This document provides definitions and explanations of basic electronics concepts. It discusses conductors, semiconductors, and insulators. It also defines the atom as the basic unit of matter, and describes the parts of an atom including protons, neutrons, electrons, and quarks. Additional concepts covered include voltage, current, direct and alternating current, resistors, diodes, transistors, capacitors, transformers, inductors, LEDs, solar cells, switches, magnetic flux, and logic gates. Boolean equations are also introduced.

1. VGEC EC (I) Presents
Basic Electronics Vocabulary
Rathor Vijendra 1

2. Conductors, Semiconductors&
insulators
 Materials that permit flow of
electrons are called
conductors (e.g., gold, silver,
copper, etc.).
 Materials that block flow of
electrons are called
insulators (e.g., rubber, glass,
Teflon, mica, etc.).
 Materials whose conductivity
falls between those of
conductors and insulators
are called semiconductors.
 Semiconductors are “part-
time” conductors whose
conductivity can be
controlled.
Rathor Vijendra 2

3. Atom, The Basic Unit of Matter
 The atom is a basic unit of matter
that consists of a dense central
nucleus surrounded by a cloud of
negatively charged electrons.
 The atomic nucleus contains a mix
of positively charged protons and
electrically neutral neutrons
(except in the case of hydrogen-1,
which is the only stable nuclide
with no neutrons).
 The electrons of an atom are
bound to the nucleus by the
electromagnetic force.
 An atom contains equal number of
protons and electrons, so the atom
is electrically neutral
Rathor Vijendra 3
A generic atomic planetary model,
or the Rutherford model

4. Atom parts’ weight, quarks form&
Charge
Name Weight (kg)
Quarks
form
Charge
(Coulomb)
Proton 1.6726 × 10−27 uud +1.6022 × 10-19
Neutron 1.6929 × 10−27 udd None
Electron 9.11 × 10−31 ddd -1.6022 × 10-19
Quarks Charge
Up quark – u +2/3
Down quark – d -1/3Rathor Vijendra 4

5. Voltage, electrical potential
difference, or an electric tension
 Voltage is the electric potential
difference between two points, or
the difference in electric potential
energy of a unit test charge
transported between two points.
 Voltage is equal to the work done
per unit charge against a static
electric field to move the charge
between two points.
 A voltmeter can be used to measure
the voltage (or potential difference)
between two points in a system.
 Units of Voltage :
1. joules per coulomb
2. volt (SI Unit)
Rathor Vijendra 5
Batteries are sources of voltage
in many electric circuits
Common symbol(s):
V , ΔV , E

6. Electric current
 An electric current is a flow of
electric charge. Electric
charge flows when there is
voltage present across a
conductor.
 In electric circuits this charge
is often carried by moving
electrons in a wire. It can also
be carried by ions in an
electrolyte, or by both ions
and electrons such as in a
plasma.
 The direction of conventional
current is defined arbitrarily
to be the direction of the flow
of positive charges.
 SI Unit : Ampere (C/s)
Rathor Vijendra 6
The symbol for a battery in a
circuit diagram.

7. DC & AC current
 Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge.
 Direct current is produced by sources such as batteries, thermocouples, solar
cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type.
 Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow
through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron
or ion beams.
 The electric charge flows in a constant direction, distinguishing it from
alternating current (AC).
 In alternating current (AC, also ac), the movement of electric charge
periodically reverses direction.
 AC is the form in which electric power is delivered to businesses and
residences.
 The usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave. In certain
applications, different waveforms are used, such as triangular or square
waves.
 Audio and radio signals carried on electrical wires are also examples of
alternating current.
Rathor Vijendra 7

8. Resistor
 A resistor is a passive two-
terminal electrical component
that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit
element.
 The current through a resistor
is in direct proportion to the
voltage across the resistor's
terminals. This relationship is
represented by Ohm's law:
I = V/R
 The ohm (symbol: Ω) is the SI
SI unit of electrical resistance,
named after Georg Simon
Ohm.
Rathor Vijendra 8

9. Color code for Resistances
Rathor Vijendra 9

10. Resistivity and conductivity
 Electrical resistivity (also
known as resistivity, specific
electrical resistance, or
volume resistivity) quantifies
how strongly a given material
opposes the flow of electric
current.
 Resistivity is commonly
represented by the Greek
letter ρ (rho).
 SI unit : ohm⋅ metre (Ω⋅m)
 Electrical conductivity or specific
conductance is the reciprocal of
electrical resistivity, and
measures a material's ability to
conduct an electric current.
 It is commonly represented by the
Greek letter σ(sigma), but
κ(kappa) (especially in electrical
engineering) or γ (gamma) are
also occasionally used.
 SI unit : Siemens per meter
(S⋅m−1)
Rathor Vijendra 10

11. Q factor
 In physics and engineering the
quality factor or Q factor is a
dimensionless parameter that
describes how under-damped an
oscillator or resonator is, or
equivalently, characterizes a
resonator's bandwidth relative to its
center frequency.
 Higher Q indicates a lower rate of
energy loss relative to the stored
energy of the resonator; the
oscillations die out more slowly. A
pendulum suspended from a high-
quality bearing, oscillating in air, has
a high Q, while a pendulum
immersed in oil has a low one.
Resonators with high quality factors
have low damping so that they ring
longer. Rathor Vijendra 11

12. N type silicon
 Pentavalent impurities such as phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and
bismuth have 5 valence electrons.
 When phosphorus impurity is added to Si, every phosphorus atom’s four
valence electrons are locked up in covalent bond with valence electrons of
four neighboring Si atoms. However, the 5th valence electron of
phosphorus atom does not find a binding electron and thus remains free
to float. When a voltage is applied across the silicon-phosphorus mixture,
free electrons migrate toward the positive voltage end.
 When phosphorus is added to Si to yield the above effect, we say that Si is
doped with phosphorus. The resulting mixture is called N-type silicon (N:
negative charge carrier silicon).
 The Pentavalent impurities are referred to as donor impurities.
Rathor Vijendra 12

13. P type silicon
 Trivalent impurities e.g., boron, aluminum, indium, and gallium have 3
valence electrons.
 When boron is added to Si, every boron atom’s three valence electrons are
locked up in covalent bond with valence electrons of three neighboring Si
atoms. However, a vacant spot “hole” is created within the covalent bond
between one boron atom and a neighboring Si atom. The holes are
considered to be positive charge carriers. When a voltage is applied across
the silicon-boron mixture, a hole moves toward the negative voltage end
while a neighboring electron fills in its place.
 When boron is added to Si to yield the above effect, we say that Si is doped
with boron. The resulting mixture is called P-type silicon (P: positive charge
carrier silicon).
 The trivalent impurities are referred to as acceptor impurities.
Rathor Vijendra 13

14. Diode
 A diode is a 2 lead semiconductor that acts as
a one way gate to electron flow.
 Diode allows current to pass in only one
direction.
 A pn-junction diode is formed by joining
together n-type and p-type silicon.
 The p-side is called anode and the n-side is
called cathode.
Rathor Vijendra 14

15. Forward Bias & Reverse Bias
 When the anode and cathode of a pn-junction diode are
connected to external voltage such that the potential at
anode is higher than the potential at cathode, the diode is
said to be forward biased.
 In a forward-biased diode current is allowed to flow through
the device.
 When potential at anode is smaller than the potential at
cathode, the diode is said to be reverse biased.
 In a reverse-biased diode current is blocked.
Rathor Vijendra 15

16. Rectifier: half wave and full wave
 A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC),
which periodically reverses direction, to direct current (DC), which
flows in only one direction.
Rathor Vijendra 16
Full-wave rectifier Circuit
Half-wave rectifier Circuit

17. Transistor
 A three lead semiconductor device that acts as:
– an electrically controlled switch, or
– a current amplifier.
 Transistor is analogous to a faucet.
– Turning faucet’s control knob alters the flow rate of water
coming out from the faucet.
– A small voltage/current applied at transistor’s control lead
controls a larger current flow through its other two leads.
Rathor Vijendra 17

18. Capacitor
 Next to resistors, capacitors
are probably the second most
commonly used component in
electronic circuits.
 A capacitor is a device that
can temporarily store an
electric charge.
 Capacitors come in several
different varieties, the two
most common being ceramic
disk and electrolytic.
 SI Unit : Farad (F)
 Capacitance : C=Q/V
Rathor Vijendra 18
Ceramic Capacitor

19. Capacitor
 The amount of capacitance of
a given capacitor is usually
measured in microfarads,
abbreviated μF.
 When capacitor is put in
parallel the over all
capacitance C is
C=C1 +C2 +C3 +C4+…
 and in series the over all
capacitance C is
Rathor Vijendra 19

20. Transformer
 A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by
inductive coupling between its winding circuits.
 A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through
the secondary winding. This varying magnetic flux induces a varying
electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding.
 Transformers are thus used to vary the relative voltage of circuits,
which, in some cases, also isolates them.
 Transformers range in size from thumbnail-sized used in microphones
to units weighing hundreds of tons interconnecting the power grid. A
wide range of transformer designs are used in electronic and electric
power applications.
Rathor Vijendra 20
Symbol of Transformer

21. Transformer
Rathor Vijendra 21
The value of the ratio a being
respectively higher and lower than unity
for step-down and step-up transformers.

22. Inductor
 An inductor, also called a coil or
reactor, is a passive two-terminal
electrical component which
resists changes in electric current
passing through it.
 It consists of a conductor such as
a wire, usually wound into a coil.
 When a current flows through it,
energy is stored temporarily in a
magnetic field in the coil.
 When the current flowing
through an inductor changes, the
time-varying magnetic field
induces a voltage in the
conductor, according to Faraday’s
law of electromagnetic induction,
which opposes the change in
current that created it.
 SI Unit of inductance : Henry (H)
Rathor Vijendra 22

23. LED
 2 lead semiconductor device.
 Light emitting PN-junction diode.
– Visible or infrared light.
 Has polarity.
 Recall diodes act as a one way
gate to current flow.
– A forward-biased PN-junction
diode allows current flow from
anode to cathode.
 An LED conducts and emits light
when its anode is made more
positive (approx. 1.4V) than its
cathode.
– With reverse polarity, LED
stops conducting and emitting
light.
Rathor Vijendra 23

24. Photo Diode
 Photodiode is a 2 lead
semiconductor device that
transforms light energy to electric
current.
 Suppose anode and cathode of a
photodiode are wired to a current
meter.
– When photodiode is placed in
dark, the current meter displays
zero current flow.
– When the photodiode is expose to
light, it acts as a current source,
causing current flow from cathode
to anode of photodiode through the
current meter.
 Photodiodes have very linear light
v/s current characteristics.
– Commonly used as light meters in
cameras.
Rathor Vijendra 24

25. Solar cell
 Solar cells are photodiodes with
very large surface areas.
 Compared to usual
photodiodes, the large surface
area in photodiode of a solar
cell yields
– a device that is more sensitive
to incoming light.
– a device that yields more
power (larger current/volts).
 Solar cells yield more power.
 A single solar cell may provide
up to 0.5V that can supply 0.1A
when exposed to bright light.
Rathor Vijendra 25

26. Switch
 a switch is an electrical
component that can break
an electrical circuit, interrupting
the current or diverting it from one
conductor to another
 The most familiar form of switch is a
manually
operated electromechanical device
with one or more sets of electrical
contacts, which are connected to
external circuits.
 Each set of contacts can be in one of
two states: either "closed" meaning
the contacts are touching and
electricity can flow between them, or
"open", meaning the contacts are
separated and the switch is no
conducting.
 A relay is an electrically operated
switch Rathor Vijendra 26

27. Magnetic Flux
 magnetic flux is the
net number of field
lines passing through
that surface; that is,
the number passing
through in one
direction minus the
number passing
through in the other
direction.
 SI Unit : Weber (Wb)
 Symbol : ØB
Rathor Vijendra 27

28. Lenz’s Law
 Lenz's law is a common
way of understanding
how electromagnetic
circuits obey Newton's
third law and the
conservation of energy.
 An induced electromotive
force (emf) always gives
rise to a current whose
magnetic field opposes
the original change in
magnetic flux.
 Lenz's law is shown
with the negative sign
in Faraday's law of
induction
Rathor Vijendra 28
• which indicates that the
induced emf and the
change in magnetic flux
have opposite signs.

29. Logic Gates
 A logic gate is an idealized or physical device
implementing a Boolean function, that is, it performs a
logical operation on one or more logical inputs, and
produces a single logical output.
 Logic gates are primarily implemented using diodes or
transistors acting as electronic switches, but can also be
constructed using electromagnetic relays (relay logic),
fluidic logic, pneumatic logic, optics, molecules, or even
mechanical elements.
Rathor Vijendra 29

30. Boolean equations

Rathor Vijendra 30

31. Boolean equations
Rathor Vijendra 31

32. Boolean equations

Rathor Vijendra 32

33. Thank You
Rathor Vijendra 33

34. Created By:
Rathor Vijendrasingh
And Others:
1. Lalit Kumawat
2. Sneh Gandhi
3. Nisarg Thakar
4. Poorn Mehta
Rathor Vijendra 34