An initiative, named 'Road to 4IR' was taken by EMK Center -Maker Lab for training 30x4= 120 students (60 Male & 60 Female) in 04 cohorts in the technology of the 4th Industrial Revolution. This session was the 4th & last of total of 04 sessions- where the initially trained participants will be further trained under the supervision of expert mentors to materialize the training by planning, designing, and making a scientifically proven concept paper/ robot/solution. In this Session-04, students were introduced with basic electronics and Raspberry Pi. Topics were: Current, Voltage, Diode, Capacitor, Inductor, etc. The program was held on 29th August, 2021. Both 1st & 2nd Cohort attended from 7:15 pm - 9:30 pm. Both sessions were taken by Redwan Ferdous, Mentor of Embedded system of MakerLab, EMK Center.

1. 2nd Phase Mentoring:
Road to 4IR
For Cohort-1 & 2 (Grade-07)
Birshreshtha Munshi Abdur Rouf Public College
4th Session
29th August, 2021 | Sunday
Redwan Ferdous | Mentor, Maker Lab
ferdousr@emk.com.bd | redwanferdous.com
29th August, 2021

2. Basic Electronics
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3. Electricity can be broken down into:
• Electric Charge
• Voltage
• Current
• Resistance
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4. Negative & Positive Charges
• What do the effects of electricity in TV, radio, a battery, and
lightening all have in common?
• Basic particles of electric charge with opposite polarities.
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5. Electrons
• The smallest amount of electrical charge having the quality
called negative polarity.
• Electrons orbit the center of atoms.
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6. Protons
• The proton is a basic particle with positive polarity.
• Protons are located in the nucleus of atoms along with
neutrons, particles which have neutral polarity.
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7. 29th August, 2021

8. Electrically, all materials fall into 1 of 3
classifications:
• Conductors
• Insulators
• Semi-Conductors
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9. Conductors
• Have 1 valence electron
• Materials in which electrons can move freely from atom to atom
are called conductors.
• In general all metals are good conductors.
• The purpose of conductors is to allow electrical current to flow
with minimum resistance.
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10. Insulators
• Have 8 valence electrons
• Materials in which electrons tend to stay put and do not flow
easily from atom to atom are termed insulators.
• Insulators are used to prevent the flow of electricity.
• Insulating materials such as glass, rubber, or plastic are also
called dielectrics, meaning they can store charges.
• Dielectric materials are used in components like capacitors
which must store electric charges.
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11. Semi-Conductors
• Have 4 valence electrons
• Materials which are neither conductors nor insulators
• Common semi conductor materials are carbon, germanium and
silicone.
• Used in components like transistors
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12. The Symbol for Charge
• The symbol for charge is Q which stands for quantity.
• The practical unit of charge is called the coulomb (C).
• One coulomb is equal to the amount of charge of 6.25X1018
electrons or protons stored in a dielectric.
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13. Capacitance
Battery
Capacitor
Unit = Farad
Pico Farad - pF = 10-12F
Micro Farad - uF = 10-6F
A capacitor is used to store charge for a short amount of time
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14. 29th August, 2021

15. Voltage
• Potential refers to the the possibility of doing work.
• Any charge has the potential to do the work of attracting a
similar charge or repulsing an opposite charge.
• The symbol for potential difference is E (for electromotive force)
• The practical unit of potential difference is the volt (V)
• 1 volt is a measure of the amount of work required to move 1C
of charge
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16. Voltage
• A battery positive terminal (+) and a negative terminal (-). The
difference in charge between each terminal is the potential energy the
battery can provide. This is labeled in units of volts.
Water Analogy
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17. Voltage Sources:
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18. • Voltage is like differential pressure,
always measure between two points.
• Measure voltage between two points
or across a component in a circuit.
• When measuring DC voltage make
sure polarity of meter is correct,
positive (+) red, negative (-) black.
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19. Current
• When a charge is forced to move because of a potential
difference (voltage) current is produced.
• In conductors - free electrons can be forced to move with
relative ease, since they require little work to be moved.
• So current is charge in motion.
• The more electrons in motion the greater the current.
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20. Current
• Uniform flow of electrons thru a circuit is called current.
WILL USE CONVENTIONAL FLOW NOTATION ON ALL
SCHEMATICS
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21. • To measure current, must break circuit and install meter in line.
• Measurement is imperfect because of voltage drop created by meter.
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22. Amperes
• Current indicates the intensity of the electricity in motion. The
symbol for current is I (for intensity) and is measured in
amperes.
• The definition of current is: I = Q/T
• Where I is current in amperes, Q is charge in coulombs, and T
is time in seconds.
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23. 1 ampere = 1 coulomb per second
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24. Resistance
• Opposition to the flow of current is termed resistance.
• The fact that a wire can become hot from the flow of current is
evidence of resistance.
• Conductors have very little resistance.
• Insulators have large amounts of resistance.
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25. Resistance
• All materials have a resistance that is dependent on cross-sectional
area, material type and temperature.
• A resistor dissipates power in the form of heat
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26. Various resistors types
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27. All 1000 Ohm Resistors
1/8 ¼ ½ 1 2 20
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28. Resistor Types
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29. Resistor Types
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30. Inside a Resistor
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31. When measuring resistance, remove
component from the circuit.
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32. Resistor Color Code
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33. Reading Resistor Color Codes
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34. Power dissipation
• Resistance generates heat and the component
must be able to dissipate this heat to prevent
damage.
• Physical size (the surface area available to dissipate
heat) is a good indicator of how much heat
(power) a resistor can handle
• Measured in watts
• Common values ¼, ½, 1, 5, 10 etc.
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35. Resistors in Circuits
Series
• Looking at the
current path, if there
is only one path, the
components are in
series.
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36. Resistors in Circuits
Series
n
R
R
R 
 2
1
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37. Resistors in Circuits
Parallel
• If there is more than
one way for the
current to complete
its path, the circuit is
parallel
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38. Resistors in Circuits
Parallel
2
1
2
1
R
R
R
R
 n
R
R
R
1
1
1
1
2
1


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39. Ohms
• The practical unit of resistance is the ohm designated by the
Greek letter omega: Ω
• A resistor is an electronic component designed specifically to
provide resistance.
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40. Diodes
Most modern diodes are semiconductor devices,
but are considered passive since they do not
contribute any amplification or gain to a circuit.
Cathode Anode
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41. Diode types
May be classified by semiconductor material
silicon, germanium, gallium arsenide, etc.
Or classified by circuit function
Small signal detector or switching diode
Light-emitting diode (LED)
Rectifier diode
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42. Diode Ratings
Peak inverse voltage (PIV)
Maximum forward current (IF)
Maximum forward voltage drop (VF)
Reverse leakage current (IR)
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43. Diode handling and
installation
Diodes are polarized and must be installed in with correct
orientation.
Many diodes are modestly susceptible to ESD damage, so
normal ESD precautions should be taken.
Mechanical stress due to lead bending should be
minimized.
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44. Closed Circuits
• In applications requiring the use of current, electrical
components are arranged in the form of a circuit.
• A circuit is defined as a path for current flow.
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45. Common Electronic Component Symbols
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46. A Complex Audio Circuit
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47. Open Circuits
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48. The Circuit is a Load on the Voltage
Source
• The circuit is where the energy of the source (battery) is carried
by means of the current through the the various components.
• The battery is the source, since it provides the potential energy
to be used.
• The circuit components are the load resistance - they
determines how much current the source will produce.
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49. Direction of Electron Flow
• The direction of electron flow in our circuit is from the negative
side of the battery, through the load resistance, back to the
positive side of the battery.
• Inside the battery, electrons move to the negative terminal due
to chemical action, maintaining the potential across the leads.
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50. Electron Flow in a Simple Circuit
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51. DC
• Circuits that are powered by battery sources are termed direct
current circuits.
• This is because the battery maintains the same polarity of
output voltage. The plus and minus sides remain constant.
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52. Waveform of DC Voltage
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53. Characteristics of DC
• It is the flow of charges in just one direction and...
• The fixed polarity of the applied voltage which are
characteristics of DC circuits
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54. AC
• An alternating voltage source periodically alternates or reverses
in polarity.
• The resulting current, therefore, periodically reverses in
direction.
• The power outlet in your home is 60 cycle ac - meaning the
voltage polarity and current direction go through 60 cycles of
reversal per second.
• All audio signals are AC also.
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55. Waveform of AC Voltage
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56. Complex Voltage
This is a more realistic view of what
an audio signal’s voltage would look like
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57. Comparison of DC & AC
DC Voltage AC Voltage
Fixed polarity Reverses polarity
Can be steady or vary in
magnitude
Varies in magnitude
between reversals in
polarity
Steady value cannot be
stepped up or down by a
transformer
Used for electrical power
distribution
Easier to measure Easier to amplify
Heating Effects the same for both AC and DC current
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58. Many Circuits Include both AC & DC
Voltages
• DC circuits are usually simpler than AC circuits.
• However, the principles of DC circuits also apply to AC circuits.
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59. Impedance
• Impedance is resistance to current flow in AC circuits and its
symbol is .
• Impedance is also measured in ohms.
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60. Grounding
• In the wiring of practical circuits one side of the voltage source is usually
grounded for safety.
• For 120 V - ac power lines in homes this means one side of the voltage
source is connected to a metal cold water pipe.
• For electronic equipment, the ground just indicates a metal chassis, which
is used as a common return for connections to the source.
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61. Common Symbols/ Names for Ground in
Electric Circuits
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62. Ohm’s Law
• The amount of current in a circuit is dependent on its resistance
and the applied voltage. Specifically I = E/R
• If you know any two of the factors E, I, and R you can calculate
the third.
• Current I = E/R
• Voltage E = IR
• Resistance R = E/I
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63. Current is Directly Proportional to Voltage for a
Constant Resistance
OHM’s LAW
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64. Power
• The unit of electrical power is the watt.
• Power is how much work is done over time.
• One watt of power is equal to the work done in one second by
one volt moving one coulomb of charge. Since one coulomb a
second is an ampere:
• Power in watts = volts x amperes
• P = E x I or P = V x I
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65. 3 Power Formulas
• P = V x I
• P = I2 x R
• P = V2 / R
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66. Conversion Factors
Prefix Symbol Relation to
basic unit
Examples
Mega M 1,000,000
or 1x106
5MΩ =
5x106 Ω
Kilo k 1,000 or
1x103
18kV =
18x103 V
Milli m .001 or
1x10-3
48 mA =
48x10-3A
Micro  .000001 or
1x10-6
15V =
15x10-6V
29th August, 2021

67. What is a breadboard?
What are they good for?
Creatings, organizing, and prototyping a circuit.
Literally started out as a bread board with nails.
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68. What are LEDs?
Light Emitting Diodes
Diode Symbol + Arrows for light
Points to ground
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69. Hello World for a Circuit
Light and LED
Parts:
Battery
Resistor
LED
Why:
Power Source
An LED will light up when enough voltage is supplied but can
also burn out if too much is allowed to pass through. The
resistor will limit the voltage to prevent damage.
Do:
Connect Battery, Resistor, LED
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70. Series circuit example
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71. Parallel Circuit example
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72. LED controller using
Raspberry pi & Cayenne
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73. Purpose
• Add and remotely control sensors, motors, actuators, GPIO boards,
and more
• Create triggers and threshold alerts for devices, events, and actions
• Schedule one-time or multi-device events for easy automation
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74. Raspberry Pi
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75. Requirements
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76. What is Cayenne ???
• Cayenne is an app for smart phones and computers
• It allows you to control the Raspberry Pi and the Arduino through the
use of an elegant graphical interface and a solid nice communication
protocol.
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77. Features of Cayenne
• Add and remotely control sensors, motors, actuators, GPIO boards,
and more
• Customizable dashboards with drag-and-drop widgets for connection
devices
• Create triggers and threshold alerts for devices, events, and actions
• Schedule one-time or multi-device events for easy automation
• Quick and easy setup - connect your Pi in minutes
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78. How to connect & communicate
between Cayenne & Raspberry pi
???
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79. Step 1: Sign Up to Cayenne
• Go to Cayenne site and Sign Up. After download the file and install the Cayenne system on your Raspberry
Pi.
• Link : https://mydevices.com/cayenne/landing/create-raspberry-pi-projects-with-cayenne/
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80. Step 2: Connect your pi to internet
•Connect your Raspberry at your LAN by
cable
Or
•Connect your Raspberry to wifi network
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81. Step 3: Download the App and Install
Cayenne
•Install in your
phone device :
 Download from
play store or
Apple store
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82. Step 4: Install manually Cayenne on your
Raspberry Pi by using Terminal of Raspberry
Pi
• Wget https://cayenne.mydevices.com/dl/rpi_b8w8pn82i9.sh
• sudo bash rpi_b8w8pn82i9.sh –v
•Please be patient 10 minute to
ultimate the installation process.
After this reboot your Raspberry.
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83. Step 4: Install manually Cayenne on your
Raspberry Pi by using Terminal of Raspberry
Pi
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84. Step 5 : See Your Device on Cayenne
Dashboard
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85. Step 5 : See Your Device on Cayenne
Dashboard
• By using Computer you can see your device
on:https://cayenne.mydevices.com/
• By using a Smartphone you can open the app and see
your devices.
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86. Step 6: Connect pi in smart phone
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87. Step 6: Connect pi in smart phone
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88. Step 6: Connect pi in smart phone
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89. Step 6: Connect pi in smart phone
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90. Step 6: Connect pi in smart phone
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91. Step 6: Connect pi in smart phone
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92. Step 6: Connect pi in smart phone
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93. Step 7 : Connect a Led to Your Raspberry Pi
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94. Step 7 : Connect a Led to Your Raspberry Pi
• Now you can connect a led to GPIO port of Raspberry
Pi.
• Use ALWAYS a resistor in series to led. If you don't use
a resistor, you can burn the led or the Raspberry Pi.
• See the photo and connect the led to pin number 11
or GPIO 17.
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95. Step 8 : Switch ON the Led
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96. Step 8 : Switch ON the Led
• Then Select the Pin 17 and click on Input. Setup the pin like Output,
and after click on LOW button.
• The button below Green and the word HIGH appear on it. Now your
led in ON!
• You can switch on the led by using your Raspberry Pi by LAN, and also
by a different Network Area.
• This is because Cayenne use a proprietary proxy.
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97. 29th August, 2021