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Ethanol editted
- 1. -Prepared By Mehul Mehta(13BCH034) Dhruv Mewada (13BCH035)
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Molecular formula: C2H6O • Molar mass : 46.07 g/mol • Density : 0.789 g/cm3 (at 25oC) • Boiling point : 78.37oC • Melting point : -114.3oC • Flash point of pure ethanol : 16.60oC • Stable but highly flammable
- 3. Flammability • The flashpoints of ethanol concentrations from 10% ABV to 96% ABV are shown below: • 10% — 49 °C (120 °F) • 20% — 36 °C (97 °F) • 30% — 29 °C (84 °F) • 40% — 26 °C (79 °F) • 50% — 24 °C (75 °F) • 60% — 22 °C (72 °F) • 70% — 21 °C (70 °F) • 80% — 20 °C (68 °F) • 90% — 17 °C (63 °F) • 96% — 17 °C (63 °F) • Alcoholic beverages that have a low concentration of ethanol will burn if sufficiently heated and an ignition source (such as an electric spark or a match) is applied to them. For example, the flash point of ordinary wine containing 12.5% ethanol is about 52 °C
- 4. PREPARATION METHODS • From biomasslike sugar, starch and cellulose • Sulfuric acid process • Phosphoric acid process • From acetylene
- 5. FROM BIOMASS sugar ethanol starchsugar ethanol cellulose and hemi-cellulose ethanol
- 6. ETHANOL PRODUCTION • About60% of global bioethanol production are obtained from sugar cane and 40% from other crops
- 7. FEEDSTOKE • North America: corn, wheat • South America : sugar cane • Europe : wheat, sugar beet, waste from the wine industry
- 8. From wheat Fermentation conditions Temperature- 32˚C and 35˚C pH - 5.2. Ethanol is produced at 10-15% concentration and the solution is distilled to produce ethanol at higher concentrations
- 9. From sugar cane •Simplest of all the processes • Cheap method
- 10. • From corn Themain producer - United States
- 11. • Wet milling –The process of separating the corn kernel into starch, protein, germ and fiber in an aqueous medium prior to fermentation. – The primary products • starch and starch-derived products (e.g. high fructose corn syrup and ethanol) • corn oil, corn gluten, etc.. • Dry milling – The entire corn kernel is first ground into flour and the starch in the flour is converted to ethanol via fermentation. – Other than ethanol • carbon dioxide - carbonated beverage industry • distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS) - animal feed • Malting – Steep the corn in water, start germination, stop germination at a particular by drying to stop further growth.
- 12. FERMENTATION OF SUGAR +Invertase Or Zymase2C2H5OH + 2CO2
- 13. CELLULOSIC ETHANOL • Ethanolmade from cellulosic biomass which comprises the stems and branches of most plants. • The other feedstock to produce ethanol can also be used as food so cellulosic ethanol is an alternative feedstock. • It is expensive compare to other method but as the technology has developed the method has become cheaper
- 14. CONVERSION OF CELLULOSE ANDHEMICELLULOSE TO ETHANOL • 4 steps 1. Pretreatment 2. Hydrolysis 3. Fermentation 4. Distillation of the product mixture to separate ethanol
- 15. ETHANOL FROM ACETYLENE H-C =C-H + H2O CH3CHO Acetylene Acetaldehyde CH3CHO + H2 C2H5OH Acetaldehyde Ethanol _ H2SO4 HgSO4 Ni ∆
- 16. PHOSPHORIC ACID PROCESS CH2=CH2 +H2O C2H5OH Ethene Ethanol • Phosphoric acid process was first used commercially by Shell (USA) in 1947. • In this reaction phosphoric acid is used as catalyst. • For this process yield of ethanol is 95%. H3PO4 300oC 60 atm
- 17. SULFURIC ACID PROCESS CH2=CH2+ H2SO4 CH3-CH2-OSO3H Ethene Ethyl hydrogen sulphate CH3-CH2-OSO3H + H2O C2H5OH + H2SO4 Ethyl hydrogen Ethanol sulphate • Sulfuric acid process involves indirect hydration. • For this process yield of ethanol is 90%. 75oC
- 18. Mechanism CH3CH2SO4H + H-OHCH3CH2OH +H2SO4 Ethanol Ethyl hydrogen salphate
- 19. PRODUCING COMPANIES • Gujarat 1) TomsaDistil India Ltd. 2) A. B. Enterprise • India 1) Sarat Pvt. Ltd. (AP) 2) Bajaj Hindustan Ltd. (UP) • Global 1) Green Field Ethanol (Canada) 2) Logen Co. (Canada)