This document provides information about blood spatter analysis, including key terminology, characteristics of blood droplets, factors that affect bloodstain patterns, and how bloodstain pattern analysis can be used to reconstruct crime scenes and answer questions about the events that led to the bloodshed. It discusses how bloodstain pattern analysis uses scientific principles to determine details like the point of origin of blood drops, the trajectories and angles of impact, and movements of victims and assailants.
Confirmatory Test for Semen identificationParth Chuahan
Seminal fluid is a complex mixture of secretions from at least four male urogenital glands. The seminal vesicle gland contributes approximately 60% to this mixture, the prostate gland contributes approximately 30%, and the combined contribution of the epididymis and bulbourethral glands account for the remaining 10%
Confirmatory Tests for semen:
1- The Christmas Tree Stain: The most reliable confirmation for the presence of semen is the positive visual identification of sperm cells (or spermatozoa) using the Christmas tree stain.
Confirmatory Test for Semen identificationParth Chuahan
Seminal fluid is a complex mixture of secretions from at least four male urogenital glands. The seminal vesicle gland contributes approximately 60% to this mixture, the prostate gland contributes approximately 30%, and the combined contribution of the epididymis and bulbourethral glands account for the remaining 10%
Confirmatory Tests for semen:
1- The Christmas Tree Stain: The most reliable confirmation for the presence of semen is the positive visual identification of sperm cells (or spermatozoa) using the Christmas tree stain.
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)Alok Yadav
Automated fingerprint identification is the process of using a computer to match fingerprints against a database of known and unknown prints in the fingerprint identification system.
Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS)Alok Yadav
Automated fingerprint identification is the process of using a computer to match fingerprints against a database of known and unknown prints in the fingerprint identification system.
It is the interpretation of bloodstains at a crime scene in order to recreate the actions that caused the bloodshed. Analysts examine the size, shape, distribution and location of the bloodstains to form opinions about what did or did not happen.
FSB05
b l o o d s patt e r
Properties of blood
Teacher Background Information
Blood is considered to be a fu
with no fxed shape and is su
pressure. A fuid can be either
liquid is a fuid that has a fxed
fuid that can expand indefni
Viscosity
Viscosity is defned as a fuid’s
more viscous a substance is, th
fow. The SI unit for viscosity is
viscosity is compared to water
one. Blood is thicker than wate
due to the cellular component
viscosity of some common su
id. A fuid is a substance
bject to external
a liquid or a gas. A
volume while a gas is a
tely.
resistance to fow. The
e more slowly it will
the Pascal second. Fluid
that has a viscosity of
r and is viscous primarily
(see FSB04). The
bstances, including blood:
Liquid Viscosity (mP·s-1)
Milk (25oC) 3
Blood (37 oC) 3-4
Glycerin (20 oC) �420
Mercury (�5 oC) �.55
Water (20 oC) �.0
Water (�00 oC) 0.28
http://hypertextbook.com/physics/matter/viscosity/
Surface tension
Surface tension is the force that pulls the surface
molecules towards the interior of a liquid, decreasing
the surface area and causing the liquid to resist
penetration or separation.
Surface tension is the tendency of the surface of a
liquid to contract to the smallest area possible. The
fuid is able to do this as the cohesive forces are
stronger on the surface of liquids as there are no
neighbouring molecules above. As a result there are
stronger attractive forces between molecules and their
nearest neighbours on the surface; the surface tension
force actually exerts an upward force. Surface tension is
like having an elastic flm over the surface.
Figure �: A water strider standing on water.
Citation: Water strider: David Cappaert, www.insectimages.org
In Figure �, the surface tension of the water allows the
water strider to walk on the water without sinking.
This is because the upward force from surface tension
balances the insect’s weight.
Defnition of surface tension: the surface tension γ is
the magnitude F of the force exerted parallel to the
surface of a liquid divided by the length L of the line
over which the force acts:
γ = F _
L
Surface tension is measured in force per unit length:
newtons per metre: (N·m-�). The old unit is dynes per cm.
The surface tension of some common liquids:
Liquid Surface tension N·m-�
Benzene (20oC) 0.029
Blood (37 oC) 0.058
Glycerin (20 oC) 0.063
Mercury (20 oC) 0.47
Water (20 oC) 0.073
Water (�00 oC) 0.059
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com:8100/legacy/college/
cutnell/0471713988/ste/ste.pdf
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http://www3.interscience.wiley.com:8100/legacy/college
http:www.insectimages.org
http://hypertextbook.com/physics/matter/viscosity
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com:8100/legacy/college
http:www.insectimages.org
http://hypertextbook.com/physics/matter/viscos ...
Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) is the examination of the shapes, locations, and distribution patterns of bloodstains, in order to provide an interpretation of the physical events which gave rise to their origin.
Blood spatters according to some scientific principles. This enables trained analysts to carry out a forensic study on a crime scene and draw valid conclusions.
Analysts examine the size, shape, distribution and location of the bloodstains to form opinions not just about what happened but also what could not have happened at the crime scene.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Blood-spatter Pattern Analysis or Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation(BPA/BPI) Reconstructing events that must have happened to produce bleeding Requires BPA specialist
3. Blood Pattern Reconstruction Scene Pattern Reconstruction 1. Stain condition 2. Pattern 3. Distribution 4. Location 5. Directionality Lab Results Reconstruction 1. Genetic marker typing 2. Age determination 3. Source determination 4. Race determination 5. Sex determination —From Cracking Cases by Dr. Henry C. Lee and Thomas W. O’Neil
4. Blood Spatter Evidence A field of forensic investigation that deals with the physical properties of blood and the patterns produced under different conditions as a result of various forces being applied to the blood. Blood, as a fluid, follows the laws of physics.
5. Know Characterization of Bloodstains Is it blood? What species did it come from (human or animal)? If it’s human, can it be associated with a particular individual?
6. People of Historical Significance Paul Kirk (1902–1970) was a professor of criminalistics and biochemistry at the University of California at Berkeley. He actively assisted law enforcement organizations from 1935 to 1967. His book Crime Investigation contained a chapter in which he discussed the application of bloodstain pattern analysis to criminal investigations. Dr. Kirk analyzed the bloodstain pattern photos from the Sam Sheppard case and was instrumental in Sheppard’s release after his second trial. Find out more about the case at truTV’s Crime Library.
7. Blood Droplet Characteristics A blood droplet remains spherical in space until it collides with a surface. Once a blood droplet impacts a surface, a bloodstain is formed. Droplets falling from the same height, hitting the same surface at the same angle, will produce stains with the same basic shape. How will the shape change as the height is increased or decreased?
8.
9.
10. Bloodstain Terminology Angle of impact—angle at which blood strikes a target surface Bloodstain transfer—when a bloody object comes into contact with a surface and leaves a patterned blood image on the surface Backspatter—blood that is directed back toward the source of energy Cast-off—blood that is thrown from an object in motion
11.
12.
13. Medium velocity—5 to 25 feet per second
14.
15. Impact The more acute the angle of impact, the more elongated the stain. 90-degree angles are perfectly round drops; 80-degree angles take on a more elliptical shape. At about 30 degrees the stain will begin to produce a tail. The more acute the angle, the easier it is to determine the direction of travel.
16. Bloodstain Patterns The harder and less porous the surface, the less the blood drop will break apart. The softer and more porous the surface, the more the blood drop will break apart. The pointed end of the bloodstain faces the direction of travel.
17. Area of Intersection and Convergence The location of the blood source can be determined by drawing lines from the various blood droplets to the point where they intersect. The area of convergence is the point of origin—the spot where the “blow” occurred. It may be established at the scene by measurement of angles with the use of strings.
18. Blood Evidence Class evidence for blood includes blood type. If you can determine the DNA, you will have individual evidence. Bloodstain patterns are considered circumstantial evidence in a courtroom. Experts can argue many points, including direction of travel, height of the perpetrator, position of the victim, left/right hand, whether the body was moved, etc.
19. Once it’s determined to be human, it must be protected as part of the crime scene BPA specialist will determine what POSITION and SHAPE indicate Measurements are taken to determine TRAJECTORY and DISTANCE Controlled experiments Uses surface materials similar to those at the scene
20. Herbert Leon MacDonell Leading authority on bloodstain interpretation Tips for investigators
21. “It is possible to determine the impact angle of blood on a flat surface by measuring the degree of circular distortion of the stain. In other words, the shape of the stain tends to change depending upon the angle of impact, which caused the stain. For example, the more the angle decreases, the more the stain is less circular and longer.”
22. “Surface texture is one of the key components in determining spatter type.” Harder surface=less spatter Important to duplicate surface in a controlled test
23. “When a droplet hits the surface, which is hard as well as smooth, the blood actually breaks apart upon impact. This in turn creates smaller droplets. The smaller droplets will continue to move in the same direction as the original droplet.”
24. Smaller the size of spatter=greater energy required to produce spatter Low, Medium, and high velocity impact spatter may be identified by representative sizes (but exceptions must also be considered) Diameter of large blood spatter will be of little or no value in estimating the distance a drop of blood has fallen prior to impact.
25. When considering the shape of a blood stain for use in calculating its angle of impact, only a sharp, well-defined blood stain should be used for measuring its width and length Directionality of a blood drop while in flight is usually obvious from the geometry of its resulting blood stain The pointed end indicates direction of travel of the drop prior to impact on a surface Direction of travel may also be determined when edge scallops only appear on one side of the stain
26. Before a drop of blood can fall, absent of any form of applied energy, gravitational attraction acting on blood drop must exceed its surface tension Surface texture of material on which blood falls onto MUST be taken into consideration in BPA
27. Edge characteristics of drop have no value in establishing distance a drop may have fallen prior to impacting a surface unless the nature of the surface is considered Surface tension prevents spattering Regardless of distance a drop has fallen before impacting a smooth, hard surface such as glass
28. A few blood stains do not make a pattern Draw conclusions with reservations and/or qualifications It is ok to admit that there is insufficient evidence to draw a conclusion from BPA No opinion is better than an incorrect, forced opinion
29. When a dozen or more small bloodstains are present in a recognizable pattern, their size may allow for prediction as to the energy that was required to produce them
30. When the preponderance of individual bloodstain diameters are less than 1mm, they are consistent with having been produced as the result of high velocity impact (most often shooting)
31. When the preponderance of individual bloodstains are 1mm or more in diameter, they are consistent with having been produced as the result of medium velocity impact (most often beating or stabbing)
32. The shape of a bloodstain is a function of the angle at which it hits/impacts the surface Perfectly roundninety-degree impact/drop angle Angle of impact of elliptical drop may be determined using length to width ratio of the drop
33. Blood stains may be lifted of the surface of which they have impacted The smoother and harder the surface is, the easier it is to lift the stain
34. When measurements and angles are used to establish the origin or origins in space, not only will the actual origin be somewhere below the point or points of convergence, but it must be remembered that the investigator is determining a specific area and not a small point of origin
35. Sobriety of the victim will have NO significant effect on how the blood stain patterns are produced High blood alcohol level is of no concern to the interpretation of bloodstain patterns
36. When blood is projected upward with sufficient force to strike a ceiling, it will almost always be a result of a gunshot having an upward trajectory Such a trajectory is more often the result of a suicide rather than a homicide
37. TO SOLVE A BLOODSTAIN'S ANGLE OF IMPACT10 mm Width / 20 mm Length = 0.5 = SIN of the AngleARC SIN of 0.5 = 30The Angle of Impact is 30o