This document discusses continuous wave (CW) radar and frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar. It defines radar as an electromagnetic device that can detect objects hidden from view using radio waves. Radar is classified into primary types including CW and modulated radar. CW radar uses the Doppler effect to detect moving targets based on changes in transmitted frequency. However, CW radar cannot determine range. FMCW radar modulates the transmitted frequency over time and compares the received frequency to determine both range and radial velocity of targets. Key applications of radar include military surveillance, weather monitoring, air traffic control and more.

1. V I J E N D R A S I N G H R A T H O R
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CW and FM CW Radar

2. Contents
 Basics of Radar
 Classification of Radar
 Doppler effect
 CW Radar
 FMCW radar

3. Radar Abbreviation
 RA – Radio
 D – Detection
 A – And
 R – Ranging

4. Definition
 Radar is an electromagnetic device and regarded to
be a powerful electronic eye.
 It is also an electromagnetic sensor.

5. What is done by Radar?
 Radar can see the objects hidden anywhere in the
globe or planet except some special cases like low
altitude, shape changing the reflection direction,
special fiber material etc.

6. Applications of Radar
 Military purpose
 Weather forecast
 Airport controlling
 Navigation
 To detect and measure objects under the earth
 To indicate speed of automobiles, cricket and tennis
balls etc.

7. Classification of Radar
Radar
Primary
CW
Modulated Unmodulated
Pulse
MTI Doppler
Secondary

8. Doppler effect
 If either the source of oscillation or the observer of
the oscillation is in motion, an apparent shift in
frequency will result. This is the Doppler effect and
is the basis of the CW radar.

10. Doppler frequency
+- - +
observer source
v = velocity of sound = 343 m/s at 20 degree Celsius

11. CW Radar

12. Doppler frequency for CW radar
 fr= fo + fd … if target is coming
 fr= fo - fd … if target is moving away
 Let R be the distance from radar to target.
 Let unit wavelength is for λ distance.
 So total no. of wavelength = 2R/λ (two way path)
 One wavelength corresponds to 2п radian phase.
 So total phase φ= 4пR/λ

13.  Angular frequency is change in phase with respect to
time.

14. Applications
 To find the target’s bearing angle, elevation angle,
velocity
 To indicate the presence of moving targets
 To find radial velocity of moving targets
 To find whether an object is approaching or moving
away

15. Disadvantage
 Does not give information about range

16. FMCW Radar
 FMCW radar detects, measures range and radial
velocity of objects.
 It is a Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave radar
in which the frequency of continuously transmitted
wave is varied at a known rate and the frequency of
reflected signals is compared with the frequency of
transmitted signal

18. Block diagram

19. Stationary target

20.  Beat frequency
Rate of change of carrier
frequency is fo’
 If the frequency is modulated at a rate fm over a
range ∆f, the beat frequency is

21. Moving target

22.  The beat frequency due to range fr can be calculated
as,

23. Range equation
 The distance R to the reflecting object can be
determined by the following relations:

24. Applications
 Slant range of the target
 Bearing and elevation angle of target
 Height of target

26. Thank You
 References:
Radar Engineering
By G. S. N. Raju
Introduction to Radar
Systems
Second Edition
By Merrill Skolnik