The document discusses the preparation of biodiesel from animal fat through transesterification. Specific objectives include processing and characterizing the animal fat and biodiesel. Biodiesel is prepared using a base catalyst method with KOH and methanol or an acid catalyst method with H2SO4 and methanol. The biodiesel is then characterized by testing properties such as viscosity, moisture content, ash content, boiling point, and cetane number. Comparing biodiesel properties to pure diesel and testing blends is also discussed. The methodology outlines animal fat processing, biodiesel preparation methods, and characterizing both the animal fat and resulting biodiesel.

1. Bio diesel
preparation
Mr Leliso Hobicho

2. FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
DEPERTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
BIO DIESEL PREPARATION FROM ANIMAL FAT
BY TRANSESTERIFICATION METHOD
PRIPARED BY
Mr Leliso Hobicho
Advisor Dr. NASIM HASAN & Mr. SISAY BAYU

3. Basic out line
In this presentation we are going to see the
following point.
 Background of bio diesel.
 Problem of statement.
 Scope of these research project.
 Research project objective.
 Result and discussion.
 Conclusion.

4. Introduction
 Bio diesel was a renewable source of energy
Which substitute to fossil diesel fuel made from
biodegradable sources such as animal fat.
 No or small engine modification are to made in
order to use biodiesel as a substitute of
conventional diesel.
 In addition, biodiesel can be mixed with diesel in
many proportions. (Stephen Joseph) (2004)
[5]

5.  Biodiesel is proved to be the best replacement
for diesel because of its unique properties like
significant reduction in greenhouse gas
emissions, non-sulfur emissions, non-
particulate matter pollutants, low toxicity and
biodegradability.
Cont…

6. Problem statement
 At present time the machinery using diesel fuel
is increasing all over the world without limit, as
this keeping its increment and using only fossil
fuel one day fossil fuel is going to be end from
the earth crust, this means there is dark day in
front of the world when alternative fuel is not
searched for all machinery using fossil fuel.

7. Cont…
 In addition to this fossil fuel cause
environmental pollution because it releases
some pollutant gas to the environmental
such as COx, SOx, NOx and other gas that
may cause acidic rain.
 This is not the only reason due to its
depletion the price of fossil fuel is going to
high; by substituting this fossil fuel by bio
fuel we can save the economy of our country
and world economy.

8. Project Objectives
General Objective
Bio diesel preparation from animal fat by
transesterification method.

9. Specific Objectives
 Animal fat processing and characterization.
 Bio diesel preparation and characterization.
 Comparison of bio diesel property with pure
diesel property.
 Blending of bio diesel with pure diesel and
characterization.

10. Literature Review
[1] Pizarro Lopes et.al (2011) Biodiesel is an alternative
fuel to fossil diesel that contributes to diversify energetic
sources, as well as to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
[2] Fevzi Yasar et.al (2010) The viscosity and density of
biodiesel fuels are important parameters due to being key
fuel properties for injection and combustion process of
diesel engines.
[3] Beaton et.al (2012) transesterification of triglycerides
by methanol, ethanol, propanol, and butanol has proved
that it is currently the method of choice.

11. Scope of Research project
 Bio diesel preparation by transesterification
method from animal fat.
 Bio diesel characterization.
 Compering the property of bio diesel with
pure diesel.
 Blend diesel and bio diesel and
characterization.

12. Methodology
Methods used in this research project where
discussed as follows.
1- animal fat processing.
Melting
animal fat
Characterizing of
animal fat.
o FFA
o FA
o CN
o HHV
o Density
o Melting
Point.
o Pouring
Point.
o Cloud
Point.

13. 2, Biodiesel Preparation Methods
Methanol
+
Animal fat
KOH(H2SO4)
catalyst
Methanol + Animal fat KOH(H2SO4) Bio diesel + Glycerin

14. materials
o Hot plate.
o Beef fat.
o Magnetic starrier machine.
o Weight balance.
o Thermometer.
o Separator funnel.
o Jar and sample holder.
o Filtering paper.
o Red wood viscos meter, furnace.
o KOH, H2SO4, methanol, ethanol….

15. 1, Animal Fat Processing
Measure the weight of dry
animal fat by weight
balancer. (760 g)
Melt animal fat until all
fat completely converted
to oil
Measure weight of oil
from animal fat.(707g)
Result and discussion

16. Cont…
melting
point
Melted
fat
Pouring
point
Clouding
point

17. Cont…
No Property value
1 Mass of dry fat 760 g
2 Atmospheric temperature 31oC
3 melting point 45 oC
4 Clouding point 38 oC
5 Pouring point 34 oC
6 Mass of melted fat 707 g

18. FFA Content.
Free fat acid content of animal fat can be calculated by the
titration method. free fatty acid content in animal fat can
be 10% -25% Ertan Alptekin et.al (2011). In case of bio
diesel this all should be decreased to the 1% and less.
1, prepare KOH
solution
KOH(2.77g)
+
Ethanol(500ml)
2, Characterization of animal fat

19. Cont…
2, HCl aqueous
solution
40 drops of
phenolphthalein
+
0.1154M HCl (1 ml)
+
H2O(100ml)

20. Cont…
Collect KOH
solution in to
bisymmetry flask,
during this time we
have to adjust on
the proper volume.

21. Cont…
Concentration Of The KOH
KOH solution
+
HCl aqueous solution
HCL solution = 20 ml
M1 = ?
M2 =0.1154 M
V1 = 11 ml
V2 = 6 ml
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 = M2V2/ V1 = 0.4616 M

22. Cont…
3, Fat Solution
10.17g of fat
+
50.0mL of ethanol
+
7.5mL of
phenolphthalein

23. Cont…
FFA Content of fat
KOH solution
+
Fat Solution
%FFA = CKOH (V1-V2)
ml*10-3* m oleic acid / m sample
* 100 %
%FFA = 0.4616M (22-10)
ml*10-3* 282.46 g/mol /
10.17g * 100 %
%FFA = 16 %

24. 3, Synthesis of Biodiesel
Transesterification reaction resulting in the
formation of biodiesel.

25. In case of this research project bio diesel
preparation was follow the same procedure. in
characterizing of bio diesel the following factor
play a vital roll.
o Type of catalyst.
o Reaction time.
o Reaction temperature.
o Quantity of reactant.
Cont...

26. Experimental Methods
1-Base Catalyzed Transesterification
No Reactant Quantity
1 Animal fat 300 ml
2 KOH 6 g
3 Methanol 60 ml

27. 2-Acid Catalyzed Transesterification
No Reactant Quantity
1 Animal fat 20 g
2 H2SO4 20 g
3 Methanol 300 ml
Cont…

28. Biodiesel Synthesizing Procedure
Mix 6g of KOH and 60ml
of methanol on magnetic
strainer machine.

29. Cont…
By keeping the
temperature of fat
between 50oc-60oc add
slowly the mixture of
KOH and methanol to
hot animal fat mix for
one hr.

30. Cont…
Transfer the solution to
separator funnel and keep
the solution for 24 hr.
after this time the solution form
two layer the upper layer was bio
diesel and the bottom was the
waste used to form the soup.

31. Cont…
When we get two separations
line solution the top solution is
bio fuel and the bottom one is
triglyceride which is used to
produce sop.
We take the upper layer of the
solution and filter it after this we
will continue the next step of
purification with filtered bio
diesel.

32. Cont…
To remove excess methanol
were left with bio diesel
solution we heat bio diesel
solution on hot plate above
60 oC- 90 oC.
When excess methanol with solution
removed bio diesel solution stop
bubbling at this time we remove it
from hot plate.

33. Cont…
Collect pure bio diesel in
sample holder
• Fat acid content was too low in the
solution of bio diesel.
• Free fat acid was too low.
• The produced bio diesel have high
amount of oxygen.
• It contains much cetane number.

34. 4, Characterization of Bio Diesel
After preparation of bio diesel and check whether
it is burned. We have to characterize the following
property of bio diesel.
• Viscosity.
• Moisture content.
• Ash content.
• Boiling point
• CN of bio diesel.

35. Cont…
• Flushing point
• Firing point
• Clouding point
• Pouring point
• Density and viscosity variation with
temperature. etc…

36. Viscosity
Viscosity is the property of any type of fluid resist
to flow. In our case we measure two viscosity of
bio diesel. Those are:
• Kinematic viscosity (KV)
• Absolute viscosity (AV)
Redwood viscometer is equipment used to
measure the viscosity of bio diesel.

37. Cont…
KV=(At-B/t)
AV= k.v*r
Where
KV: kinematic viscosity
AV: absolute viscosity
A= 42.335 cm2/s2
B= 0.20225 cm2
t: time

38. Cont…
To calculate viscosity we
use redwood viscometer, to
measure time flow take we
use stop watch. We begin
counting at start of flowing
and stop when the flask
under redwood viscometer
fill 50 ml.

39. Flush and Firing point
flushing point of bio diesel is the point at which bio
diesel show the burning flush; this point of bio diesel
only show us bio diesel is going to burn.
Firing point is the point at which bio diesel was start
burning. As we see from our experiment the difference
b/n flushing point and firing point was (6-8) oC. Those
two property of bio diesel was tested by flush and fir
point testing apparatus.

40. Cont…
Bunsen burner is used as a source of heat, for
heating the solution of bio diesel in fir and flush
testing apparatus.

41. Clouding and Pouring point
Clouding and pouring point was the point at which bio
diesel start frizzing at low tempereture and at which it
is going to be complete frizzing. This two point help us
to know the minimum limit temperature at which this
bio diesel is going to work. We will calculate them by
using cold water or by inserting bio diesel in
refrigerator and see temperature at which it start to
frizzed and completely frizzed.

42. Moisture content and Ash content
Moisture content is the content of the water in the
produced bio diesel. It can be tested by using hot oven,
furnace and hot plate some time with minimum
accuracy. Ash content was the content of ash that left
after bio diesel was completely burned, this property
help us to know the amount of ash going to be left in the
combustion chamber when we use this bio diesel in
diesel engine, it was tested by furnace.

43. Cont…

44. Boiling point
Boiling point is the point at which bio diesel is start
boiling.
The boiling point of bio
diesel tested by hot
plate; at this time we
have to use digital
thermometer to control
the temperature.

45. Cetane Number of Bio-diesel
Cetane number influences the combustion process and
engine performance. Zhang et al. (2004) found that
cetane number is a measure of the ignition quality or the
auto ignition tendency of a fuel under the compression
ignition process. Calculation of the CN depends on
Higher Heating Value of animal fat oils and
biodiesel from their viscosity (ν), density (ρ) and
flush point (FP).

46. Cont...
HHV = -0.0259 ρ + 63.776 (for bio diesel from animal fat)
CN = C1 ρ + C2FP + C3HHV + C4v + C5
C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Types of oil
-132.94 0 .0258 -2.556 0.0165 254.4344 For all vegetable oils
-42.13 0.005 -15.855 12.856 556.92 For all animal fat oil
-31.44 0.292 0.299 -1.435 52.593 For all vegetable oils
biodiesel
152.43 -0.021 0.108 0.3423 -80.866 For all animal fat oil
biodiesel

47. No Property of fuel Fuel
Diesel Bio diesel
1st 2nd
1 Density (g/l) 832.6 816.5 835
2 Specific gravity (g/l) 0.8326 0.8165 0.835
3 Viscosity @ 40oC 4.75 9.06 6.98
4 FFA (%) - 6.41 0.96
5 Fat acid content (%) - 12.756 3.98
6 Moisture content 0.01 0.54 0.02
7 Cetane number 52.25 48.58 63.17
8 Higher heating value 42.212 42.63 40.21
9 Flushing point 67 132 68
10 Firing point 74 143 75
11 Pouring point -23 5 -13
12 Clouding point -19 9 -7
13 Ash content 0.01 0.1 0.01
Cont...

48. Cont…
As we can see from table above property of pure
diesel and bio diesel by 2nd method was nearer to
each other.
o Their density where nearer to each other.
o Viscosity of bio diesel was more than that of
diesel.
o CN of bio diesel was more than that of diesel.
o HHV of bio diesel was less than that of diesel.

49. Cont…
For further proving the property of produced bio
diesel we blend it with pure diesel. Through this
method we conclude the following reality and
characterize in the following table.

50. No Property Pure
diesel
Pure bio
diesel
B-5 B-10 B-15 B-20 B-25
1 Fleshing
point(oC)
67 68 52 57 61 63 66
2 Firing point
(oC)
74 75 60 68 72 71 75
3 Pouring point
(oC)
-17 -7 -16 -8 -7 -7 -9
4 Clouding point
(oC)
-23 -13 -9 -11 -13 -12 -18
5 CN 52.25 63.17 50.542 49.542 50.47 50.43 51
6 Density 0.8326 835 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82
7 Viscosity 4.75 6.98 8.65 8.90 8.94 8.96 9.2
Cont...

51. Bio diesel Contamination
Bio diesel contamination was the condition takes place
when we blend bio diesel to pure diesel. Source
(www.ipu.uk) contamination cause by the following
reason:
• Water
contamination.
• Microbial growth.
• Solid particulate
contamination.

52. How to Identify Diesel Contamination
• We notice a rise in fuel level.
• Contaminated fuel contains more solid particulates and
microbes.
• the black level or the
bottom strand of fuel was
increase.
• Testing reveals a ‘rotten
eggs’ smell.

53. How to Prevent Diesel Contamination
The key to keeping our bio diesel clean and dry
is a comprehensive fuel conditioning listed
below.
• Regular testing.
• Fuel and tank cleaning.
• Diesel polishing.
• Fuel stabilization.

54. Conclusion
• Pure fat contain 16% FFA.
• H2SO4 was effective catalyst for bio diesel production
from animal fat rather than KOH.
• CN of bio diesel was more than that of pure diesel.
• Contamination rice due to bio diesel in blending pure
diesel and bio diesel.
• As concentration of bio diesel increase in bio diesel
during blending contamination increases.

55. THANK YOU