The document discusses several topics related to forest and land management: 1. It defines conservation biology, uneven-aged management, even-aged management, intrinsic value, instrumental value, old-growth forest, second-growth forest, tree plantations, deforestation, and ecological restoration. 2. It notes that old-growth forests are found primarily in western US, Russia, Brazil, Canada, and Indonesia. Most of the world's forests are secondary growth. Clear-cutting increases soil erosion and sediment pollution. 3. Large reserves support more species diversity than small reserves. Population size determines environmental impacts, usually negative. Urbanization is a main cause of arable land and biodiversity loss.

1. By: Melisa Stecklen & Amber Sagastume

2.  Conservation biology-multidisciplinary science created to deal with the
crisis of maintaining the genes, species, communities, and ecosystems
that make up earth’s biological diversity.
 Uneven-aged management-method of forest management in which
trees of different species in a given stand are maintained at many ages
and sizes to permit continuous natural regeneration.
 Even-aged management-method of forest management in which trees
are maintained at about the same age and size and harvested all at once
 Intrinsic/Existence value- value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or
the earth’s biodiversity based on its existence regardless of whether it
has any usefulness to us

3.  Instrumental value-value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth’s
biodiversity based on its usefulness to us
 Old-growth forest-containing trees that are often hundreds, sometimes
thousands years old
 Second-growth forest-stands of trees resulting from secondary ecological
succession
 Tree plantation/tree farm-site planted with one or only a few trees in an even-
aged stand
 Deforestation-removal of trees from a forested area without adequate replanting
 Ecological restoration-deliberate alteration of a degraded habitat to restore as
much of its ecological structure and function as possible

4.  Old-growth tress are found in the western portion of
the US and in Russia, Brazil, Canada, Indonesia
 63% of the world’s forests are secondary-growth
 Clear-cutting increases sediment pollution and soil
erosion

5.  Large reserves sustain more species and provide
greater habitat diversity than do small reserves.
 The size of the population determines the amount of
activity taking place that will ultimately impact the
environment, usually in a negative way.
 Urbanization is the biggest cause for the destruction of
arable land and areas with a lot of biodiversity.

6.  Even-aged management is demonstrated in the figure
below because it shows a fast growing and
economically desirable species being harvested.
 Uneven-aged management focuses more on
biodiversity of a species, whereas even-aged is more
about monoculture.

7. Soil, Food, & Pest Management

8. •Soils vary due to diff. :
 Climate
 Parent Material
 Geography
 Age
 And the presence of soil
organisms
•It is composed of:
 Weathered rock
 Partially decomposed organic
material
 And organisms

9. Particles
of Soil
Vary in size from
large to small
order:
1)Sand
2)Silt
3)Clay

10.  Soil horizons: the layers of soil formed
 O Horizon=> composed of partially decomposed organic
material & /or leaf litter.
 A Horizon=> beneath the O Horizon; Known as topsoil
composed of mineral
 Containing weathered parent material & organic matter (humus)
 Plants spread most of their roots to absorb water and minerals
 B Horizon=> Known as subsoil; contains a lower
concentration of organic material than he first two layers
& a higher concentration of mineral particles.
 C Horizon=> Composed of Weather parent material
sitting on top of bedrock.

12. Feeding a Growing Population
 Malnutrition:
A lack of sufficient protein,
carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, or
minerals.
 Undernutrition:
A problem most occurring with
developing country pop., lack of
nutrition
 Overnutrition:
A problem that leads to obesity,
most associated with developed
countries.

13.  Industrialized Agriculture: Provides most
of the world’s food by using heavy, fossil
fuels, irrigation water, inorganic chemical
fertilizer, & pesticides to farm high yielding
monocultures.
 Plantation Agriculture: Used in developed
countries to grow cash crops like:
 Coffee
 Sugar Cane
 Bananas
 Cacao
 Subsistence Agriculture: The practice of
farming to provide for one’s family food
needs with enough remaining to sell or trade
for additional necessities.
 Slash-and-Burn Agriculture: The practice
of cutting down and burning tropical forests
to clear the land for planting crops, raising
livestock.

14.  Soil Erosion: after plowing and/or harvesting the soil that is
exposed to the elements is susceptible to being blown away by
winds or washed away by water.
 Caused by:
 Excessive irrigation (as crops are being grown even if the land
is not exposed)
 Soil conservation strategies:
 No-till agriculture: refers to farming without plowing the
land, this avoids exposing the soil to direct sun, wind, or
water.
 Terracing: Involves converting a hilly slope to flat terraces
that follow the contours of the slope.
 This makes it possible to farm heavily sloped hillside, and is
common in many rice-growing areas in Asia.
 Counter Plowing: The practice of plowing across the slope
of a hill rather than up and down a slope.
 Reduces erosion by preventing runoffs and water from gaining
momentum as it flows unimpeded down a slope.
 Windbreaks: Rows of shrubs or trees that are planted next to
or around fields to slow down the winds that could blow
topsoil off of the land.
 Deforestation: Results from clearing land for agriculture.
 The removal of trees destroys habitats for plants, & animals
that live within or feed off of the particular tree

15.  Rachel Carson published a book
 Chemicals such as the following named the “Silent Springs" in
have been developed to kill or 1962; raised public awareness
control pest pop.: about the environmental
 Herbicides(used to control consequences of DDT use and
weeds) played a crucial role of raising
 Fungicides (used to control environmental issues in the U.S.
fungus)
 Rodenticides (used to control
rodents, mostly rats and mice)
 Intesticides(Used to control
Insects)
 DDT:
(Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) a
synthetic organic compound introduced
in the 1940s and used as an insecticide.
Tends to persist in the environment and
become concentrated in animals at the
head of the food chain. Its use is now
banned in many countries.

16.  It is unlikely that every member of a
pop. Of creatures will die off in effect
to the pesticides; therefore a
resistance will form and that will be
transferred to the offspring of the
survivors.
 After some time, a new pesticide will
need to be created to keep up.
 (IPM) Integrated Pest Management:
is an approach which first assesses the
pest situation, evaluates the merits of
pest management options and then
implements a system of
complementary management actions
within a defined area.
 The goal of this is to reduce the
number of pests to economically
tolerable levels.

17. 1. The largest area of old-growth forest in the United States is located in:
a) Alaska
b) Montana
c) California
d) North Carolina
e) Michigan
2. Which of the following is most likely to occur in a forested region that has been recently clear-cut?
a) The average depth of topsoil will increase
b) The water temperature in streams running through the region will decrease
c) Volume of runoff after rain will decrease
d) The concentration of nitrates in streams running through the region will increase
e) The frequency of landslides will decrease
3. Fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to
which of the following?
a) Stabilization of microclimates
b) Decrease in the proportion of edge habitat
c) Reduction of species diversity
d) Increase in gene flow within species
e) Increase in population size of top carnivores
4. Road construction, logging, and mining are banned in which of the following federal lands?
a) National parks
b) National wildlife refuges
c) National forests
d) National wilderness preservation areas
e) National resource lands
5)Which of the following would most likely have the greatest positive impact in the quality of the natural environment worldwide?
a) Discovery of new reserves of fossil fuels in coastal areas
b) Increased agricultural production on marginal desert land
c) Increased life expectancy in more developed nations
d) Increased reliance on food from ocean ecosystems
e) Stabilization or reduction of the size of the human population

18. 6) Which of the following best explains how a pest develops resistance to a chemical pesticide?
a) Natural selection takes place
b) The pest develops adaptations during times of secondary pest outbreaks
c) Mutation and genetic drift occur
d) Geographic isolation results in the emergence of new pest
e) Punctuated equilibrium
7) Which of the following problems can be addressed with counter plowing?
a) The failure of terracing
b) The exercise use of pesticides
c) Soil erosions
d) Waterlogging
e) Soil salinzation
8) Which of the following is a feature of integrated pest management?
a) It makes use of the natural enemies of pests
b) It makes effective use of disease transfer organisms
c) It relies on the use of intermittent groundwater pumping stations
d) It requires intense cultivation of marginal land
e) It is most effective on land within 100 miles of the coast
9) This layer of soil is also known as the topsoil; it contains much humus
a) A Horizon
b) B Horizon
c) C Horizon
d) O Horizon
e) Z Horizon
10) The connection between farming and ecological succession is best exemplified by which of the following?
a) Farmland is maintained permanently in a state of late succession
b) Farmland is maintained permanently in a state of mid succession
c) Farmland is maintained permanently in a state of primary succession
d) Farmland is maintained permanently in a state of early succession
e) Farmland artificially skips the first stage of succession

19.  1. A
 2. D
 3. C
 4. D
 5. E
 6. A
 7.C
 8. A
 9. A
 10. D

21.  Part a)

22.  Part b)

23.  Part c)