The document discusses the raw materials used in biotechnology, including different types of cells and organisms. It describes the levels of biological organization from cells to tissues to organs. Cells are the basic units of structure and function, and the document outlines the key components of plant and animal cells. The central dogma of biology is explained as DNA coding for RNA which codes for proteins. Common cell types used in biotechnology applications include plant, animal, bacterial and fungal cells.

1. The Raw Materials
of Biotechnology
Chapter 2

2. Learning Outcomes

Identify the levels of biological organization and
explain their relationships

3. Learning Outcomes


Identify the levels of biological organization and
explain their relationships
Describe cell structure and its significance in
biotechnology research and product development

4. Learning Outcomes



Identify the levels of biological organization and
explain their relationships
Describe cell structure and its significance in
biotechnology research and product development
Discuss the types of organisms researched and
the types of cells grown and studied in
biotechnology facilities plus the products with
which they are associated.

5. Learning Outcomes




Identify the levels of biological organization and
explain their relationships
Describe cell structure and its significance in
biotechnology research and product development
Discuss the types of organisms researched and
the types of cells grown and studied in
biotechnology facilities plus the products with
which they are associated.
Distinguish between the cellular organization of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

6. Learning Outcomes

List the four main classes of
macromolecules and describe their
structure and function

7. Learning Outcomes


List the four main classes of
macromolecules and describe their
structure and function
Define genetic engineering and identify
products created with this technology

8. Learning Outcomes



List the four main classes of
macromolecules and describe their
structure and function
Define genetic engineering and identify
products created with this technology
Explain the Central Dogma of Biology
and its importance in genetic
engineering

9. 2.1 Organisms and Their Components
• To manufacture biotechnology
products, biotechnicians must
work with organisms and their
components.

10. 2.1 Organisms and Their Components
• To manufacture biotechnology
products, biotechnicians must
work with organisms and their
components.
• These are the “raw materials” of
biotechnology.

11. The Living Condition
• Living things include:
• Plants
• Animals
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoans
• Characteristics of life:
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Response to stimuli
• Breakdown of food molecules
• Production of waste products

12. The Living Condition
• Living things include:
• Plants
• Animals
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoans
• Characteristics of life:
• Growth
• Reproduction
• Response to stimuli
• Breakdown of food molecules
• Production of waste products
Levels of Biological
Organization
• Cells of multicellular
organisms are usually
grouped into functional
units:
• Tissues
• Organs
• Cells are the smallest
units of life. Some cells
contain even smaller,
nonliving units.

13. Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures
the amount or type of light emitted

14. Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures
the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing

15. Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures
the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing
• Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all
living organisms

16. Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures
the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing
• Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all
living organisms
• Escerichia coli - a bacterium that is commonly
used by biotechnology companies for the
development of products

17. Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures
the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing
• Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all
living organisms
• Escerichia coli - a bacterium that is commonly
used by biotechnology companies for the
development of products
• Multicellular – composed of more than one cell

18. Vocabulary
• Fluorometer – an instrument that measures
the amount or type of light emitted
• Organism – a living thing
• Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all
living organisms
• Escerichia coli - a bacterium that is commonly
used by biotechnology companies for the
development of products
• Multicellular – composed of more than one cell
• Cytology – cell biology

19. Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living
things

20. Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living
things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living
things

21. Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living
things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living
things
• Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules
with the result of generating energy for the cell

22. Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living
things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living
things
• Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules
with the result of generating energy for the cell
• Unicellular – composed of one cell

23. Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living
things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living
things
• Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules
with the result of generating energy for the cell
• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Tissue – a group of cells that function together (eg,
muscle tissue or nervous tissue)

24. Vocabulary
• Anatomy – the structure and organization of living
things
• Physiology – the processes and functions of living
things
• Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules
with the result of generating energy for the cell
• Unicellular – composed of one cell
• Tissue – a group of cells that function together (eg,
muscle tissue or nervous tissue)
• Organ – tissues that act together to form a specific
function in an organism (eg, stomach that breaks
down food)

25. Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded,
functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within
and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing
reactions, transporting molecules)

26. Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded,
functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within
and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing
reactions, transporting molecules)
• Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membranebound organelles

27. Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded,
functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within
and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing
reactions, transporting molecules)
• Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membranebound organelles
• Protist – an organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista,
which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae

28. Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded,
functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within
and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing
reactions, transporting molecules)
• Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membranebound organelles
• Protist – an organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista,
which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae
• Organelles – specialized microscopic factories, each with
specific jobs in a cell

29. Vocabulary
• Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded,
functional polypeptides that conduct various functions within
and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing
reactions, transporting molecules)
• Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membranebound organelles
• Protist – an organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista,
which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae
• Organelles – specialized microscopic factories, each with
specific jobs in a cell
• Mitochondria – membrane-bound organelles that are
responsible for generating cellular energy

30. Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of
hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen

31. Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of
hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose
molecules

32. Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of
hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose
molecules
• Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the
synthesis of all other cellular molecules; often referred to as
“information-carrying molecules”

33. Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of
hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose
molecules
• Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the
synthesis of all other cellular molecules; often referred to as
“information-carrying molecules”
• Lipids – one of the four classes of macromolecules; includes
fats, waxes, steroids, and oils

34. Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of
hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose
molecules
• Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the
synthesis of all other cellular molecules; often referred to as
“information-carrying molecules”
• Lipids – one of the four classes of macromolecules; includes
fats, waxes, steroids, and oils
• Pancreas – an organ that secretes digestive fluids as well as
insulin

35. Vocabulary
• Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of
hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen
• Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose
molecules
• Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the
synthesis of all other cellular molecules; often referred to as
“information-carrying molecules”
• Lipids – one of the four classes of macromolecules; includes
fats, waxes, steroids, and oils
• Pancreas – an organ that secretes digestive fluids as well as
insulin
• Hormone – a molecule that acts to regulate cellular functions

36. 2.1 Review Questions
1.
Give an example of a plant that has been
produced by biotechnology.

37. 2.1 Review Questions
1.
2.
Give an example of a plant that has been
produced by biotechnology.
Knowledge of what other disciplines of
science will improve the understanding of
biotechnology?

38. 2.1 Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
Give an example of a plant that has been
produced by biotechnology.
Knowledge of what other disciplines of
science will improve the understanding of
biotechnology?
Describe two characteristics of living things.

39. 2.1 Review Questions
1.
2.
3.
4.
Give an example of a plant that has been
produced by biotechnology.
Knowledge of what other disciplines of
science will improve the understanding of
biotechnology?
Describe two characteristics of living things.
Which of the following is considered to be
“alive”: organs, molecules, atoms, cells, or
organisms?

40. 2.2 Cellular Organization and Process
• Cells produce different molecules.
• Hundreds of different molecules can be produced.
The Structure of Cells
• Cell walls
• Cellulose fibers
• Plasma
membrane
• Nucleus

41. Plant cell. Most plant cells
contain chloroplasts and a rigid cell
wall. Animal cells do not possess
cell walls.
Animal cell. Animal cells do not have a cell
wall and, thus, do not have a rigid cell
boundary. The shapes of animal cells are
quite diverse due to the flexibility of the
outer membrane and the response when
cells touch each other.

42. The Central Dogma of Biology. DNA codes for RNA and RNA
codes for proteins (DNA -> mRNA -> proteins). Once scientists had
described the Central Dogma, they could propose and test
strategies for manipulating protein production by manipulating DNA
and RNA codes. Moving genes into cells to produce new proteins is
the basic principle in genetic engineering.

43. Shown in cell culture, these CHO
cells are a common mammalian
cell line used to manufacture
recombinant protein.
Each rod-shaped structure in this
electron micrograph is an E. coli cell.
E. coli cells are simple prokaryotes
with no membrane-bound organelles,
such as mitochondria or chloroplasts.

44. Types of Cells Used in Biotechnology
• Plant cells
• Animal cells
• Bacteria
cells
• Fungal cells

45. Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules
found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production
of chemical energy from light energy)

46. Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules
found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production
of chemical energy from light energy)
• Photosynthesis – a process by which plants or
algae use light energy to make chemical energy

47. Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules
found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production
of chemical energy from light energy)
• Photosynthesis – a process by which plants or
algae use light energy to make chemical energy
• Chloroplast – the specialized organelle in plants
responsible for photosynthesis (production of
chemical energy from light energy)

48. Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules
found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production
of chemical energy from light energy)
• Photosynthesis – a process by which plants or
algae use light energy to make chemical energy
• Chloroplast – the specialized organelle in plants
responsible for photosynthesis (production of
chemical energy from light energy)
• Cytoplasm – a gel-like liquid of thousands of
molecules suspended in water, outside the nucleus

49. Vocabulary
• Chlorophyll – the green-pigmented molecules
found in plants; used for photosynthesis (production
of chemical energy from light energy)
• Photosynthesis – a process by which plants or
algae use light energy to make chemical energy
• Chloroplast – the specialized organelle in plants
responsible for photosynthesis (production of
chemical energy from light energy)
• Cytoplasm – a gel-like liquid of thousands of
molecules suspended in water, outside the nucleus
• Lysosome – a membrane-bound organelle that is
responsible for the breakdown of cellular waste

50. Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are
made

51. Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are
made
• Cell wall – a specialized organelle surrounding the cells
of plants, bacteria, and some fungi; gives support around
the outer boundary of the cell

52. Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are
made
• Cell wall – a specialized organelle surrounding the cells
of plants, bacteria, and some fungi; gives support around
the outer boundary of the cell
• Cellulose – a structural polysaccharide that is found in
plant cell walls

53. Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are
made
• Cell wall – a specialized organelle surrounding the cells
of plants, bacteria, and some fungi; gives support around
the outer boundary of the cell
• Cellulose – a structural polysaccharide that is found in
plant cell walls
• Plasma membrane – a specialized organelle of the cell
that regulates the movement of materials into and out of
the cell

54. Vocabulary
• Ribosome – the organelle in a cell where proteins are
made
• Cell wall – a specialized organelle surrounding the cells
of plants, bacteria, and some fungi; gives support around
the outer boundary of the cell
• Cellulose – a structural polysaccharide that is found in
plant cell walls
• Plasma membrane – a specialized organelle of the cell
that regulates the movement of materials into and out of
the cell
• Glucose – a 6-carbon sugar that is produced during
photosynthesis reactions; usual form of carbohydrate
used by animals, including humans

55. Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy
storage molecule

56. Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy
storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA

57. Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy
storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA
• Chromosomes – the long strands of DNA intertwined with protein
molecules

58. Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy
storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA
• Chromosomes – the long strands of DNA intertwined with protein
molecules
• Enzyme – a protein that functions to speed up chemical reactions

59. Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy
storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA
• Chromosomes – the long strands of DNA intertwined with protein
molecules
• Enzyme – a protein that functions to speed up chemical reactions
• Pigments – the molecules that are colored due to the reflection of
specific wavelengths

60. Vocabulary
• Adenosine triphosphate – a nucleotide that serves as an energy
storage molecule
• Nucleus – a membrane-bound organelle that encloses the cell’s DNA
• Chromosomes – the long strands of DNA intertwined with protein
molecules
• Enzyme – a protein that functions to speed up chemical reactions
• Pigments – the molecules that are colored due to the reflection of
specific wavelengths
• Messenger RNA (mRNA) – a class of RNA molecules responsible for
transferring genetic information from the chromosomes to ribosomes
where proteins are made; often abbreviated mRNA

61. Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a
central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a
carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group

62. Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a
central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a
carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each
other through peptide bonds

63. Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a
central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a
carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each
other through peptide bonds
• Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) – an animal cell line
commonly used in biotechnology studies

64. Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a
central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a
carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each
other through peptide bonds
• Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) – an animal cell line
commonly used in biotechnology studies
• Vero cells – African green monkey kidney epithelial cells

65. Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a
central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a
carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each
other through peptide bonds
• Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) – an animal cell line
commonly used in biotechnology studies
• Vero cells – African green monkey kidney epithelial cells
• HeLa cells – human epithelial cells

66. Vocabulary
• Amino acids – the subunits of proteins; each contains a
central carbon atom attached to an amino group (-NH2), a
carboxyl group (-COOH), and a distinctive “R” group
• Polypeptides – a strand of amino acids connected to each
other through peptide bonds
• Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) – an animal cell line
commonly used in biotechnology studies
• Vero cells – African green monkey kidney epithelial cells
• HeLa cells – human epithelial cells
• Prokaryotic/prokaryote – a cell that lacks membranebound organelles

67. 2.2 Review Questions
1.
Which of the following structures are found in
prokaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria,
a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?

68. 2.2 Review Questions
1.
Which of the following structures are found in
prokaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria,
a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
2.
Which of the following structures are found in
eukaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a
plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?

69. 2.2 Review Questions
1.
Which of the following structures are found in
prokaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria,
a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
2.
Which of the following structures are found in
eukaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a
plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
3.
Describe the relationship between chromosomes,
mRNA, and proteins.

70. 2.2 Review Questions
1.
Which of the following structures are found in
prokaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria,
a plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
2.
Which of the following structures are found in
eukaryotic cells: a nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, a
plasma membrane, or one or more chromosomes?
3.
Describe the relationship between chromosomes,
mRNA, and proteins.
4.
Explain how so many cells from the same organism can
look so different from each other.

71. 2.3 The Molecules of Cells
• Engineered molecules are the basis of many
biotechnology products.

72. 2.3 The Molecules of Cells
• Engineered molecules are the basis of many
biotechnology products.
• Cells are composed of a variety of molecules.

73. 2.3 The Molecules of Cells
• Engineered molecules are the basis of many
biotechnology products.
• Cells are composed of a variety of molecules.
• Many molecules found in cells are much
larger than atoms.

74. 2.3 The Molecules of Cells
• Engineered molecules are the basis of many
biotechnology products.
• Cells are composed of a variety of molecules.
• Many molecules found in cells are much
larger than atoms.
• Very large molecules are found in structural
components.

75. Carbohydrates
• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Ratio 1:2:1

76. Carbohydrates
• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Ratio 1:2:1
Polysaccharides
• Excellent structural and energy-storing
molecules
• Plants store glucose in starch molecules

77. Carbohydrates
• Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Ratio 1:2:1
Polysaccharides
• Excellent structural and energy-storing
molecules
• Plants store glucose in starch molecules
Monosaccharides
• Monomer units that cells use to build
polysaccharides
• Most well known is glucose; an energy molecule

78. Structural Formula of Amylopectin. Amylopectin is one
form of plant starch, and amylose is another. Plant starch,
such as corn starch, is a key ingredient in many foods.

79. Structural Formula Glucose. Glucose is a 6-carbon sugar (C6H12O5)
produced by plants during photosynthesis. Most plants use glucose as
an energy source.

80. Structural Formula of 5-carbon Sugars.
Deoxyribose (left) and ribose (right) are structural 5carbon sugars found in the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA,
respectively.
Do you see the difference in their structure?

81. Disaccharides
• Produced when enzymes form a bond between two
monosacchrides
• Sucrose is made when fructose and glucose are
chemically combined

82. Disaccharides
• Produced when enzymes form a bond between two
monosacchrides
• Sucrose is made when fructose and glucose are
chemically combined
Lipids
• Often referred to as hydrocarbons
• Three groups of lipids
• Triglycerides
• Phospholipids
• Steroids

83. Structural Formula of Maltose. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of
two glucose molecules bound at carbon No.1 and carbon No.4.
When organisms digest maltose, the bond holding the glucose monomers
together is broken and energy is released.

84. Proteins
• The most important of the cellular molecules
• Nine different categories of proteins
• Structural
• Enzyme
• Transport
• Contractile
• Hormone
• Antibody
• Pigment
• Recognition
• Toxins
• A typical cell produces more than 2000 proteins
• Amino acids are the monomers of proteins
• There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins

85. Proteins
• The most important of the cellular molecules
• Nine different categories of proteins
• Structural
Nucleic Acids
• Enzyme
• The fourth major group of
• Transport
• Contractile
macromolecules
• Hormone
• Two types of nucleic acids
• Antibody
• DNA
• Pigment
• Recognition
• RNA
• Toxins
• A typical cell produces more than 2000 proteins
• Amino acids are the monomers of proteins
• There are 20 different amino acids found in proteins

86. Polypeptide Strand. A polypeptide strand is made of amino
acids connected to each other through peptide bonds.
A folded, functional polypeptide chain is called a protein. Each
protein has a specific amino acid sequence and folding pattern.

87. Two Nucleotides. A nucleotide is a molecule
composed of a nitrogenous base (in pink), a 5-carbon
sugar (in yellow), and a phosphate group (in blue).

88. Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of
smaller repeating units chained together

89. Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of
smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only
produced in living things

90. Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of
smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only
produced in living things
• Carbohydrates – one of the four classes of macromolecules;
organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratio

91. Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of
smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only
produced in living things
• Carbohydrates – one of the four classes of macromolecules;
organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Cytoskeleton – a protein network in the cytoplasm that gives
the cell structural support

92. Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of
smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only
produced in living things
• Carbohydrates – one of the four classes of macromolecules;
organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Cytoskeleton – a protein network in the cytoplasm that gives
the cell structural support
• Monomers – the repeating units that make up polymers

93. Vocabulary
• Macromolecule – a large molecule usually composed of
smaller repeating units chained together
• Organic – molecules that contain carbon and are only
produced in living things
• Carbohydrates – one of the four classes of macromolecules;
organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, generally in a 1:2:1 ratio
• Cytoskeleton – a protein network in the cytoplasm that gives
the cell structural support
• Monomers – the repeating units that make up polymers
• Polymer – a large molecule made of many repeating subunits

94. Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build
polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple
sugar”

95. Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build
polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple
sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules

96. Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build
polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple
sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules
• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)

97. Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build
polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple
sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules
• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)
• Fructose – a 6-carbon sugar found in high concentration in
fruits; also called fruit sugar

98. Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build
polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple
sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules
• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)
• Fructose – a 6-carbon sugar found in high concentration in
fruits; also called fruit sugar
• Sucrose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose;
also called table sugar

99. Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build
polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple
sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules
• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)
• Fructose – a 6-carbon sugar found in high concentration in
fruits; also called fruit sugar
• Sucrose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose;
also called table sugar
• Lactose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose;
also called milk sugar

100. Vocabulary
• Monosaccharide – the monomer unit that cells use to build
polysaccharides; also known as a “single sugar” or “simple
sugar”
• Disaccharide – a polymer that consists of two sugar molecules
• Polysaccharide – a long polymer composed of many simple
sugar molecules (usually glucose or a variation of glucose)
• Fructose – a 6-carbon sugar found in high concentration in
fruits; also called fruit sugar
• Sucrose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose;
also called table sugar
• Lactose – a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose;
also called milk sugar
• Amylose – a plant starch with unbranched glucose chains

101. Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains

102. Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains
• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains

103. Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains
• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains
• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules

104. Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains
• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains
• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules
• Deoxyribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA molecules

105. Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains
• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains
• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules
• Deoxyribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA molecules
• Hydrophobic – repelled by water

106. Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains
• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains
• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules
• Deoxyribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA molecules
• Hydrophobic – repelled by water
• Triglycerides – a group of lipids that includes animal fats
and plant oils

107. Vocabulary
• Amylopectin – a plant starch with branched glucose chains
• Glycogen – an animal starch with branched glucose chains
• Cellular respiration – the process by which cells break
down glucose to create other energy molecules
• Deoxyribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in DNA molecules
• Hydrophobic – repelled by water
• Triglycerides – a group of lipids that includes animal fats
and plant oils
• Ribose – the 5-carbon sugar found in RNA molecules

108. Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in
membranes of the cell

109. Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in
membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water

110. Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in
membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water
• Steroids – a group of lipids whose functions include acting as
hormones (testosterone and estrogen), venoms, and pigments

111. Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in
membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water
• Steroids – a group of lipids whose functions include acting as
hormones (testosterone and estrogen), venoms, and pigments
• R group – the chemical side-group on an amino acid; in
nature, there are 20 different R groups that are found on amino
acids

112. Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in
membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water
• Steroids – a group of lipids whose functions include acting as
hormones (testosterone and estrogen), venoms, and pigments
• R group – the chemical side-group on an amino acid; in
nature, there are 20 different R groups that are found on amino
acids
• Ribonucleic acid – the macromolecule that functions in the
conversion of genetic instructions (DNA) into proteins

113. Vocabulary
• Phospholipids – a class of lipids that are primarily found in
membranes of the cell
• Hydrophilic – having an attraction for water
• Steroids – a group of lipids whose functions include acting as
hormones (testosterone and estrogen), venoms, and pigments
• R group – the chemical side-group on an amino acid; in
nature, there are 20 different R groups that are found on amino
acids
• Ribonucleic acid – the macromolecule that functions in the
conversion of genetic instructions (DNA) into proteins
• Nucleotides – the monomer units of nucleic acids

114. 2.3 Review Questions
1.
Which of the following are monosaccharides:
cellulose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, or
amyolpectin?

115. 2.3 Review Questions
1.
Which of the following are monosaccharides:
cellulose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, or
amyolpectin?
2.
Which of the following molecules are proteins that
function as hormones: estrogen, insulin, human
growth hormone, testosterone, or cholesterol?

116. 2.3 Review Questions
1.
Which of the following are monosaccharides:
cellulose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, or
amyolpectin?
2.
Which of the following molecules are proteins that
function as hormones: estrogen, insulin, human
growth hormone, testosterone, or cholesterol?
3.
What distinguishes one amino acid from another?

117. 2.3 Review Questions
1.
Which of the following are monosaccharides:
cellulose, sucrose, glucose, lactose, fructose, or
amyolpectin?
2.
Which of the following molecules are proteins that
function as hormones: estrogen, insulin, human
growth hormone, testosterone, or cholesterol?
3.
What distinguishes one amino acid from another?
4.
How are the terms nucleotide, nitrogenous base,
and nucleic acid related to each other?

118. 2.4 The “New” Biotechnology
• The most significant breakthrough came when
scientists learned how to move pieces of DNA within
and between organisms.

119. 2.4 The “New” Biotechnology
• The most significant breakthrough came when
scientists learned how to move pieces of DNA within
and between organisms.
• The first genetic engineering occurred in 1973.

120. 2.4 The “New” Biotechnology
• The most significant breakthrough came when
scientists learned how to move pieces of DNA within
and between organisms.
• The first genetic engineering occurred in 1973.
• The first genetically engineered product to reach the
marketplace was human insulin.

121. 2.4 Review Questions
1.
What term is used to describe DNA that has been
produced by cutting and pasting together pieces of
DNA from two different organisms?

122. 2.4 Review Questions
1.
What term is used to describe DNA that has been
produced by cutting and pasting together pieces of
DNA from two different organisms?
2.
What organism was the first to be genetically
engineered?

123. 2.4 Review Questions
1.
What term is used to describe DNA that has been
produced by cutting and pasting together pieces of
DNA from two different organisms?
2.
What organism was the first to be genetically
engineered?
3.
What was the first commercial genetically
engineered product?

124. Questions and Comments?