Bloodstain pattern analysis can provide investigators with information about a crime scene such as the type and velocity of the weapon used, the number and order of blows, the handedness of the assailant, and the positions and movements of the victim and assailant during and after an attack. Investigators use various techniques like alternate light sources, chemical reagents, luminol, and fluorescein to detect blood evidence, even if it has been cleaned. Bloodstains can be classified as passive, projected, or transfer/contact based on the forces that caused them and can provide clues about the crime.
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.Hamza Mohammad
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
Forensic semen analysis plays a vital role in identification of suspected person in rape cases. this slide consist of all the recquiried info. about semen and its analysis in forensic laboratories.
Blood grouping of liquid blood: forward typing and reverse typing; Blood grouping of dried blood: Lattes test, adsorption-elution, adsorption-inhibition, mixed agglutination; HLA antigens and HLA typing; Role of sero-genetic markers in individualization and paternity disputes; Pitfalls in red cell typing
Confirmatory Test for Semen identificationParth Chuahan
Seminal fluid is a complex mixture of secretions from at least four male urogenital glands. The seminal vesicle gland contributes approximately 60% to this mixture, the prostate gland contributes approximately 30%, and the combined contribution of the epididymis and bulbourethral glands account for the remaining 10%
Confirmatory Tests for semen:
1- The Christmas Tree Stain: The most reliable confirmation for the presence of semen is the positive visual identification of sperm cells (or spermatozoa) using the Christmas tree stain.
Alteration is defined as any change to a document which gives it a different effect from
that it originally possessed. If change is made after execution of a document and without
the consent of the other party or concerned person, then such change is called fraudulent
alteration. Document examiners must be able to identify documents that were altered to change the conditions of a contract or other legal entity.
Alterations can take the form of erasures and replacement and/or insertion of material into a document.
forensic questioned document examinationkiran malik
Power point presentation basically related to document examination in forensic science laboratories, related various facilities and was related to expert evidences.
A complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches.Hamza Mohammad
This is a complete review of Forensic Science and its various branches and the various methodology and techniques used for forensic analysis of various evidences and examination of crime scene.
Forensic semen analysis plays a vital role in identification of suspected person in rape cases. this slide consist of all the recquiried info. about semen and its analysis in forensic laboratories.
Blood grouping of liquid blood: forward typing and reverse typing; Blood grouping of dried blood: Lattes test, adsorption-elution, adsorption-inhibition, mixed agglutination; HLA antigens and HLA typing; Role of sero-genetic markers in individualization and paternity disputes; Pitfalls in red cell typing
Confirmatory Test for Semen identificationParth Chuahan
Seminal fluid is a complex mixture of secretions from at least four male urogenital glands. The seminal vesicle gland contributes approximately 60% to this mixture, the prostate gland contributes approximately 30%, and the combined contribution of the epididymis and bulbourethral glands account for the remaining 10%
Confirmatory Tests for semen:
1- The Christmas Tree Stain: The most reliable confirmation for the presence of semen is the positive visual identification of sperm cells (or spermatozoa) using the Christmas tree stain.
Alteration is defined as any change to a document which gives it a different effect from
that it originally possessed. If change is made after execution of a document and without
the consent of the other party or concerned person, then such change is called fraudulent
alteration. Document examiners must be able to identify documents that were altered to change the conditions of a contract or other legal entity.
Alterations can take the form of erasures and replacement and/or insertion of material into a document.
forensic questioned document examinationkiran malik
Power point presentation basically related to document examination in forensic science laboratories, related various facilities and was related to expert evidences.
Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) is the examination of the shapes, locations, and distribution patterns of bloodstains, in order to provide an interpretation of the physical events which gave rise to their origin.
Blood spatters according to some scientific principles. This enables trained analysts to carry out a forensic study on a crime scene and draw valid conclusions.
Analysts examine the size, shape, distribution and location of the bloodstains to form opinions not just about what happened but also what could not have happened at the crime scene.
It is the interpretation of bloodstains at a crime scene in order to recreate the actions that caused the bloodshed. Analysts examine the size, shape, distribution and location of the bloodstains to form opinions about what did or did not happen.
Blood will not break up unless it is acted upon perforce. The force must be great enough to surmount the surface tension of the blood Blood forms a spherical shape (perfect circular shape) virtually immediately upon dissevering from the blood source. The spherical shape is caused by the surface tension of the blood. Surface Tension causes the blood drop to pull itself in; both horizontally and vertically. The blood drop will settle into a spherical shape, as a result of the surface tension.The surface tension will maintain the sphere shape of the blood drop until it impacts with the
surface.
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2. What does the abbreviation BPA represent? Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
What can an investigator learn from the analysis of a blood spatter?
Type and velocity of weapon
Number of blows
Handedness of assailant (right or left-handed)
Position and movements of the victim and assailant during and after the attack
Which wounds were inflicted first
Type of injuries
How long ago the crime was committed
Whether death was immediate or delayed
Source: http://science.howstuffworks.com/bloodstain-pattern-analysis1.htm
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3. How is blood evidence detected at a crime scene?
Light Source
Investigators will first examine the crime scene to look for areas
that may contain blood. They may use a high-intensity light or
UV lights to help them find traces of blood as well as other bodily
fluids that are not visible under normal lighting conditions.
Blood Reagent Tests
These tests, referred to as presumptive tests, are used to detect
blood at crime scenes based upon the properties of hemoglobin in
the blood. Further tests at the crime lab can determine if it is
human blood or not.
Examples:
• Phenolphthalein is a chemical that is still utilized today and is
usually referred to as the Kastle-Meyer test and produces a pink
color when it reacts with hemoglobin.
•HemaStix is a strip that has been coated with
tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and will produce a green or bluegreen color with the presence of hemoglobin.
Kastle-Meyer Test
Video
HemaStix
4. Luminol
This chemical is used by crime scene investigators to locate traces of
blood, even if it has been cleaned or removed.
Investigators spray a luminol solution is throughout the area under
investigation and look for reactions with the iron present in blood, which
causes a blue luminescence.
One problem is that other substances also react, such as some metals,
paints, cleaning products, and plant materials. Another problem is that
the chemical reaction can destroy other evidence in the crime scene.
Fluorescein
This chemical is also capable of detecting latent or old blood, similar to
luminol. It is ideal for fine stains or smears found throughout a crime
scene. After the solution has been sprayed onto the substance or area
suspected to contain blood, a UV light and goggles are used to detect any
illuminated areas, which appear greenish-white if blood is present. It
may also react to many of the same things as luminol (copper and
bleach).
Luminol
Reaction
Fluorescein
Reaction in
UV Light
LCV or Leuco Crystal Violet, is one type of chemical process that is used for blood
enhancement. Using this test helps to make the blood evidence more visible so it can be
photographed and analyzed.
5. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terms
• Spatter – Bloodstains created from the application of force to the area
where the blood originated.
• Origin/Source – The place from where the blood spatter came from or
originated.
• Angle of Impact – The angle at which a blood droplet strikes a surface.
• Parent Drop – The droplet from which a
Satellite Spatters
satellite spatter originates.
• Satellite Spatters – Small drops of blood
Spines
that break of from the parent spatter when
the blood droplet hits a surface.
• Spines – The pointed edges of a stain that
radiate out from the spatter; can help
Parent Drop
determine the direction from which the
blood traveled.
6. Types of Bloodstain Patterns
• Passive Bloodstains
– Patterns created from the force of gravity
– Drop, series of drops, flow patterns, blood pools, etc.
• Projected Bloodstains
– Patterns that occur when a force is applied to the
source of the blood
– Includes low, medium, or high impact spatters, castoff, arterial spurting, expiratory blood blown out of
the nose, mouth, or wound.
• Transfer or Contact Bloodstains
– These patterns are created when a wet, bloody object
comes in contact with a target surface; may be used to
identify an object or body part.
– A wipe pattern is created from an object moving
through a bloodstain, while a swipe pattern is created
from an object leaving a bloodstain.
Images from http://www.bloodspatter.com/BPATutorial.htm
7. Types of Bloodstain Patterns
• Passive Bloodstains
– Patterns created from the force of gravity
– Drop, series of drops, flow patterns, blood pools, etc.
• Projected Bloodstains
– Patterns that occur when a force is applied to the
source of the blood
– Includes low, medium, or high impact spatters, castoff, arterial spurting, expiratory blood blown out of
the nose, mouth, or wound.
• Transfer or Contact Bloodstains
– These patterns are created when a wet, bloody object
comes in contact with a target surface; may be used to
identify an object or body part.
– A wipe pattern is created from an object moving
through a bloodstain, while a swipe pattern is created
from an object leaving a bloodstain.
Images from http://www.bloodspatter.com/BPATutorial.htm