The document discusses different types of bacterial vaccines. It begins by introducing active and passive immunity. Active immunity is induced by vaccines made from bacteria or their products, while passive immunity provides preformed antibodies from another source. The main types of bacterial vaccines discussed are whole-organism attenuated or killed vaccines, purified macromolecule vaccines like polysaccharides or toxoids, and subunit vaccines. Specific examples provided include vaccines for cholera, plague, typhus, pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis B, and human papillomavirus. Memory cells and immunological memory play an important role depending on the incubation period of the pathogen.

1. BACTERIAL VACCINE

2. INTRODUCTION
• There are two types of immunization:-
 Active immunity:- is induced by vaccines prepared from
bacteria or their products
– Methods of acquisition include natural infection, vaccines (many
types), and toxoids
– Relatively permanent
 Passive immunity :- is provided by the administration of
preformed antibody in preparations called immune –globulins
– Methods of acquisition include natural maternal antibodies,
antitoxins, and immune globulins
– Protection transferred from another person or animal

3. VACCINATION
• Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides
artificial active immunity to a particular disease
• The administration of vaccines is called vaccination
• It can be used as
 prophylactic:- to ameliorate the effect of future
infection
 therapeutic:- e.g to treat disease vaccine against
cancer

4. Development of Vaccines
• Multiple factors affect
decisions when making
vaccines
 Activation of specific branch of
immune system
 Development of
immunological memory

5. Role of Memory Cells
• Depends on incubation period of pathogen
– Short Incubation Periods
• ex. Influenza
• Symptoms already under way by the time memory cells are
activated
• Repeated immunizations with neutralizing antibodies
– Long Incubation Periods
• ex. Poliovirus
• Enough time to allow memory B cells to respond

6. Immunological Memory vs. Serum
Antibody Levels

7. Extended schedule of immunization in
pakistan

9. TYPES OF BACTERIAL VACCINES

10. Types of Vaccines
• Whole-Organism
– Attenuated Viral/Bacterial
– Inactivated Viral/Bacterial
• Purified Macromolecules
– Polysaccharide
– Toxoid
– Recombinant Antigen
– Recombinant-Vector
• DNA
• Synthetic Peptide
• Multivalent Subunit

11. Attenuated Bacterial Vaccines
• Attenuation – to reduce in force, value, amount, or degree; weaken
– Achieved by growth under abnormal culture conditions
– Include Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG),thyphoid vaccine ,MMR vaccine ,oral
polio virus vaccine
– Act as a double edged sword, as they have distinct advantages and
disadvantages…
 Advantages:-
 Advantages stem from their capacity for transient growth
 Prolonged immune-system exposure
 Single immunizations
 Replication within host cells

12. KILLED BACTERIAL VACCINES:
• Methods of inactivation include heat or chemical agents
– End result…. Loss of replication ability
• Difficult to inactivate due to potential for denaturation of
epitopes
– Dependence on higher order levels of protein structure

13. • (1) Vibrio cholerae vaccine
– contains killed organisms and is given to persons traveling
to areas where cholera is endemic.
• (2) Yersinia pestis vaccine
– contains killed organisms and is indicated for persons at
high risk for contracting plague.
• (3) The vaccine against typhus
– contains killed Rickettsia rickettsiae organisms and is used
primarily to immunize members of the armed forces.

14. PURIFIED PROTEIN VACCINES
• 1) There are two types of B. pertussis
vaccines:
• an acellular vaccine containing purified
proteins
• a vaccine containing whole killed bacteria.
• The principal antigen in the acellular vaccine is
(pertussis toxoid), but other proteins, such as
filamentous hemagglutinin and pertactin, are
also required for full protection.

15. Toxoid Vaccines
• Toxoid vaccines are made
from inactivated toxic
compounds that cause
illness rather than the
micro-organism
• . Examples of toxoid-based
vaccines include tetanus
and diphtheria.
• Toxoid vaccines are known
for their efficacy

16. . CAPSULAR POLYSACCHARIDE
VACCINES
• Protein subunit – a fragment of bacteria rather than
whole organism can create an immune response.
• Examples include:-
 The subunit vaccine against Hepatitis B virus that is
composed of only the surface proteins of the virus and
 The virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine against human
papillomavirus (HPV) that is composed of the viral
major capsid protein,
 The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase subunits of the
influenza virus.
 Subunit vaccine is being used for plague immunization.

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