The document summarizes key concepts in bloodstain pattern analysis. It describes how blood evidence is detected at crime scenes using light sources, chemical reagents, and luminol to locate traces of blood. Types of bloodstain patterns are defined including passive, projected, and transfer bloodstains. Laboratories are outlined where students create bloodstain patterns by varying single and multiple drop heights and speeds, as well as impact angles, to analyze how these factors affect the size, shape, and distribution of droplets and spatter. Questions assess understanding of interpreting blood evidence based on stain characteristics.
It is the interpretation of bloodstains at a crime scene in order to recreate the actions that caused the bloodshed. Analysts examine the size, shape, distribution and location of the bloodstains to form opinions about what did or did not happen.
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Alteration is defined as any change to a document which gives it a different effect from
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the consent of the other party or concerned person, then such change is called fraudulent
alteration. Document examiners must be able to identify documents that were altered to change the conditions of a contract or other legal entity.
Alterations can take the form of erasures and replacement and/or insertion of material into a document.
Alteration is defined as any change to a document which gives it a different effect from
that it originally possessed. If change is made after execution of a document and without
the consent of the other party or concerned person, then such change is called fraudulent
alteration. Document examiners must be able to identify documents that were altered to change the conditions of a contract or other legal entity.
Alterations can take the form of erasures and replacement and/or insertion of material into a document.
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1. Forensic Science Lab Activity
T. Trimpe 2006 http://sciencespot.net/
Warning: Some material in this presentation and
related videos may be too graphic for some people.
2. What does the abbreviation BPA represent? Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
What can an investigator learn from the analysis of a blood spatter?
Type and velocity of weapon
Number of blows
Handedness of assailant (right or left-handed)
Position and movements of the victim and assailant during and after the attack
Which wounds were inflicted first
Type of injuries
How long ago the crime was committed
Whether death was immediate or delayed
http://www.crimescenetwo.com/img/popup/book2p2.jpg
How does a blood droplet
form? Click the image
for an animation.
Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/bloodstain-pattern-analysis1.htm
3. Light Source
Investigators will first examine the crime scene to look for areas
that may contain blood. They may use a high-intensity light or
UV lights to help them find traces of blood as well as other bodily
fluids that are not visible under normal lighting conditions.
How is blood evidence detected at a crime scene?
Blood Reagent Tests
These tests, referred to as presumptive tests, are used to detect
blood at crime scenes based upon the properties of hemoglobin in
the blood. Further tests at the crime lab can determine if it is
human blood or not.
Examples:
• Phenolphthalein is a chemical that is still utilized today and is
usually referred to as the Kastle-Meyer test and produces a pink
color when it reacts with hemoglobin.
•HemaStix is a strip that has been coated with
tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and will produce a green or blue-
green color with the presence of hemoglobin.
Kastle-Meyer Test
Video
HemaStix
4. Luminol
This chemical is used by crime scene investigators to locate traces of
blood, even if it has been cleaned or removed.
Investigators spray a luminol solution is throughout the area under
investigation and look for reactions with the iron present in blood, which
causes a blue luminescence.
One problem is that other substances also react, such as some metals,
paints, cleaning products, and plant materials. Another problem is that
the chemical reaction can destroy other evidence in the crime scene. Luminol
Reaction
LCV or Leuco Crystal Violet, is one type of chemical process that is used for blood
enhancement. Using this test helps to make the blood evidence more visible so it can be
photographed and analyzed.
Fluorescein
This chemical is also capable of detecting latent or old blood, similar to
luminol. It is ideal for fine stains or smears found throughout a crime
scene. After the solution has been sprayed onto the substance or area
suspected to contain blood, a UV light and goggles are used to detect any
illuminated areas, which appear greenish-white if blood is present. It
may also react to many of the same things as luminol (copper and
bleach).
Fluorescein
Reaction in
UV Light
5. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terms
• Spatter – Bloodstains created from the application of force to the area
where the blood originated.
• Origin/Source – The place from where the blood spatter came from or
originated.
• Angle of Impact – The angle at which a blood droplet strikes a surface.
Parent Drop
Spines
Satellite Spatters
• Parent Drop – The droplet from which a
satellite spatter originates.
• Satellite Spatters – Small drops of blood
that break of from the parent spatter when
the blood droplet hits a surface.
• Spines – The pointed edges of a stain that
radiate out from the spatter; can help
determine the direction from which the
blood traveled.
6. • Passive Bloodstains
– Patterns created from the force of gravity
– Drop, series of drops, flow patterns, blood pools, etc.
• Projected Bloodstains
– Patterns that occur when a force is applied to the
source of the blood
– Includes low, medium, or high impact spatters, cast-
off, arterial spurting, expiratory blood blown out of
the nose, mouth, or wound.
• Transfer or Contact Bloodstains
– These patterns are created when a wet, bloody object
comes in contact with a target surface; may be used to
identify an object or body part.
– A wipe pattern is created from an object moving
through a bloodstain, while a swipe pattern is created
from an object leaving a bloodstain.
Images from http://www.bloodspatter.com/BPATutorial.htm
Blood Spatter
Movie
Types of Bloodstain Patterns
7. Blood Spatter Labs
• You will be creating sample drop patterns using single drops and
multiple drops. We will also investigate the effect of motion and
the angle of impact on blood spatter.
• This can be messy! Be very careful to keep the blood on the paper
and not on yourself, the table, or floor.
• Hold you hand as steady as possible when making the drops.
Brace your wrist against the meter stick to help you.
• Get your materials from your teacher – paper, black marker, meter
stick, goggles, and a bottle of blood.
If you make a mess, clean it up immediately!
8. Lab 1: Single Droplets
25 50
Single Drops Group Members
75 100
Single Drops Group Members
• Label two large pieces of construction paper as shown below.
• To do the lab, put on your goggles and hold the dropper bottle upside down so
that the end of it is 25 cm from the paper. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that
ONE drop of blood is released and lands in the correct location on your paper. It
should NOT hit the meterstick.
• Repeat TWO more times at this height for a total of three drops.
• Continue making drops of blood on your paper, but put the drop in a different
area of the paper and change the height each time.
• When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your
worksheet.
Make a mistake? Use a paper towel to wipe it off your paper!
Keep your drops
in the correct area
of the paper.
9. Use your results to answer these questions.
What did you notice about the diameter of the parent droplets as you increased the
height of the drop?
How do the spines compare from the different heights?
Lab 1 Questions
10. Lab 2: Multiple Droplets
• Label a long piece of butcher paper (2 -3 meters in length) as shown below.
• To do the lab, put on your goggles and hold the dropper bottle upside down so that
the end of it is 25 cm from the paper. GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE
drop of blood is released and lands in the correct location on your paper. The drop
should NOT hit the meterstick.
• Without moving your hand, release ONE more drop onto the first drop at that
height. If you make a mistake, wipe it off with a paper towel and try it again.
• Continue making drops of blood on your paper so you have three sets for each
height.
• When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your
worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class.
Multiple Drops Group Members
25 50 75 100
Keep your drops
in the correct area
of the paper.
11. Use your results to answer these questions.
What happened when one drop landed on top of another one?
What did you notice about the diameter of the parent droplets as you increased the
height of the drop?
What do you notice about the diameter of the satellite spatter as you increased the
height of the drop?
Lab 2 Questions
12. Lab 3: Motion Droplets
• During this lab, you will see how motion affects the size and shape of the
droplets and spines. You will need a long piece of butcher paper (4-5 meters in
length) and tape to secure it to the floor. You will also need safety goggles.
• To do the lab, you will need to hold the dropper bottle upside down so that your
hand is out and away from your body (waist level), but is still over the paper.
• Start off walking at a SLOW WALKING RATE along the paper strip from one
end to the other and GENTLY squeeze the bottle as you walk so that blood is
released ONE DROP at a time. Be sure that all the drops land on your paper strip.
•Repeat this procedure using a NORMAL WALKING RATE and a FAST
WALKING RATE.
Walking Direction
• When you are done, analyze your results and answer the questions on your
worksheet. Clean up your area and put away your materials before you leave class.
Miss the paper? Use a paper
towel to wipe it off the floor!
13. Use your results to answer these questions.
Draw a sketch of the droplets showing the size, shape, and/or distance between
them at each speed in the chart below.
What did you notice about the shape of the droplets as you increased your walking
speed?
What did you notice about the spines as you increased your walking speed?
What did you notice about the distance between the droplets as you increased your
walking speed?
Lab 3 Questions
14. • You will be creating sample drop patterns created by droplets landing at
different angles from the same height.
• Label five pieces of copy paper with your names and then indicate the angle for
each droplet - 15o
, 30o
, 45o
, 60o
, or 75o
.
• Place the first piece of paper on the clip board and align the clipboard with the
15o
line. Hold the bottle of blood at a height of 50 centimeters from the top of
the table.
• GENTLY squeeze the bottle so that ONE drop of blood is released and lands on
the paper. Repeat two more times at this angle.
• Continue testing by dropping blood from a height of 50 centimeters at each of
the other angles.
Lab 4: Angle of Impact
• When you are done, answer the questions
on your worksheet. Clean up your area and
put away your materials before you leave
class.
Angle
Guide
Clipboard &
Paper
Height of
50 cm
15. Use your results to answer the question.
What did you notice about the shape of the droplets as you increased the angle of
the paper?
Lab 4 Questions
16. Which of the three blood droplets shown would have been
created by a wound in the lower part of the leg? Explain.
If you find a trail of blood with droplets that are round and close together, what
could this mean?
If you have a blood droplet as shown at left, what does it tell you?
Explain.
Editor's Notes
Teacher Note: If you have test tube clamps available, have the students attach it to the meterstick in the desired location and hold the bottle of blood (upside-down) in the other end where the test tube would normally go. This helps keep the bottle in the right spot and the chances of hitting the same spot twice are much higher!
