THIS SLIDE GIVES IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTIC FEATURES OF THE INSECT ORDER LIKE NEUROPTERA,TRICHOPTERA ,AND MECOPTERA. AND THIS ALSO INCLUDE LIFE CYCLE AND METAMORPHOSIS CHARACTERS OF THE ORDER MECOPTERA AND TRICHOPTERA.ITS GIVES A BRIEF DISCUSSION WITH SOME PICTURES
order hemiptera is divided in two sub order i.e. Homoptera and Heteroptera. major families of order hemiptera are pentatomodae, coreidae, cimicidae, pyrrhocoreidae, lygaeidae, cicadilidae, delphacidae, aphidae, coccidae, laphopidae, aleurodidae, pseudococcidae, jassidae etc.
order hemiptera is divided in two sub order i.e. Homoptera and Heteroptera. major families of order hemiptera are pentatomodae, coreidae, cimicidae, pyrrhocoreidae, lygaeidae, cicadilidae, delphacidae, aphidae, coccidae, laphopidae, aleurodidae, pseudococcidae, jassidae etc.
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
Here I would like to inform you on physiology of impulse transmission in insects. I hope this would increase your understanding -------------------------------------------------
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects – biochemical aspectsMogili Ramaiah
Diapause is a period of suspended or arrested development during an insect's life cycle. Insect diapause is usually triggered by environmental cues, like changes in daylight, temperature, or food availability.
“State of arrested development in which the arrest is enforced by a physiological mechanism rather than by concurrently unfavorable environmental conditions”.
(Beck, 1962)
Diapause and cold hardiness in insects : Why?
Here I would like to inform you on physiology of impulse transmission in insects. I hope this would increase your understanding -------------------------------------------------
Los hemípteros son un grupo de insectos que pueden ser, fitófagos, entomófagos y predadores, su estudio abarca la taxonomía y morfología, a su ves el comportamiento y la relación insecto-planta.
THE COLEOPTERA IS A BIGGST ORDER IN THE CLASS INSECTA AND ALSO IN THE ANIMAL KINGDOM HERE IAM DESCRIBING THE IMPORTANT CHARACTER OF THE ORDER AND ECONMOIC IMPORTANT FAMILIES COMES UNDER COLEOPTERA
This ppt deals with brief description of Cockroach (Periplaneta americana) including morphology, anatomy, physiology, etc. Useful for NEET, NET, SET, PGT, TGT, TET, PG, UG, other competitive exams including 10+2 All boards. if you have any Question in Biological Sciences you can call or Whatsapp on 9839119920 without any fee or charges just to help needy students.
STRUCTURAL ORGANISATIONS IN ANIMALS
COCKROACH
The slide contain about-
1. Classification of cockroach
2. Feature of cockroach
3. Morphology- Head , Thorax , Abdomen
4. Difference between male and female cockroach
5. Anatomy- Digestive system, Blood vascular system, Respiratory system , Excretion , Nervous system , Reproductive system , Questions with answers
Insects, spiders, crabs, shrimp, millipedes, and centipedes are all arthropods. Arthropods have jointed feet, a segmented body, and an exoskeleton, a cuticle on the outside of their body. Arthropods have by far the greatest number of species of any animal group, at around 900,000 species
Larval forms and their significance in arthropodaRekha Jalandra
This presentation is all about the larval forms being found in phylum arthropoda. It starts with the introduction of phylum arthropoda and then detailed information about the larval forms and their significance. i have included total 9 larval forms in this presentation.
Periplanata americana
morphology, sense organs
anatomy - digestive system
respiratory system
excretory system
nervous system
circulatory system
reproductive system
Useful for NEET 12 th
Solid waste disposal and mangrove destructionsana sana
its describes what is waste type of wastes and solid wastes and different type of solid wastes and its disposal at last it describes mangrove destruction and its effects on environment
sand mining,food adulteration,changing crop pattern,quarringsana sana
its explain sand mining,quarrying ,changing crop pattern ,food adulteration and how it affect the environment and this each one explain each and every thing about it and the effects and some legislative method to prevent these processes
environmental movements in india and keralasana sana
this presentation describes environmental movements in india and kerala and it list number of movements in india and kerala also describes environmental and biodiversity acts
in environmental education it possess a lot of techniques that ensure the environmental education studies in higher level through higher education strategies
indutrialisation,modernisation,urbanisation and its impacts on the environmentsana sana
this slide explains the processes like urbanization modernization and industrialization and its negative impacts on environments and the solution to prevent the negative impacts
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. NEUROPTERA (SMALL TO RATHER LARGE SOFT BODIED INSECTS)
This Order Includes A Varied ,Though Inter Related
Assemblage Of Holometabolous Carnivorous Insects More
Commonly Known As Antlions, Lacewings, Snake Flies,
Alderflies,and Dobsonflies.
There Are 2 Sub Divisions :- 1.Megaloptera
(Alderflies&snakeflies)
2. Planipennia (Lacewings
&Antlions)
This Order Is Characterised By The Nature Of Their Wings
Which Are Membranous & Sub Equal ( Primitive Venation
).
Many Accessory Veins ,Costal Veinlets And Rs Generally
Pectinately Branched, @ Rest They Are Held Over The
3. Neuroptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
5000
Lacewings, antlions
Variable
-numerous crossveins in wing
-larvae with incomplete gut
Neuro - nerve, ptera - wing
-most primitive endopterygote
-predaceous larvae
4. The Wing-coupling Apparatus Is Of Jugo - Frenate
Type,though Small ,Usually Reduced And With Distinct
Bristles , A Frenulum .
Hindwings With Large Anal Fold
The Tarsi Have 5 Segments And Abdomen 10 Segments.
Abdomen Without Cerci
Long Ovipositor In The Females,enabling Them To Insert
The Eggs With In Slits In Bark.
Mouthparts Are Of Mandibulate, Biting Type, With More
Strongly Developed Mandibles In The Males And Maxillary
And Palps, 5 & 3 Segmented Usually.
Elongate ,Filliform ,Many Segmented Antennae
5. The Females Lay Their Eggs (200-250) On Leaves Or Stem
Or Other Objects Near Water In Compact Masses
Larvae Carnivorous ,Of A Modified Campodeiform Type
With Biting Or Suctorial Mouth Parts.
The Mouth Part Of Larvae Need Special Mention ,Larvae
Are Highly Destructive To Injurious Insects Like Aphids,the
Other Soft Bodied Insects
Seizing Them Using Long Armed Sickle Like Mandible
At The Side Of The Abdomen Larvae Bear 7 Pairs Of 5
Segmented Tracheal Gills.
Some Species A Median Terminal Filament Also
Functioning As A Gill
6. There Are Also Silk Producing Organs ,The Free Ends
Of Some Malpigian Tubules Becoming Connecterd With
The Intestine An Dproducing Silk Like Substance Is Last
Instar.
Pupae Exarate , Decticous :Wings With Complete
Tracheation.
Internal Anatomy
The Internal Anatomy Of The Order Has Been Very
Inadequately Investigated .
There Are 2 Pairs Of Thoracic And 8 Pairs Of
Abdominal Spiracles.
Ventral Nerve Cord Consists Of 3 Thoracic And
Generally 7 Abdominal Ganglia .
7. The Digestive System Is Provided With A Median
Dorsal Food Reservoir .
A Peritrophic Membrane Is Present .
Number Of Malpigian Tubule Is 8.
The Ovary Consist Of A Variable Number Of Usually
Polytrophic Ovarioles
9. Mecoptera
Number of Species
Common names
Distinguishing characteristics
Other features
Typical habitats
Hexapod Orders
600
Scorpionflies, hanging flies
Forests
-mouthparts on a snout
Mecos - long, ptera - wing
-swollen terminal segment with ‘stinger’
10. Terrestrial Insect,undergoing Transformations In The Soil
Carnivorous,with Elongate Beak Like Head .Frequently
Shady Places And Are Often Met With In Herbage Or Rarely
Under Stones
Distribution Mostly Sub Trophic & Temperate ,Some Of
Them Are Cosmopolitan
This Small Order Comprises Of Less Than 400 Species
Great Number Of Which Belongs To The Genera Panorpa &
Bittacus.
Many Species Have The Terminal Segments Of The
Abdomen Raised In The Manner Of Scorpion (Scorpion Flies)
The Bittacidae Are Very Slender Tipula Like Insect With
Prehensile Tarsi
13. The Hypognathous Head The Anterior Region
Prololnged In To A Rostrum ,Which Is Formed By The
Elongation Of Part Of Head Capsule Together With The
Clypeus ,Labrum ,Maxillae.
Well Developed Compound Eye ,With 3 Ocelli
A Pair Of Filliform Antennae With 16-20 Segments In
Bittacus & 40-50 In Panorpa
The Mouth Part Are Mandibulate ,The Mandibles
Elongate ,Apically Toothed ,Maxillae Is Well Developed
With All Parts Well Differentiated
The Lacinia & Galea Large & Hairy .Palp Is 5
Segmentated
Labium Has A Elongated Sub Mentum
15. The Prothorax Is Small ,Its Largest Region Being The
Notum .
Meso And Meta Thorax Are Well Developed .
Legs Long Elongate Coxae Placed Close Together And
Generally Adapted For Walking .5 Segmented And
Paired Claws.
The Wings Are Membranous ,Almost Sub Equal And
Held Horizontally In Response .In Many Species They
Are Conspicuosly Spotted Or Banded.
The Venation Is Primitive ,Almost All The Main Veins
And Their Branches And Cross Veins Are Present .
Anal Region Invariably Small And Reduced
16. The Abdomen Has 10 Segments But There Appear Tobe
An 11 Segment In The Female
The Hind Margin Of The 9th Sternum Is Prolonged In To
Deeply Cleft Process , & The 2 Arms Are Styliform.
The 9th Tergum Is Prolonged In To A Sub Quadrate
Plate .
A Pair Of 2 Segmented Claspers Are Present In
Between The Tergal And Sternal Process
A Sperm Pump Occur In Mecoptera
The 10th Segment Is Inconspicuous And A Pair Of A
Short Cerci.
17. The Alimentary Canal Is An Almost Straight Tube ,The
Only Convolution Region Occur In The Hind Gut .
The Oesophagus Has 2 Dilations Serving As A Sort Of
Pumbing Apparatus
Salivary Gland Are Tubular And The Malpighian Tubes 6
In Number
The Nervous System Consist Of The Usual Cephalic
Centers ,3 Thoracic And 6-8 (Males),5-7
(Females),abdominal Ganglia
18. Respiratory System Is Well Developed There Are 2 Pairs
Of Thoracic And 6 -8 Pairs Of Abdominal Spiracles .
The Reproductive System In The Male Consist Of A Pair Of
Testes ,Each Composed Of 3-4 Follicles Arranged Side By
Side In Longitudinal Axis .
Vasa Defferentia Is Highly Convoluted ,Forming A Kind Of
Epididymis At The Posterior End Of The Testis
The 2 Vasa Deferentia Open Seperately Into A Large Median
Vesicula Seminalis Which Also Receives A Pair Of
Accessory Glands
Each Ovary Consist Of 7-19 Polytrophic Ovarioles ,The
Number Varied Among Species.
19. Two Oviduct Unite To Form A Common
Canal Which Open In To A Kind Of
Genital Pouch
Latter It Also Receives The Opening Of
The Duct That Leading From A Small
Pyriform Spermatheca And That Of The
Duct Of A Pair Of Colleterial Glands .
The Genital Pouch Communicates With
The Exterior On The 9th Abdominal
Segment
20. The Eggs Of Several Species Have Been Obtained By
Confining The Adults Vessels Containing Damp Soil.
The First Stage Larva Is Yellowish Grey With The Head
Testaceous ,It Is Eruciform Resemblance To Catterpillar.
The Head Is Rather Large With Prominent 3 Segmented
Antennae
Mandibles Are Sharply Toothed ,Maxillae Is Divided
Corresponding Galea And Lacinia.
Maxillary Palpi 3 Segmented, Thorax Bear 3pairs Of
Legs With 4 Segments
Abdomen 10 Segmented,8 Somites Carry A Pair Of
Abdominal Feet
21. the first 9 abdominal shields carry a pair of annulated
processes
10th segment bear a single median process of retractile
lobed vesicle on ventral side.
Nine pairs of spiracle are present .
After the first ecdysis the annulated process is dissapear
except those of the last three segment .
Pupation takesplace in an earthern cavity below
ground.the pupa is of exarate type and capable of
movement when disturbed
When about to pupate,constructs a vertical tube leading
near to the surface
22. Eggs dropped on ground
(Panorpidae, Bittacidae)
or laid in moss
(Boreidae)
Hatch & 4
larvae instars
4th instar larva –
digs earthen cell
and becomes
quiescent (few
weeks to several
months)
Generalized
Mecopteran
Life Cycle
pupae
mating
25. The Trichoptera Include The Case Worms Or Caddis
Flies.Which Are Moth Like ,Mostly Nocturnal Insects With
Weak Powers Of Flight (Their Flight Is Short And
Uncetain Duration) Found In The Vicinity Of Water .
The Case Bearing Larvae And The Pupae Are Aquatic
There Are Obscurely Coloured ,Generally Some Shade
Brown With Darker Markings
They Rest On Herbage, Trees, Or Stones.
Head Is Usually Small With Widely Seperated
Compound Eyes And 3 Ocelli
Antennae Are Multi-articulate And Setaceous ,Held In
Front Of The Head When @ Rest
28. Mouth Part Are Of The Biting Or Chewing Type
,Mandibles Vestigial Or Absent ,Maxillae Single Lobed
With Elongate Palpi, Labium Better Developed Mentum,
Short Prementum, Small Median Glossa Or
Hypopharyngeal Haustellum Well Developed.
Thorax : Prothorax Is Shortest And Mesothorax Is
Largest
The Legs Long & Slender Bear A Strong Coxae .And
Both Meso & Meta Thoracic Coxae Bear A Meron
The Tibiae Is Well Developed Spur And Spines ,Tarsi
Bear Claws And The Pulvili (Empodium)
The Wings Are Well Developed ,Hind Wing Generally
Larger .Longitudinal Veins Are Distinct And The Cross
29. A Semi Transparent Whitish Spot Called Thyridium
Is A Characteristics Of The Wing.
The Abdomen Is 10 Segmentated The Terminal
Segment In The Female Some Times Being Retractile
And Tubular ,Serving As A Ovipositor
30. The Alimentary Canal Is Short With Paired Tubular
Salivary Glands And 6 Malpighian Tubules.
A Crop Is Distinct ,Leading In To A Tubular ,Slightly
Coiled Intestine And A Short Hind Intestine Bearing An
Expanded Rectal Chamber With 6 – 30 Rectal Papillae .
Nervous System ,The Ventral Nerve Cord Bears 3
Thoracic And 6 Abdominal Ganglia
Numerous Polytrophic Ovarioles Present In The Ovaries
,With A Distinct Bursa Copulatrix In The 8th Segment
The Testes Are Paired ,Ovoid Structures And Accessory
Glands Open In To Vasa Deferentia,
31. Life History And Metamorphosis
The Larvae Is Abound In Lakes & Streams And The Case
Making Habit Is Developed To A Large Degree They Are
Called Case Worms Or Caddis Flies
The Cases Of Varied Size & Shapes ,Straight To Coiled And
With Foreign Material Utilised In Their Construction Small
Stones Small Sticks And Twigs ,Bits Of Leaves, sand Grains)
32. The Egg Lying Capacity Of The Female Ranges From 300-
1000 Eggs And They Laid On Stones Or Other Submerged
Objects
The Larvae Are Predatory ,Feeding On Small Insects Or
Other Organisms
Some Of The Larvae Weave A Fine Net Or Shelter To Trap
Small Organisms
The Larvae Possess Sclerotised Head More Strongly
Developed Mouth Parts ,With Short Well Developed Legs
Adapted For Clinging, Crawling & Swimming ( Help From
Coming Out Of The Cases)
Paired Prolegs Or Caudal Hook Are Present In The
Abdomen To Help In Or Fixing The Body Case
33. Filamentous Tracheal Gills Are Pres Thent , Rarely Rectal
Blood Gills Are Present
The 1st Instar Gills Are Absent
Many Cases Bearing Larvae Possess Longitudinal Cuticular
Fold On The Either Side Of The Abdomen,set With Fine Hairs
Known As The Lateral Line
Bibron’s Gland Is Present In Larvae For The Excretion .(It Is
A Accessory Gland ).
Silk Gland Are Well Developed And Before Pupation The
Larva Spin A Cocoon , Which Is Ovoid And Made Of Silk,sand
,Debris, And Attached To Stones And Other Objects
The Pupae Develop In The Cocoon ,Posses Strong
Mandible For Cut Their Way Out To Transform In To An Adult
34.
35. CAMPODEOID TYPE ERUCIFORM TYPE
1. Compressed body not inclined at an
angle
1. Head inclined at a distinct angle .
2. Not making cases. 2.Portable cases.
3.With out a abdominal papillae 3.Presence of tracheal gills
4.Rarely with rectal gills .
2 type of trichopterous
larva
36. Grazers/scrapers-feedonbiofilm ofdiatoms and algae comprising the
periphyton. Includes some mayflies (e.g., Stenonema) and some caddisflies.
Shredders-feeddirectly on CPOM,convertingit toFPOM. Includessome
stoneflies,caddisflies, and cranefly larvae.
Collectors
Filtering collectors-may build a net which theyeither pick clean or consume,
contentsand all. Includesmany caddisflies (e.g. Brachycentrusand
Hydropsyche.)
Gathering collectors-collect FPOMfrom aroundand underrocks as well as
from interstitial spaces. Includes,among others,mayflies suchas Baetisand
Ephemerella.
Predators-examples include most beetle larvae and most stonefly larvae.