This document summarizes the process of manufacturing biodiesel from waste cooking oil. It involves analyzing the fatty acid content of the waste oil, performing a trans-esterification process using methanol and sodium hydroxide as catalyst to convert the oil to biodiesel and glycerol, separating the biodiesel and glycerol, washing the biodiesel, and testing the biodiesel properties including density, viscosity, copper corrosion, and flash point. Using waste cooking oil is beneficial as it reduces biodiesel production costs compared to using edible plant oils and helps manage waste oil.
Palm olein from vegetable oil has gained attention as a new renewable energy source to substitute fossil diesel.
This work examines the technical potential of biodiesel produced from palm olein as gas turbine fule in Malaysia.
The studies which cover an investigation into the physical and chemical properties of blended palm olein/diesel oils.
Palm olein from vegetable oil has gained attention as a new renewable energy source to substitute fossil diesel.
This work examines the technical potential of biodiesel produced from palm olein as gas turbine fule in Malaysia.
The studies which cover an investigation into the physical and chemical properties of blended palm olein/diesel oils.
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as ex...Ibrahim Farouk
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as example jec edama 3rd nov. 2015
feel free to call us at info@biorotterdam.com
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.
What It Is and How It Is Made
Learn the basics of biodiesel including biodiesel markets and benefits, production technologies, quality control, distribution and storage issues. A replay of the actual lecture can be found at: www.pccbusiness.com/green
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
A ground reality about biodiesel with India-specific focus, this presentation talks about the if's and but's of biodiesel production in India using Jatropha at this hour of the fuel crisis.
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as ex...Ibrahim Farouk
Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as example jec edama 3rd nov. 2015
feel free to call us at info@biorotterdam.com
Biomass is biological material derived from living, or recently living organisms. It most often refers to plants or plant-based materials which are specifically called lignocellulosic biomass.
What It Is and How It Is Made
Learn the basics of biodiesel including biodiesel markets and benefits, production technologies, quality control, distribution and storage issues. A replay of the actual lecture can be found at: www.pccbusiness.com/green
The substitution of fuels known as fossil or traditional, derived from petroleum represents one of the great challenges facing humanity currently. One of the alternatives is to replace the diesel oil using the production of biodiesel. This is a renewable fuel derived from vegetable oils (edible or inedible, new or used) and animal fats that have properties similar to oil.
A ground reality about biodiesel with India-specific focus, this presentation talks about the if's and but's of biodiesel production in India using Jatropha at this hour of the fuel crisis.
The performance and exhaust emission analysis of diesel engine using waste co...eSAT Journals
Abstract
From last ten year there has been number of increase in vehicles and corresponding to increase in the fuel price. For this reason
the scientist will move towards alternative fuels like vegetable oils, biodiesel, etc. Biodiesel is one of the substitute fuels which is
obtained from vegetable oils, Waste cooking oil. In this experiment, the biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil using
transisterification process, the present work has focused mainly on the performance and exhaust emission of waste cooking oil
and its blend with diesel on diesel engine and its suitability is examined. The oil blended with diesel in proportion of 25/75%,
50/50%, 75/25%, and 100/100% on quantity basis after that biodiesel is analyzed. The performance and exhaust emission of
blend are check out at a variable loads (brake power) of 0 1,2,3,4 at constant speed of 1500rpm and 5kW and results are
compared. The experimental results show that there is mixing of lower percent of biodiesel in diesel give good results means
increase mechanical efficiency, the brake thermal efficiency, and BSFC are well comparable with diesel. At full load CO, CO2,
and HC are lower compare to diesel. Hence we can use the biodiesel which produced from waste cooking oil can be an
alternative fuel in a diesel engine. And also up to B25 there is no modification of our engine.
Keywords: Trasisterification Process, Engine Performance, Exhaust Emissions, Fossil Fuel, Biodiesel, Alternative
Fuels.
Experimental investigation of four stroke single cylinder rope brake dynamome...Premier Publishers
The present work is focused on the effects of waste cooking oil based methyl ester and its blends with petrodiesel on a single cylinder, 4 stroke, naturally aspirated, direct injection, water cooled, rope brake dynamometer assisted CI engine at varying loads. The physical and chemical properties of WCO based methyl ester were determined using standard ASTM methods. The suitability of WCO based methyl ester and its blends were evaluated through determining the performance and emission characteristics of CI engine. These results were compared to petrodiesel for validation. By analyzing these results, it was observed that the performance and emission characteristics were shown both satisfactory and unsatisfactory results. This was due to lower calorific value and high viscosity of waste cooking oil methyl ester resulted delay in combustion. From the critical analysis, it was observed that B20 of WCO based methyl ester reserved 32.2% brake thermal efficiency slightly greater than petrodiesel i.e. 32% without any engine modifications. It is concluded that B20 of WCO based methyl ester is suitable with no modification in engine.
Biodiesel is an elective fuel like regular or 'fossil' diesel. Biodiesel can be delivered from straight vegetable oil, creature oil/fats, fat and waste cooking oil. The procedure used to change over these oils to Biodiesel is called transesterification. This procedure is depicted in more detail beneath. The biggest conceivable wellspring of appropriate oil originates from oil yields, for example, rapeseed, palm or soybean. In the UK rapeseed speaks to the best potential for biodiesel creation. Most biodiesel created at present is delivered from squander vegetable oil sourced from eateries, chip shops, modern nourishment makers, for example, Birdseye and so forth. Despite the fact that oil directly from the horticultural business speaks to the best potential source it isn't being delivered economically essentially in light of the fact that the crude oil is excessively costly. After the expense of changing over it to biodiesel has been included it is basically too costly to even think about competing with fossil diesel. Squander vegetable oil can regularly be sourced for nothing or sourced effectively treated at a little cost.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of biodiesel produced by meth butanolysis of castor oileSAT Journals
Abstract Crude Castor oil was transesterified using methanol, mixtures of methanol and butanol in molar percentages and potassium hydroxide as catalyst. The optimum reaction conditions, based on the percentage yield of biodiesel, were 45 mins reaction time at 650C and 1.5w/w% catalyst. The alcohol/oil ratio and agitation rate were both held constant at 12:1 and 450rpm respectively throughout the process. The yield of biodiesel from castor oil at such optimum reaction conditions were 87.1%, 85.7 % and 81.7 for 100%, 95% and 90% methanol-butanol molar blends respectively. . The specific gravities at 150C were 0.898 and 0.902ml/g, kinematic viscosities at 400C varied from 6.4 to 7.8 cSt. The calorific values were between 10690 and 10708 cal/g and the flash points were found to be within the range 144 to 1500C. The standard specifications for biodiesel (ASTM D67651) show that the specific gravity, flash point and calorific value requirements were satisfied. The higher viscosity (above 6.0 cSt.) can be controlled by the use of additives. Alternatively, blending with petroleum diesel will lead to improvement of the flow properties of the biodiesel fuel. Keywords: Transesterification, Castor oil, methanol/butanol molar blend, Biodiesel yield.
Optimization of biodiesel production from sunflower oil usingAmanda Susanne
Macroestructura textual referente a la tesis siguiente: http://saia.psm.edu.ve/moodle/pluginfile.php/75822/mod_resource/content/1/OPTIMIZATION%20OF%20BIODIESEL%20PRODUCTION.pdf para la materia de Inglés Técnico.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
biogas and biodiesel on industrial scale presentation.pptxMazharIqbal393276
Biogas typically refers to a gas produced by the breakdown of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.
It is a renewable energy source, like solar and wind energy.
Can also be produced by different raw material like Sugarcane residue and maize silage
Biogas is produced by the anaerobic digestion or fermentation of biodegradable materials such as manure, sewage, municipal waste, green waste, plant material, and crops
Effect of different pre-treatment methods on production of reducing sugars fr...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. The efficiency of the fermentation process mainly depends on the amount of reducing sugars which is further enhanced by selecting an efficient pre-treatment process. In the present work Tamarind seeds have been chosen as the substrate. The yield of bioethanol mainly depends on the yield of reducing sugars which is again dependent on the various pre-treatment methods used. So, the proposed work aims to carry out different pre-treatment methods to identify the best pre-treatment method for enhancing the yield of reducing sugars. The tamarind kernel powder will be extracted from tamarind seeds and the extracted tamarind kernel powder is subjected to various pre-treatment methods like acid pre-treatment, alkaline pre-treatment and steam explosion. The amount of reducing sugars obtained, were then determined by di-nitro salicylic acid method. It was found that acid pre-treatment with 0.3N HCl and 0.3N H2SO4 is the best pre-treatment method among the selected pre-treatment methods.
Synthesis of bioethanol from tamarind seeds using marine strain of Saccharomy...Asheesh Padiyar
Bioethanol can be used as a second generation advanced biofuels. Currently it is mainly produced from starch but bioethanol production from starch leads to competition for food, land and price. Therefore, ligno-cellulosic agricultural residues are potentially used for bioethanol production to solve such challenges. In the present work acid pretreated tamarind kernel powder is used as a ligno-cellulosic biomass for bioethanol production using marine yeast. Greater osmosis tolerance, greater special chemical productivity and production of industrial enzymes are the unique characteristics of marine yeast over terrestrial strains. Hence, marine yeasts have great
potential to be applied in various industries. Therefore, the marine strain of saccharomyces cerevisiaewas isolated from marine water and was used for bioethanol production and the bioethanol yield was optimized using the full factorial design methodology. The amount of Bioethanol yield on day 2 was found to be 2.3g/l and the interaction effects were also studied using Minitab 17 software.
Reduction of cold start emissions in automotive catalytic converter using the...Asheesh Padiyar
Catalytic converters are used to convert harmful exhaust gases like CO, NOx and unburnt hydrocarbons released by
internal combustion engine of automobiles into less harmful gases like CO2, H2O and N2. During the start-up of engine run, catalytic converters suffer cold start problems as the catalyst does not remain active in cold conditions. This results in emission of unconverted harmful gases into the atmosphere. This work attempts to eliminate cold start problems using a heat storage system to keep the catalytic converter hot even under engine off conditions. A eutectic alloy of Mg-Zn-Al is used as the Phase Change Material (PCM) to store the heat around the catalyst. This alloy has high latent heat of fusion, high specific heat, suitable melting point and high thermal stability. Mg-Zn-Al eutectic alloy changes its state between liquid and solid on application and removal of heat. Thus this phase change material acts as a heat storage mechanism in the catalytic converter. Catalytic converter design also involves Rockwool insulation in order to aid longer heat storage. This thermal energy storage system as a combination of PCM and insulation, keeps the catalytic converter hot for several hours even after the engine is shut of
Recent Advancements in Piping industry and Piping materials.Asheesh Padiyar
A brief overview of the new technologies that are available for piping engineers to know the latest advancements in piping materials . As a chemical engineer, it is essential to know about the various piping systems and technologies associated with it, in order to have a better understanding of their project/ process/ installing/ commissioning of the plants/ refineries.
Treatment of Effluents from Petroleum RefineriesAsheesh Padiyar
A brief power point presentation on the Effluent treatment from Petroleum Refineries for a Chemical Engineer.Chemical Engineers are also involved in the water treatment , and is of huge concern with the amount of water needed / contaminated during the refinery mass transfer operations.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
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Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
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GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
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Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
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Charlie Greenberg, Host
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R.V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING,BANGALORE
MANFUCTURE OF BIODIESEL FROM WASTE
COOKING OIL By – Asheesh Padiyar &
Manas Likhit
Department of Chemical
Engineering
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Keywords: Waste cooking oil, alternate energy, biodiesel.
1. Introduction
Increasing uncertainty about global energy production and supply, environmental concerns due to
the use of fossil fuels, and the high price of petroleum products are the major reasons to search for
alternatives to petro diesel. It is being claimed that the global supply of oil and natural gas from the
conventional sources is unlikely to meet the growth in energy demand over the next 25 years. In this
perspective, considerable attention has been given towards the production of biodiesel as a diesel
substitute. Moreover, biodiesel fuel has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits
, due to the fact that plants and vegetable oils and animal fats are renewable biomass sources.
Compared to petroleum diesel, biodiesel has lower emission of pollutants and enhances the engine
Lubricity and contributes to sustainability. Biodiesel has a higher Cetane number than diesel fuel, no
aromatics, no sulfur, and contains 10–11%oxygen by weight.
Use of neat (unprocessed) vegetable oils in the compression ignition engines is reported to cause
several problems due to its high viscosity. Biodiesel which is accepted as an attractive alternative
fuel, is prepared by trans-esterification of vegetable oils and animal fats with an alcohol in presence of
a catalyst. However, the land use for production of edible oil for biodiesel feedstock competes with the
use of land for food production. Moreover, the price of edible plant and vegetable oils is usually higher
thanpetro-diesel. The use of waste cooking oil as biodiesel feedstock reduces the cost of biodiesel
production since the feedstock costs constitutes approximately 70-95% of the overall cost of
biodiesel production. Hence, the use of waste cooking oils and non-edible oils should be given
higher priority over the edible oils as biodiesel feedstock.
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1.1. Potential of waste cooking oil as a feedstock for biodiesel source:
Huge quantities of waste cooking oils and animal fats are available throughout the world, especially
in the developed countries. Management of such oils and fats pose a significant challenge because of
their disposal problems and possible contamination of the water and land resources. Even though some
of this waste cooking oil is used for soap production, a major part of it is discharged into the
environment.
Diesel fuel consumption significantly contributes to the formation of greenhouse gases (GHG) and
other global pollutant emissions. Petroleum diesel is also the major source
for the emission of NOx, SOx, CO, particulate matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Emission of such pollutants not only has negative impacts to the global environment but also severe
impacts in human health due to their persistence in the environment.
The use of waste cooking oil as a biodiesel source has a potential to reduce CO2, particulate matter
andother greenhouse gases as the carbon contained in biomass-derived fuel is largely biogenic and
renewable.
Waste cooking oil, which is otherwise wasted, is one of the most economical choices to produce
biodiesel. Since one of the major concerns on biodiesel production is the price of feedstock, utilization
of waste cooking oil significantly enhances the economic viability of biodiesel production.
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Procedure:
2.1. Fatty Acid Content Analysis
Fatty acid contents are the major indicators of the properties of biodiesel. Usually the acids that are
present in vegetable oil include oleic acid linoleic acid, linolenic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid,
ecosenoic acid.
For effective conversion, the FFA content must be lesser than 4%. If found greater than 4%
esterification is carried out to decrease the FFA content below 4%.
2.1.1 Titration process:
Sodium hydroxide was used as catalyst in this experiment. The amount of catalyst has an impact in
the conversion of esters during the transesterificationprocess. The titration was carried out in order to
determine the optimum amount of catalyst concentrate for efficient transesterification.
First, 0.1 N NaOH was taken in a 50 ml burette. To a clean 250 ml conical flask , 50 ml isopropyl
alcohol was added and 2-3 drops of NaOH from the burette was added to neutralize isopropyl alcohol.
To this solution 10 g of oil was added. The solution was stirred well and heated to 60⁰ C. The solution
was cooled under tap water and 2-3 drops of Phenolphthalein indicator was added. The color of the
solutionobtained was milky yellow. Then it was titrated against 0.1 N NaOH. At the end point the color
changes to red.
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2.1.2 Calculation:
FFA content in our sample was found to be 0.7896 g
2.2 Trans- esterification process:
One liter of sample oil was taken in a 3 neck flask and heated to 60⁰ C. The sample was continuously
stirred using magnetic stirrer for uniform distribution of heat throughout the sample.
When the temperature of the sample reaches 60⁰ C methoxidecatalyst was added to the flask. The
catalyst consisted of 300 ml methanol and NaOH. The amount of NaOH depends on the FFA content.
The catalyst was added only when temperature reached 60⁰ C. The oil was made to react for 1.5 hours.
The end of the reaction was marked by the slight separation of the two liquids (impure biodiesel and
glycerol).
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2.3 Separation Process:
The contents of the 3 neck flask were transferred to a separating funnel. The separating funnel was
kept undisturbed for 3-4 hours, allowing the liquids to separate. Glycerol being denser than the bio-
diesel , occupied the lower portion of the separating funnel bio-diesel being the top layer. Glycerol was
then separated and transferred to another flask. It can be noted that glycerol is one of the most
important components in soap making and hence the glycerol obtained could be used for the same
purpose. The liquid left behind is nothing but the impure bio diesel which is further purified.
2.4. Biodiesel Washing
Washing of final ester products is a very important activity during biodiesel processing. The ester
was washed several times through the distilled water creating fine mist from the top through a spray.
The washing of the biodiesel is repeated till the pH of the water reaches 7. Fine mist washing, which
causesless agitation, results in less soap formation. Washing can improved by using hot wash water of
50⁰-60⁰C.
3. Tests:
The Indian Oil Corporation conducts more than 250 tests to test the quality of the fuel. Of these 4
primary tests were conducted. Once the convincing results are obtained the fuel is subjected to further
analysis and tests.
3.1. Density test:
Density of the biodiesel was obtained by using hydro-meter. Sufficient quantity of bio-diesel was
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taken in a measuring beaker. The hydro-meter was then immersed in the biodiesel and the
corresponding reading was noted.
The density of the biodiesel usually obtained lies between 0.8-0.9 g/cc. The density of the biodiesel
obtained was found to be 0.965 g/cc.
3.2 Viscosity test:
Viscosity of the biodiesel was obtained using viscometer. The viscosity test is conducted at 40⁰ C.
The biodiesel was transferred to a viscometer. The viscometer was submerged into water which was
preheated to 40⁰ C . The time taken for the biodiesel to flow between two marked points in the
viscometertube was found. Using the calibrated values of the viscometer and the time taken for the
flow the viscosity was calculated. The viscosity of the biodiesel obtained was found to have a value of
5.68
3.3 Copper Corrosion test:
The amount of acid content in the biodiesel is tested by this method. The presence of acids in the
fuel leads to corrosion of the various engine parts . The biodiesel was taken in a metallic container and a
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copper strip is dipped in it. The container was heated at 60⁰ C for 3 hours. The heating at 60⁰C was done
to mimic the conditions in the engine parts. After 3 hours the copper strip is taken out and checked for
any corrosion signs. If the corrosion signs are found, it can be concluded that the biodiesel obtained is
too acidic for the engine parts.
The biodiesel that was obtained was not found to be corrosive because the copper strip that was
submerged in the biodiesel had no spots.
3.4 Flash Point test:
This test is used to find out the lowest temperature at which the biodiesel can vaporize to form an
ignitable mixture in air.The biodiesel was taken in a closed container and was progressively heated to
100⁰C. At this point the lid of the container was opened and an ignition source(match stick) was
brought near the lid .If a bright flash is seen then this is the flash point temperature of the volatile
material. If not the temperature is progressively increased to higher temperatures and tested for flash
point.
For ordinary diesel the flash point usually occurs at 60-70⁰ C. It was found that there was there no
flash at 100⁰C, 110⁰C,120⁰ C and 130⁰ C , for the biodiesel obtained, indicating it is less volatile .
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4.Conclusion:
The land use for production of edible oil for biodiesel feedstock competes with the use of land for
food production. Moreover, the price of edible plant and vegetable oils is usually higher than
Petro-diesel. The use of waste cooking oil as biodiesel feedstock reduces the cost of biodiesel
production since the feedstock costs constitutes approximately 70-95% of the overall cost of biodiesel
production. Hence, the use of waste cooking oils and non-edible oils should be given higher priority over
the edible oils as biodiesel feedstock.
The above process provides a cheap effective method for the conversion of waste cooking oil to
Bio-diesel. Although the biodiesel entirely cannot be used to for the normal diesel engines it can be
blend with the ordinary diesel and used. Doing this has two advantages. Firstly it will reduce the
severity of water pollution. And secondly, cuts down the rate at which the fossil fuel is being depleted.
It’s clear that biodiesel that we are producing is not an 100% substitute to the normal diesel but it can
surely extend the time of exhaustion of fossil fuel, giving time for other energy technologies to develop
so that it must be fully efficient and satisfies our increasing energy needs.
10. R.V COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
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Acknowledgements:
We would like to thank our college R.V College of Engineering ,Bangalore for providing all the
necessary instruments and laboratory equipment’s required for this project. We also thank our guide
Prof. C.Manjunatha who has been with us throughout extending his helping hand.