This document summarizes evidence that supports the theory of evolution from four perspectives: biogeography, the age of the Earth and fossils, comparative anatomy and embryology, and genetics and molecular biology. Each section provides examples for how scientific observations in these areas help trace evolutionary relationships and document how species have changed over time from common ancestors through natural processes like natural selection. The document also discusses how recent research on Galapagos finches supported Darwin's original hypotheses about natural selection by showing adaptations to seasonal changes.

1. Chapter 16 Evidence of
Evolution
BY: Alejandro Hernandez
Jessica Hernandez
Francisco Esquivel
Cristina Guzman
Ryan Torres
Reyna Provencio

2. A. Biogeography
● Biogeography is the
study of where
organisms live now and
where they and their
ancestors lived in the
past.

3. 1.How does the geographic distribution of a species today
relate to their evolutionary history?
Patterns of living and fossil
species tell us
approximately how long
ago organisms evolved from
their ancestors.

4. 2.Closely related but different
● Populations on the
island had evolved
from mainland
species.

5. 3.Distantly related but similar
● Differences in body
structures tell us how
they evolved from
different ancestors.

6. B. The Age of Earth and F ossils
● Earth Is Old
● Fossils are Evidence of Evolution

7. 1. How Do Fossils Help Document the Decent Of Modern
Species from ancient ancestors?
● Fossils indicate evolution occurred
as they indicate variations in bone structures of
related animal species, and in plant forms and
structures.

8. 2. The Age Of Earth?
● The age of earth is about 4.5 billion years
old
● Radioactive Dating

9. 3. Recent Fossil Finds
● Connections between fish and four legged
land animals
● fossils provide evidence that life does
evolve

10. C. Comparing Anatomy and
Embryology
1.What do Homologous Structures and
Similarities in Embryonic Development suggest
about the process of Evolutionary Change?
2. Homologous Structures
3. Embryology

11. 1. What do Homologous Structures and
Similarities in Embryonic Development
suggest about the process of
Evolutionary Change?
* It means that the process of Evolutionary
Change is basically all the same but some are
used in different ways.

12. 2. Homologous Structures
* The Evolutionary Theory explains that the
existence of Homologous Structures adapted and
the result was a descent of modification from a
common ancestor

13. 3. Embryology
* Researchers noticed that many animals with
vertebrates during their early development
stage are very similar

14. D. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIO.
1. HOW CAN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY BE USED TO TRACE THE PROCESS OF
EVOLUTION?
● HUMANS AND ANIMALS ALL HAVE THE SAME MOLECULAR BIOLOGY. WHICH
MEANS WE'RE ALL SIMILAR.

15. D. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIO.
2. LIFE’S COMMON GENETIC CODE
● THIS GENETIC CODING IS ALMOST NEARLY IDENTICAL IN ALMOST ALL
ORGANISMS,INCLUDING BACTERIA,YEASTS, PLANTS, FUNGI, AND ANIMALS

16. D. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR BIO.
3. HOMOLOGOUS MOLECULES
● AN EXAMPLE OF HOMOLOGOUS MOLECULES IS HOX GENES.

18. TestingNaturalSelection

19. What Does Recent Research on the Galapagos
finches show about
Natural Selection?
● Natural Selection shaped the beaks of
different birds
● Flinch with different-size beaks have better
or worse chance of surviving seasonal
droughts
● Natural selection Happens a lot on
Galapagos flinch
●

20. A Testable Hypothesis
● Peter and Rosemary Grant tested the
hypothesis that Darwin had said about
Natural selection
● They spent 35 years studying Galapagos
flinch
● The data the Grants had recorded showed
that there is indeed great variation of
heritable traits among Galapagos flinch
● Darwin said that natural selection had
shaped the beaks of different birds

21. Natural Selection
● Flinch with different-size beaks have better
or worse chance of surviving seasonal
droughts
● Natural selection Happens a lot on
Galapagos flinch
● These evolutionary change happen a lot
faster than researchers thought
● Viriation within species increases the
likelihood of species adapting and surviving
environmental change

22. Evaluating Evolutionary Theory
● Science and technology have confirm and
expanded most of Darwin' Hypotheses
● Evolutionary theory offers insight that are
vital to all branches of biology
● Evolutionary theory is constantly reviewed
as new data are gathered

23.
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