generally referred as brackish water. In the study area, TDS in groundwater ranges from 574 to 1975 mg/l
(Table 1) with minimum from bore well location near Polepalli Main road and maximum value from bore well
location at Mal. Water samples at seventeen locations were having total dissolved solids values between 1000 to
2000 mg/l and at remaining eight locations have values below 1000 mg/l.
6.1.4 Total Alkalinity
Alkalinity is caused due to the presence of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides of calcium,
magnesium, potassium and sodium. Calcium carbonate is the most usual constituent that causes alkalinity.
Alkalinity is expressed in mg/l and the limit for drinking water is 200 mg/l. Total alkalinity in the groundwater
in the basin ranges between 208 mg/l to 974 mg/l (Table 1). Minimum value of 208 mg/l was observed at
Kishanpalli village of Yacharam mandal in Ranga Reddy district while the maximum value of 974 mg/l was
observed at Madanapuram village of Nalgonda district.
11
4. Civil and Environmental Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-5790 (Print) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol 1, No.2, 2011
6.1.5 Total Hardness
Hardness in water is caused primarily by the presence of carbonates and bicarbonates of calcium and
magnesium, sulphates, chlorides and nitrates. Total hardness is a measure of calcium (Ca 2+) and magnesium
(Mg2+) content in water and is expressed as equivalent of CaCo 3. Water with a hardness of less than 75 mg/l is
considered as soft. Hardness of 75-150 mg/l is not objectionable for most purposes. Minimum total hardness of
127 mg/l (Table 1) was observed at Battugudem and maximum value of 858 mg/l was at Godkondla village.
6.1.6 Fluoride
Fluorine is one of the most common elements in the earth’s crust and is most electro-negative of all
elements. It occurs in water as fluoride. It is expressed in mg/l. It is found in both igneous and sedimentary
rocks in flat topography and semi arid regions. The formation of high fluoride in groundwater is governed by
composition of bedrock and hydrogeology. High fluoride in groundwater may also be formed as a result of
evapotranspiration along the groundwater flow path. Fluoride concentration in groundwater of the study area
ranges from 0.9 to 12.7 mg/l. Fluoride of drinking water should ideally be between 1.0 to 1.5 mg/l. Minimum
concentration of 0.9 mg/l was observed at Lambadi tanda while maximum of 12.7 mg/l at Madanapuram.
Highest values of Fluoride were found in middle part of the study area and are related to the occurrence of
fluoride rich rocks and their chemical kinetic behavior with groundwater (Mondal et al. 2009).
6.1.7 Chloride
Major sources of chloride in groundwater are the constituents of igneous and metamorphic rocks like
sodalite and chlorapatite etc. Because of sewerage waste disposal and leaching of saline residues in the soil,
abnormal chloride concentrations may occur. Water quality analysis of the samples collected indicates that the
chloride concentration ranges from 78 mg/l to 694 mg/l. Minimum value of 78 mg/l was observed at
Battugudem village and the maximum value of 694 mg/l at Godkondla village.
6.1.8 Nitrate
Nitrate enters groundwater through nitrogen cycle. 1 mg/l of nitrogen equals to 4.5 mg/l of nitrate.
Natural nitrate concentration in groundwater ranges from 0.1 mg/l to 10 mg/l. In the study area, the nitrate
concentration ranges from 9 mg/l to 58 mg/l. Minimum value was observed at Ummapur and maximum value
was observed at both Godkondla and Takallapalli respectively. The desirable limit of nitrates in drinking water
is 50 mg/l.
6.1.9 Sulphate
Abnormal concentrations of sulphate may be due to the presence of sulphide ore bodies like pyrite,
lignite and coal. Sulphate concentration ranges from 37 mg/l to 216 mg/l observed at Kurmapalli and Vinjamur
villages respectively.
6.1.10 Iron
The presence of iron in groundwater can be attributed to the dissolution of rock and minerals
(pyroxenes, pyrite, magnetite and haematite (Sandhya 2005)), acid mine drainage, sewage and industrial
effluents. Water quality analysis of the samples collected indicates that the Iron concentration ranges from 0.1
mg/l to 0.5 mg/l at various locations.
6.1.11 Calcium
Calcium occurs in water mainly due to the presence of limestone, gypsum, dolomite and gypsiferrous
minerals. Permissible limit of calcium is 75 mg/l. Calcium concentration ranges from 21 mg/l to 124 mg/l
observed in water sample locations at Venkatesh nagar and Annebainapalli villages respectively.
6.1.12 Magnesium
Magnesium occurs in water mainly due to the presence of olivine, biotite, augite and talc minerals.
Permissible limit of magnesium is 30 mg/l. Water quality analysis of the samples collected indicates that the
magnesium concentration ranges from 12 mg/l to 46 mg/l. Minimum value of 12 mg/l was observed at
Godkondla village and the maximum value of 46 mg/l at Badvanagudem village.
6.2 Evaluation of Water Quality Index
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Using the values of different water quality parameters for the samples as listed in Table 1, WHO
standard values, ideal values and weightage factors as listed in Table 2, the computed values of WQI are listed
in Table 4. These values of WQI were compared with standard values of WQI (as listed in Table 3) and
accordingly quality of water was categorized as listed in Table 4. It may be observed from the values of WQI,
that
WQI values range from 44 - 217.
Two locations have the value in the range of 25-50.
Four locations have the value in the range of 50-75.
Only one sample has the value in the range of 75-100.
All other samples have the WQI values more than 100 making them
unsuitable for drinking purpose.
It may be observed that high values of WQI were due to high content of Fluorides. Only one location
was having less than 1.0 mg/l, seven locations were found to have 1.0 to 1.5 mg/l and the rest of 17 locations
were having fluoride more than 1.5 mg/l. In Madanapuram the WQI value was 217 and the corresponding
Fluoride content was 12.7 mg/l. In Polepalli Main road, Khandunayak Tanda and Sakali seripalli also the WQI
values were above 150 and the fluoride contents were greater than 6.5. As the WQI is far above the permissible
limits, it is suggested to take necessary precautions before the water is used for drinking purpose.
6.3 Fluorosis and Defluoridation
Since the study area is known for endemic fluorosis, ill effects of high fluoride concentration in
drinking water are described briefly.
A small amount of fluoride (0.8 - 1.0 mg/l) in groundwater is necessary as it helps for bone
development. Concentrations of fluoride more than 3.0 mg/l cause abnormalities in bone structure, calcification
of spines and stiffening of joints and ligaments known as “Skeletal fluorosis”. Skeletal fluorosis is not easily
identifiable until the disease has developed to an advanced stage. Presence of fluoride greater than 5 mg/l in
drinking water causes neurological problems.
Defluoridation, process of removing excess fluoride in drinking water, can be carried out through
precipitation and ion exchange method. In precipitation method, lime and alum in appropriate proportion are
added to the raw water, which results in formation of precipitation, which will then be removed. In ion exchange
method, strong base anions exchange resins are used to remove fluoride ion. Deflouridation of potable water can
also be achieved by Nalgonda technique developed by National Environmental Engineering Research Institute,
Nagpur. Nalgonda technique involves addition of aluminium salts, lime and bleaching powder followed by rapid
mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection. Using any one of the above methods, fluorosis
can be prevented.
6.4 Generation of WQI Contour Map
Using the spatial data of location of different bore wells and the corresponding WQI values, WQI contour
map was developed as shown in Figure 4. This was generated using SURFER 9 package. This map can be used
as a ready reckoner for suggesting suitable and economic water treatment measures. It can also be used for
suitable crop selection and for planning conjunctive use.
6.5 Groundwater Augmenting Structures
Based on the subsurface information derived from electrical resistivity data and thematic information
from Remote Sensing data, groundwater augmenting structures like Check dams, Percolation tanks and
Subsurface dykes were recommended as shown in Figure 5 (Pradeep Kumar et al. 2011). These structures
enable artificial recharge of groundwater and finally results in improving groundwater quality.
7. Conclusions
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Analysis of experimental investigation on quality of groundwater, using twelve physic-chemical
parameters of Kurmapalli Vagu basin indicate that in general, the water quality was poor and unsuitable for
drinking purpose. Fluorosis was found to be predominant. This study infers immediate attention towards the
improvement of water quality. Suitable measures as suggested have to be taken up on war footing. In order to
assist the planners, designers and executors of water quality treatment in the study area, WQI map has been
developed. In order to improve the quality of groundwater through artificial recharge, suitable locations for
groundwater augmentation structures are suggested.
8. References
APHA.1995. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 19th edition, American Public
Health Association, Washington DC.
Aswathanarayana, U. 2002. Groundwater quality, Proceedings of International Conference on Hydrology and
Watershed Management conducted by C.W.R, I.S.T, J.N.T.U, Hyderabad, 1:556-563.
Chateerjee, P.K. and Raziuddin, M. 2007. Studies on the water quality of a water body at Asansol town, West
Bengal, Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 6, no.2 :289-292.
Horton, R.K. 1965. An index number system for rating water quality, Journal of Water Poll. Cont. Fed.,
37:300-305.
Mahadevaiah, T. and Sanjeevi, S. 2006. Water Quality Index map of Chithravathi watershed, Kolar disrict,
Karnataka, Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology, 5, no.4:639-644.
Mondal, N.C., Prasad, R.K., Saxena, V.K., Singh, Y. and Singh,V.S. 2009. Appraisal of highly fluoride zones in
groundwater of Kurmapalli watershed, Nalgonda district, AndhraPradesh (India), Environmental Earth
Sciences, 59 no.1:63-73.
Pradeep Kumar, G.N., Srinivas, P., Jaya Chandra, K., and Sujatha, P., 2011. Evaluation of Groundwater
Potential zones and Identification of Groundwater Augmenting Structures in a basin - A case study, Journal of
Indian Water Resources Society, Vol.31, No.1-2, p 1-11.
Pradeep Kumar G.N. and Srinivas P., 2011. Evaluation of groundwater resources and estimation of stage of
groundwater development in a basin - A case study, Irrigation and Drainage - International Journal , Published
online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) 60:n/a, DOI:10.1002/ird.628.
Rajani, K.V.N., Swamy, M.V. and Venkateswara Rao, B. 2006. Estimation of groundwater resources- A case
study of Kurmapalli Watershed in Nalgonda and Ranga Reddy districts of Andhra Pradesh, Proceedings of the
2nd International conference on Hydrology and Watershed Management conducted by C.W.R, I.S.T, J.N.T.U,
Hyderabad, 1:118-126.
Ravi Chandra Babu, R., Chandana,O.S.S., Sudarsana Rao,T. and Suresh Kumar, J. 2006. Study on evaluation of
groundwater pollution potential in Bukkannapalem, Madhurwada, Visakhapatnam, Nature, Environment and
Pollution Technology, 5, no.2 :203-207.
Sandhya, K. 2005. Assessment of groundwater quality in Bollaram area, M.Tech. Thesis, J.N.T.University,
Hyderabad.
Sinha, D.K. and Rajeev Kumar. 2008. Statistical assessment of underground drinking water contamination at
J.P. Nagar, Pollution Research, 27, no.1:169-172.
Srivastava, A.K., Mishra, D.K., Sarika, T.and Priti Singh. 2007. Determination of Water Quality Index and
suitability of groundwater in a college in Balrampur, U.P., Nature, Environment and Pollution Technology,
6, no. 2: 315-319.
WHO.1971. Int. stnds. for drinking water World Health Organisation, Geneva.
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ISSN 2224-5790 (Print) ISSN 2225-0514 (Online)
Vol 1, No.2, 2011
Figure 1 Location Map of Kurmapalli Vagu Basin
Figure 2 Base Map of Kurmapalli Vagu Basin
Figure 3 Location Map of Groundwater Samples
in Kurmapalli Vagu Basin
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Figure 4 Water Quality Index Contour Map of
Kurmapalli Vagu Basin
Figure 5 Location Map of Groundwater
Augmenting Structures in Kurmapalli Vagu Basin
20
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