This document discusses the different life stages of insects: eggs, larvae, and pupae. It describes the various types of eggs insects lay, such as sculptured, rounded, floating, pedicellate, ootheca, egg rafts, and egg pods. The document outlines the three main types of larvae - oligopod, polypod, and apodous - and provides subtypes examples. It also discusses the three types of pupae: obtect, exarate, and coarctate. The pupal stage is usually inactive and enclosed in a protective cocoon.
There are three main types of insects larvae
1. oligopod: Scarabeiform, Campodeiform
2. polypod: Hairy caterpillar, Slug caterpillar, Looper, Semilooper
3. apodous: Euciphalous, Hemicephalous, acephalous
1) OLIGOPOD: a) Campodeiform:
• Have resemblance to the dipluran genus campodea.
• Body is elongate, depressed dorso ventrally and well
sclerotised.
• Head is prognathous.
• Thoracic legs are long.
• A pair of abdominal cerci
is usually present.
• Larvae are generally predators
and are very active.
• Eg: grub of ant lion, grub of lady bird beetle
b) Scarabaeiform:
• Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical.
• Head is well developed.
• Thoracic legs are short.
• Caudal processes are absent.
• Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or
soil.
• Eg: grub of rhinocerous beetle.
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
There are three main types of insects larvae
1. oligopod: Scarabeiform, Campodeiform
2. polypod: Hairy caterpillar, Slug caterpillar, Looper, Semilooper
3. apodous: Euciphalous, Hemicephalous, acephalous
1) OLIGOPOD: a) Campodeiform:
• Have resemblance to the dipluran genus campodea.
• Body is elongate, depressed dorso ventrally and well
sclerotised.
• Head is prognathous.
• Thoracic legs are long.
• A pair of abdominal cerci
is usually present.
• Larvae are generally predators
and are very active.
• Eg: grub of ant lion, grub of lady bird beetle
b) Scarabaeiform:
• Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical.
• Head is well developed.
• Thoracic legs are short.
• Caudal processes are absent.
• Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or
soil.
• Eg: grub of rhinocerous beetle.
Structure and types of insect legs and identification of insect legs, Modification in insect legs - Cursorial leg(running leg), Ambulatorial leg(walking leg), Saltatorial leg(jumping leg), Scansorial leg(climbing leg), Fossorial leg(digging leg), Natatorial leg(swimming leg), Raptorial leg(grasping leg), Basket – like leg, Sticking leg, Foragial leg, Prolegs or False legs or Pseudolegs
wing is one of the most characterstic feature of insects.
In majority of insects mesothorax and meta thorax carries a pair of wings.
On the basis of presence of wings class insecta is devided into 2 sub classes :
1. APTERIGOTA
2. PTERIGOTA
order hemiptera is divided in two sub order i.e. Homoptera and Heteroptera. major families of order hemiptera are pentatomodae, coreidae, cimicidae, pyrrhocoreidae, lygaeidae, cicadilidae, delphacidae, aphidae, coccidae, laphopidae, aleurodidae, pseudococcidae, jassidae etc.
wing is one of the most characterstic feature of insects.
In majority of insects mesothorax and meta thorax carries a pair of wings.
On the basis of presence of wings class insecta is devided into 2 sub classes :
1. APTERIGOTA
2. PTERIGOTA
order hemiptera is divided in two sub order i.e. Homoptera and Heteroptera. major families of order hemiptera are pentatomodae, coreidae, cimicidae, pyrrhocoreidae, lygaeidae, cicadilidae, delphacidae, aphidae, coccidae, laphopidae, aleurodidae, pseudococcidae, jassidae etc.
Immature stages of insects and Its types (Classification)Mogili Ramaiah
Life cycle of an insect can be complete or incomplete which posses different stages in the biology. If it is complete metamorphosis, it consists of egg, larvae, pupa and adult or incomplete metamorphosis with egg, nymph and adult. In the case of insects with complete development show complete metamorphosis with all immature stages that vary in size, shape and form or structure i.e., egg larvae and pupae differing each individually. Hence, different types of egg, larvae and pupae are described in this PPT (Basic Classification)
Order hemiptera and their generalized and specialized characteristics. Their Anatomy physiology habit habitat about food reproduction where they live. Aphids cicades hoppers with diagrams. Leaf hoppers bed bugs water bugs.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
1. Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Al Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
College of Science
Department of Biology
Entomology
353 Bio
T. Amani Alsharidah
1441 – 2019
3. Introduction
Most of insects undergo to some kind of transformation process during
their life cycle in order to reach adulthood. This process is named
metamorphosis.
Metamorphosis is a biological process by which animals develop after birth
involving huge transformations and/or anatomical restructuration (both
physiological and anatomical) until reaching adulthood.
More details about metamorphosis in lecture 2.
4. Eggs
The first stage of development in all insects is egg.
Majority of insects are oviparous.
Yolk contained in the egg supports the embryonic development.
Eggs are laid under conditions where the food is available for feeding of the
future youngness.
Eggs are laid either individually or in groups.
The outer protective shell of the egg is called chorion. Near the anterior end
of the shell of the egg, there is a small opening called micropyle which
allows the sperm entry for fertilization.
Chorion may have a variety of textures.
Size and shape of the insect eggs vary widely.
5. Types of eggs
Eggs are laid either individually ( single laid) or in
groups (laid in group) such as:
1. Sculptured egg:
Chorion with reticulate markings and ridges. Eg:
castor butterfly.
2. Rounded egg:
Eggs are either spherical or globular. Eg: Citrus
butterfly.
3. Egg with float:
Egg is boat shaped with a conspicuous float on
either side. The lateral sides are expanded. The
expansions serve as floats. Eg: Anopheles
mosquito
6. Types of eggs
4. Pedicellate eggs:
Eggs are laid in silken stalks of about 1.25 mm length
in on groups plants. Eg: Green lace wing fly.
5. Ootheca:
Eggs are deposited by cockroach in a brown bean
like chitinous capsule.
Each ootheca has 16 eggs arranged in two rows.
Along the top, there is a crest which has small
spores which permit gaseous exchange without
undue water loss.
Chitinous egg case is produced out of the
secretions of collaterial glands.
7. Types of eggs
6. Egg raft:
In culex mosquitoes, the eggs are laid in a compact
mass consisting of 200 – 300 eggs are called egg
raft in water.
7. Egg pod:
Grasshoppers secrete a frothy material that
encases an egg mass which is deposited in the
ground.
The egg mass lacks a definite covering.
8. Larvae
There are three main types of insects larvae namely
oligopod, polypod and apodous.
1. Oligopod:
Thoracic legs are well developed. Abdominal legs are
absent. There are subtypes:
a. Campodeiform:
Body is elongate. Head is prognathous. Thoracic legs
are long. A pair of abdominal cerci or caudal processes
is usually present. Larvae are generally predators and
are very active.
b. Scarabaeiform:
Body is ‘C’ shaped, stout and subcylindrical. Head is well
developed. Thoracic legsa re short. Caudal processes are
absent. Larva is sluggish, burrowing into wood or soil.
9. Larvae
2. Polypod:
The body consists of an elongate trunk with large sclerotised
head capsule. Three pairs of thoracic legs and upto five pairs
of unjointed abdominal legs or prologs are present. Thoracic
legs are segmented and they end in claws.
a) Hairy caterpillar:
The body hairs may be dense, sparse or arranged in tufts.
Hairs may cause irritation, when touched. Eg: Red hairy
caterpillar.
b) Slug caterpillar:
larva is thick, short, stout and fleshy. Thoracic legs are
minute. Abdominal legs are absent. Larva has poisonous
spines called scoli distributed all over the body. Such larva is
also called platyform larva.
10. Larvae
3. APODOUS
They are larvae without appendages for locomotion. Based on the degree
of development and sclerotization of head capsule, there are three
subtypes.
a) Eucephalous:
larva with well developed head capsule with functional mandibles,
maxillae stemmata and antennae. Mandibles act transversely. Eg: larva of
mosquito.
b) Hemicephalous:
Head capsule is reduced and can be with drawn into thorax. Mandibles act
vertically. Eg: Larva of horse fly.
c) Acephalous:
Head capsule is absent. Mouth parts consists of a pair of protrusible
curved mouth hooks and associated internal sclerites.. Eg: maggot (larva
of housefly)
11. PUPA
It is the resting and inactive stage in all holometabolous insects.
During this stage, the insect is incapable of feeding and is
quiescent.
During this transitional stage, the larval characters are destroyed
and new adult characters are created.
There are three main types of pupae:
1) Obtect:
Various appendages of the pupa such as antennae, legs and wings
pads are glued to the body by a secretion produced during the last
larval moult. Exposed surface of the appendages are more heavily
sclerotised than those adjacent to body. Eg: moth pupa.
12. PUPA
a) Chrysalis:
It is the naked obtect pupa of butterfly. It is angular and
attractively coloured. The pupa is attached to the substratum by
hooks present at the terminal end of the abdomen called
cremaster. The middle part of the chrysalis is attached to the
substratum by two strong silken threads called gridle.
b) Tumbler:
Pupa of mosquito is called tumbler. It is an object type of pupa. It
is comma shaped with rudimentary appendages. Breathing
trumpets are present in the cephalic end and anal paddles are
present at the end of the abdomen. Abdomen is capable of jerky
movements which are produced by the anal paddles. The pupa is
very active.
13. Pupa
2) Exarate:
Various appendages viz., antennae, legs and wing pads
are not glued to the body. They are free. All oligopod
larvae will turn into exarate pupae. The pupa is soft and
pale. Eg: pupa of rhinocerous beetle.
3) Coarctate:
The pupal case is barrel shaped, smooth with no
apparent appendages. Eg: Fly pupa.
14. Pupal Protection
In general pupal stage lacks mobility.
Hence, it is the most sensitive stage. To get protection against adverse conditions and
natural enemies, the pupa is enclosed in a protective cover called cocoon. Based on the
nature and materials used for preparation of cocoons, there are several types.