OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the presence of any high value added compounds in the spent biomass of C. vulgaris
To identify the biological activity of the extracted compounds
To evaluate the structure and nature of the compounds using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and other analytical techniques.
Development of economically viable methodologies for the simultaneous extraction of by-products from a single set of biomass.
biological activities performed -Total antioxidant capacity, Anti bacterial activity, Anti-tuberculosis activity, Anti proliferative assay
Proteins play crucial roles in nearly all biological processes. These many functions of proteins are a result of the folding of proteins into many distinct 3D structures.
Protein analysis tries to explore how amino acid sequences specify the structure of proteins and how these proteins bind to substrates and other molecules to perform their functions.
Protein analysis allows us to understand the function of the protein based on its structure.
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties of pomegranate (punica g...Pritam Kolge
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties
of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed and defatted
seed extracts
This is Journal Club activity Presentation with the reference of various research papers.
This Presentation Contain following...
#Info about Paper
#Abstract
#Materials
#Methods
#Results
#Discussion
#Conclusion
#References
*Important Methods used
#Moisture content
#Fat content
#Acid value
#Peroxide value
#Oxidative stability index
#Total phenols content
#Preparation of Pomegranate seed extracts and calculate extract yield
#Evaluation of antioxidant properties of Pomegranate seed extracts using
-DPPH radicals scavenging activity
-FRAP assay
#Antioxidant efficiency of seed extract (Oxidative stability extract)
#Statistical analysis
Journal Club Presentation at Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
Thanks for Help and Guidance of Dr. P. B. Choudhari (Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry) and Dr. A. J. Shinde (Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics)
การวิเคราะห์ฤทธิ์ต้านอนุมูลอิสระที่ระยะต่างกันในกล้วยเล็บมือนาง
Analysis of Antioxidant Activity at Different Stage in Musa (AA group) ‘Kluai Leb Mu Nang’
อดิศร จำรูญ
Proteins play crucial roles in nearly all biological processes. These many functions of proteins are a result of the folding of proteins into many distinct 3D structures.
Protein analysis tries to explore how amino acid sequences specify the structure of proteins and how these proteins bind to substrates and other molecules to perform their functions.
Protein analysis allows us to understand the function of the protein based on its structure.
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties of pomegranate (punica g...Pritam Kolge
Evaluation of antioxidant and antiradical properties
of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed and defatted
seed extracts
This is Journal Club activity Presentation with the reference of various research papers.
This Presentation Contain following...
#Info about Paper
#Abstract
#Materials
#Methods
#Results
#Discussion
#Conclusion
#References
*Important Methods used
#Moisture content
#Fat content
#Acid value
#Peroxide value
#Oxidative stability index
#Total phenols content
#Preparation of Pomegranate seed extracts and calculate extract yield
#Evaluation of antioxidant properties of Pomegranate seed extracts using
-DPPH radicals scavenging activity
-FRAP assay
#Antioxidant efficiency of seed extract (Oxidative stability extract)
#Statistical analysis
Journal Club Presentation at Bharati Vidyapeeth College of Pharmacy, Kolhapur.
Thanks for Help and Guidance of Dr. P. B. Choudhari (Assistant Professor, Pharmaceutical Chemistry) and Dr. A. J. Shinde (Assistant Professor, Department of Pharmaceutics)
การวิเคราะห์ฤทธิ์ต้านอนุมูลอิสระที่ระยะต่างกันในกล้วยเล็บมือนาง
Analysis of Antioxidant Activity at Different Stage in Musa (AA group) ‘Kluai Leb Mu Nang’
อดิศร จำรูญ
New RP HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of sulbactum and ceftriaxo...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Sulbactum and Ceftriaxone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of mixture of 60 volumes of 20mM Phosphate buffer pH 3.5: 40 volumes of Acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) with detection of 210 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 30-70 µg /ml for Sulbactum (r2 =0.9998) and 60-140µg /ml for Ceftriaxone (r2 =0.9983) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim. The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
Various human diseases have oxidative stress as one of their component. Many herbs have been reported to exhibit properties that combat oxidative stress through their active constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds etc. Different Plants of Dillenicea family has been shown in in vitro experiments to be endowed with antioxidant activity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate Dillenicea family for its antioxidant activity.
Institut Kurz specializes in performing various assays for food analysis.
In this presentation you can see some of them.
Contact: info@institut-kurz.com
Website: www.institut-kurz.com/
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEG...Md. Kamaruzzaman
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEGETABLES OF BANGLADESH
Harun-Ar-Rashid, Sheikh Julfikar Hossain, Sk. Amir Hossain, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Md. Kamaruzzaman
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
New RP HPLC method for the simultaneous estimation of sulbactum and ceftriaxo...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Sulbactum and Ceftriaxone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using mobile phase consisting of a mixture of mixture of 60 volumes of 20mM Phosphate buffer pH 3.5: 40 volumes of Acetonitrile (60:40 v/v) with detection of 210 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 30-70 µg /ml for Sulbactum (r2 =0.9998) and 60-140µg /ml for Ceftriaxone (r2 =0.9983) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim. The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
Various human diseases have oxidative stress as one of their component. Many herbs have been reported to exhibit properties that combat oxidative stress through their active constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolic compounds etc. Different Plants of Dillenicea family has been shown in in vitro experiments to be endowed with antioxidant activity. Therefore this study was carried out to evaluate Dillenicea family for its antioxidant activity.
Institut Kurz specializes in performing various assays for food analysis.
In this presentation you can see some of them.
Contact: info@institut-kurz.com
Website: www.institut-kurz.com/
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEG...Md. Kamaruzzaman
TOTAL POLYPHENOLS AND DPPH FREE RADICALS SCAVENGING ACTIVITY IN SIX LEAFY VEGETABLES OF BANGLADESH
Harun-Ar-Rashid, Sheikh Julfikar Hossain, Sk. Amir Hossain, Md Mahfuzur Rahman, Md. Kamaruzzaman
Utilization of radioactive isotopes in the investigation of biogenetic studiesMs. Pooja Bhandare
Isotopes: TWO TYPES OF ISOTOPES,Radioactive isotopes.
Stable isotopes, Radiolabelled Tracers ( Radiolabelled compounds), Radiotracer Technique, Steps in Tracer Technique,
Selection of Radioisotopes.
Preparation of Radioisotopes.
Introduction/Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in biological system (Plant part) Seperation and determination of labelled compound in various biochemical reaction, Preparation of labelled compounds : Insertion of Radiolabelled compound in plant part, Root feeding, Stem feeding, Direct Injection, Floating Methods, Spray technique, Separation or Isolation of Radiolabelled compound and detection of radioisotope labelled compound. Detection and assay of Radioactive labelled compound, Detector system used (Analysis of Isotopic content). Method in Tracer Technique,
Precursor – Product sequence
Double and Multiple Labelling
. Competitive Feeding,Sequential Analysis
Applications of Tracer Technique
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
— The biosorption of Malathion from aqueous solution by green algal biomass was investigated. The green algae used were of the species Spirogyra and was collected from Neugal river near Sujanpur, Himachal Pradesh. Batch biosorption experiments were performed to examine the effect of contact time, pH, biomass concentration and initial Malathion concentration. The concentration of residual Malathion concentration after biosorption was determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 309 nm. The maximum adsorption was found to be at pH 7 after a contact time of 5 hours with initial Malathion concentration of 100 mg/L and biomass of weight 75 mg. The equilibrium biosorption data were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm. Freundlich isotherm was found to be more favorable than Langmuir isotherm.
Blood Specimen Collection and Processing
VENIPUNCTURE BUTTERFLY NEEDLE METHOD
Sites to draw blood
Order of Draw
Labelling the sample
Areas to Avoid When Choosing a Site for Blood Draw
Techniques to Prevent Hemolysis (which can interfere with many tests)
SAMPLE REJECTION
Blood Sample Handling and Processing
RBC ZINC TEST
HIV 1&2 WESTERN BLOT
Photochemistry Mediated Synthesis and Characterization of Thyroxine Capped Si...priyanka raviraj
Objective:
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the noble metal nanoparticles studied due to their amenability of synthesis, functionalization and ease of detection. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles using thyroxine as a reducing and capping agent through the one step photochemical method
Characterization of synthesized silver nanoparticles (Thy-AgNPs)
1. UV-Spectroscopy Analysis
2. Fourier Transforms-Infra Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR)
3. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy(HR-TEM)
4. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy(FE-SEM)
5. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
6. Zeta potential
Uses:
*AgNPs have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties
*Exhibit high plasmon efficiency
*More sensitive towards localized surface plasmon resonance
*Less time consuming, economic and more ecofriendly
*It is used in electronics, food industry, cosmetics, photochemical, biomedicine and chemistry.
RNA Polymerase
Introduction
Purification
History
PRODUCTS OF RNAP
Messenger RNA
Non-coding RNA or "RNA genes
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA
Micro RNA
Catalytic RNA (Ribozyme)
prokaryotic and eukaryotic
Transcription by RNA Polymerase
TYPES OF RNA POLYMERASE
Type I
Type II
Type III
Prokaryotic Transcription Unit
EXPRESSION OF A PROKARYOTIC GENE
Prokaryotic Polycistronic Message Codes for Several Different Proteins
Eukaryotic Transcription Unit
ENHANCERS AND SILENCERS
RESULT OF THE TRANSCRIPTION CYCLE
RNAP III TRANSCRIBES HUMAN MICRORNAS
RNAP I–specific subunits promotepolymerase clustering to enhance the rRNA genetranscription cycle
RNAP II–TFIIB STRUCTURE ANDMECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION INITIATION
FIVE CHECKPOINTS MAINTAINING THE FIDELITY OFTRANSCRIPTION BY RNAP IN STRUCTURAL ANDENERGETIC DETAILS
DNA
history
structure
X-Ray diffraction image of DNA
base pairing principle
base pairs
bonding patterns of DNA
base stacking different conformations of DNA
different forms of DNA
function of DNA
replication
encoding information
mutation/recombination
gene expression
Application of DNA
Bacteriophage vectors
Bacteriophage
WHY BACTERIOPHAGE AS A VECTOR?
M13 phage
Genome of m13 phage
Life cycle and dna replication of m13
CONSTRUCTION M13 AS PHAGE VECTOR
M13 MP 2 vector
M13MP7 VECTOR
Selection of recombinants
Lambda replacement vectors
LAMBDA EMBL 4 VECTOR
P1 PHAGE
GENOME OF P1 PHAGE
P1 PHAGE AS VECTOR
P1 phage vector system
whole genome analysis
history
needs
steps involved
human genome data
NGS
pyrosequencing
illumina
SOLiD
Ion torrent
PacBio
applications
problems
benefits
Introduction
Sericulture, or silk farming, is the rearing of silkworms for the production of silk.
Species of silkworm
Mulberry silkworm
Tasar silkworm
Muga silkworm
Eri silkworm
Oak silkworm
Giant silkworm
History
Types of silk
Tasar
Eri
Mulberry
Muga
Life cycle
Advantages
Uses
Diseases
Pebrene
Grasserie
Flacherie
Muscardine
Production of silk India
Research Institutes
Artificial production
In vitro culture of embryo
Tissue culture media- Grace’s medium
Cell line production
Nutrition production
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
2. With an idea to extract as many products as possible from a single
set of biomass, protein rich-extract was first separated from
C. vulgaris using hot water treatment. The spent biomass obtained
after the extraction, which is literally considered as a waste
material was further evaluated for high-value added products such
as lipid and carotenoids.
3. OBJECTIVE
• To evaluate the presence of any high value added compounds in the
spent biomass of C. vulgaris
• To identify the biological activity of the extracted compounds
• To evaluate the structure and nature of the compounds using Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and other analytical techniques.
• Development of an economically viable methodologies for
simultaneous extraction of by-products from a single set of biomass.
4. VISIBLE short UV Long UV Stained
Spent biomass characterization using TLC fractions
23. Isolation and characterization of pigments from
C. vulgaris
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (NMR)
The structure of the compound was elucidated using the technique of
NMR, Bruker 400 MHz, Narrow Bore, High Resolution Solution State NMR
Spectrometer. NMR spectra were recorded using Deuterated Chloroform (CDCl3).
Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MSMS)
The obtained lutein sample was analyzed using Liquid Chromatography-Mass
Spectroscopy (LC-MS-MS) Shimadzu LCMS 8040 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer
coupled with UHPLC NEXERA. To enhance separation in the column, 0.5mM Trifluoro
ammonium acetate in water and acetonitrile was used in mobile phase composition
and retention time was 4.110 min.
24. Isolation and structural elucidation of carotenoid
The 1HNMR spectrum of lutein was recorded in
deuterated chloroform at 400 MHz. The spectrum
shows peaks between 5.5 and 6.8ppm integrating
for 12 protons, confirming the presence of
conjugated olefinic chain in carotenoids. Singlets in
the region of 0.8-1.5 ppm indicate the presence of
methyls.
25. 1H NMR spectrum of lutein
The carbon NMR spectrum of lutein shows the presence of 40 carbons. Peaks in the region of
124-136 ppm are characteristic of olefinic carbons. Two peaks at 65.9 and 65.1ppm confirm
the presence of oxymethine carbons. 10 methyl carbons were observed in the upfield
region.This confirms that lutein is a carotenoids, without any carbonyl carbon and has
hydroxyl group attached to the β-ionone ring.
26. Liquid Chromatography-Mass
Spectroscopy/Mass Spectroscopy
The mobile phase used was acetonitrile: 0.5mM trifluoro
ammonium acetate in water (70:30) with the flow rate of
0.6mL/min at UV absorption of 254nm. The LC showed a major
peak at 14.110mins, whose molecular weight was 569 (M+H)
and the minor peak at 13.718 mins, showed a mass at 552. The
molecular weights correspond to the carotenoids are lutein and
cryptoxanthin, respectively. However, the compounds need to be
further purified for confirmation studies
29. High Resolution Mass spectrum of lutein
The high resolution mass spectrum of lutein shows the molecular weight of
the molecule as 568.4335 amu. Hence the molecular formula of lutein was
deduced as C40H56O2.
30. Structure of lutein
H3C OH
H3C CH3
CH3
HO
H3C CH3
H3C H3C
CH3
CH3
1
3
1'
3'
4'
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The high resolution mass spectrum of lutein shows the molecular
weight of the molecule as 548.67amu. Hence the molecular
formula of lutein was deduced as C34H36N4O3.
31. NMR spectrum of green pigment
The NMR spectrum showed singlets at 9.5, 9.3 and 8.5 ppm respectively. This is characteristic of olefinic
protons of the porphyrin ring. A doublet of doublet at 8.0ppm and two doublets at 6.1 and 6.3ppm are
characteristic of exomethylene protons. Three singlets at 3.2, 3.4 and 3.6ppm indicate the presence of
methyls attached to the pyrrole ring. Based on these observations, the molecule was characterized as
methyl pyropheophorbide-a (Figure 13), a compound formed by the degradation of chlorophyll-a in higher
plants and algae. The central magnesium atom is absent.
32. Structure of methyl pyropheophorbide-a
N
NH N
HN
O
H3C
CH3
CH3
H3C
O
OCH3
This particular pigment derivative, Methyl pyropheophorbide finds major applications in
photodynamic therapy, where this derivative is accumulated in tumorous tissues, which acts
as a photosensitizer when a laser radiation is passed to target the tumor cells. It is also used
in photosynthetic studies.
33. Total antioxidant capacity
The diluted extract solution (0.5 mg/ml and 1mg/ml)
were added to a test tube containing 5 ml reagent
solution(0.6 M sulfuric acid, 28 mM sodium
phosphate and 4 mM ammonium molybdate).
Various concentrations of Gallic acid were used as
reference standard. The reaction mixture was
incubated at 90C for 1 hour and then cooled to room
temperature. The absorbance was measured at 695
nm against distilled water as blank.
36. Result
Studies on the anti-bacterial activity
against 16 human pathogenic bacterial
strains revealed that lutein exhibited a
small zone of inhibition. However, it
needs further confirmation studies. On
the control, Methyl pyropheophorbide-a
did not showed any activity.
Lutein
Methyl
pyropheophorbide a
37. Anti-tuberculosis activity
Screening of Compounds by Luciferase Reporter Phage (LRP) at a concentration of 100 µg/ml concentration against
a set of standard strains including M. tuberculosis H37Rv, sensitive clinical isolate and resistant clinical isolate.
Read with luminometer at 10S integration
% RLU Reduction = Control RLU – Test RLU X 100
----------------------
Control RLU
Result= 24.74%(lutein)
38. Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-
diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. About 5 x 103 cells of HEK 293 and
MDA-MB-231S were seeded in 96-well plates and allowed to grow for 24 h.
Different concentrations of lutein and methyl pyropheophorbide a ranging
from 0.1-100 µg/mL (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 µg/mL) were
tested. The cells were incubated with the extracts for 48 h followed by the
addition of MTT and further incubation for 4 h. The medium was removed
completely and the formazan crystals were dissolved in DMSO. The optical
density was measured using an ELISA reader (Molecular Devices, Spectra Max
190, USA) at 570 nm.
Anti proliferative assay
39. MDA MB 231S
The cell viability was calculated using the following
formula:
% Cell Viability = (A570 sample / A570 control) x 100.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Control Solvent
control
0.1 0.5 1 2.5 5 10 25 50 100
CV5 CV6
40. Result
The cell viability tests demonstrated that the lutein and methyl
pyropheophorbide-a exerts 50 % of inhibition of growth of breast cancer
cells, MDA-MB-231S at 0.1-0.5 µg/mL. Further confirmatory studies are
required to prove the efficacy of the compounds as anti-cancer drug.
However, it has been reported that methyl pyropheophorbide reduces the
tumour size by 14 % in experimental rats