TOXOIDS.pptx
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
1 like•1,817 views
Toxoids are vaccines created from bacterial toxins that have been inactivated through chemical or heat treatment. This process removes the toxins' ability to cause disease but maintains their ability to provoke an immune response. To make a toxoid vaccine, the toxin is first isolated from the pathogen's culture and then inactivated using formaldehyde and heat. This inactivated toxin can then trigger antibody production without causing illness. Common commercially available toxoids include those protecting against tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis. Different combinations of these toxoids in vaccines like Tdap, DTaP, Td, and DT provide protection against the corresponding diseases at different stages of life.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Toxoid vaccine
Toxoid vaccines are vaccines that are made from the toxins (harmful chemicals) from bacteria. There are some bacteria that cause disease through releasing a protein called a toxin. Scientists can inactivate these toxins in the lab using a chemical called formalin (a solution of formaldehyde) and sterilized water, which are completely safe to use in small quantities in the human body. Once the toxin is inactivated, it’s called a toxoid, and it can no longer cause harm. The body learns how to fight off the bacteria’s natural toxin once exposed to the toxoid through producing antibodies that bind into the toxin like keys into a lock
Bacterial vaccines
This document discusses the preparation of bacterial vaccines. It describes the key steps involved in producing killed bacterial vaccines such as selection of the bacterial strain, growth of bacteria in culture, inactivation of the bacteria through heat or chemicals, standardization, formulation, and storage. The document also discusses the preparation of live attenuated bacterial vaccines, using the BCG vaccine as an example. Key steps for BCG preparation include attenuation of the bacteria by repeated subculture, growth in liquid medium, harvesting and freeze drying the bacteria, and standardization based on viable cell counts.
Preservation of pharmaceutical products
Preservatives are added to pharmaceutical products to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life. An ideal preservative kills microbes rapidly at low concentrations, is non-toxic, stable, and does not interact negatively with the product ingredients. A preservative efficacy test evaluates the ability of a preservative system to inhibit microbial growth when challenged with common test microbes like S. aureus and P. aeruginosa over 28 days. The test involves inoculating product samples, incubating them, and conducting plate counts to determine microbial survival rates over time. This ensures the preservative maintains effective antimicrobial activity as required by pharmacopeia standards.
Sterility testing of Pharmaceutical Products
This document discusses sterility testing protocols for pharmaceutical products as per Indian Pharmacopeia guidelines. It defines sterility testing as testing to confirm absence of viable microorganisms. Sterility testing is important for medical devices and preparations like ophthalmic, injections, implants etc. The test is based on principle that microorganisms will grow in nutritive media at favorable temperature. There are two methods for sterility test - membrane filtration method suitable for liquids and direct inoculation method where samples are directly inoculated to culture media. The document discusses the different culture media and quantities of samples used based on product type.
Microbiological assay
Microbiological assays use microorganisms to determine the potency of drugs. There are two main methods - the cylinder-plate method which measures inhibition zone diameters, and the turbidimetric method which measures absorbance changes in liquid cultures. Standard curves are prepared using known concentrations of a reference standard. Test samples are run alongside at assumed concentrations and their potency determined by comparing results to the standard curve. Proper preparation of media, buffers, microorganism cultures and standards is required for accurate and reproducible assays.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens are a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to identify foreign molecules. MHC antigens bind to pathogen antigens and display them on the cell surface for identification by T-cells. MHC is a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that encodes these antigens. There are three classes of MHC - Class I presents antigens to CD8 T-cells on all nucleated cells, Class II presents antigens to CD4 T-cells on antigen presenting cells like macrophages, and Class III plays a role in immune function through complement and cytokines. MHC antigens act as antigen presenting structures and play important roles in immune responses, transplantation tissue matching, and autoimmune diseases.
Bacterial toxoids
Bacterial toxins and toxoids are discussed. Endotoxins are part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and are released upon cell lysis. Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria and can have potent toxicity. Toxoids are modified exotoxins that have had their toxicity destroyed but retain antigenicity, allowing them to be used safely in vaccines. The production of tetanus toxoid involves growing Clostridium tetani bacteria, lysing the cells, purifying and concentrating the exotoxins, inactivating them with formaldehyde to create a toxoid, and formulating the vaccine product.
SIGNIFICANT OF TOXOIDS IN ACTIVE IMMUNITY BY NOM KUMAR NAIK
This document discusses the significance of toxoids in active immunity. It defines key terms like vaccines, toxoids, live vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, polysaccharide vaccines, and surface antigen vaccines. It explains that toxoids create immunity to the toxins produced by pathogens rather than the pathogens themselves. Various routes of administration are outlined including subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, intradermal, and intranasal. Vaccination schedules for primary vaccination and booster doses are also summarized.
Recommended
Toxoid vaccine
Toxoid vaccines are vaccines that are made from the toxins (harmful chemicals) from bacteria. There are some bacteria that cause disease through releasing a protein called a toxin. Scientists can inactivate these toxins in the lab using a chemical called formalin (a solution of formaldehyde) and sterilized water, which are completely safe to use in small quantities in the human body. Once the toxin is inactivated, it’s called a toxoid, and it can no longer cause harm. The body learns how to fight off the bacteria’s natural toxin once exposed to the toxoid through producing antibodies that bind into the toxin like keys into a lock
Bacterial vaccines
This document discusses the preparation of bacterial vaccines. It describes the key steps involved in producing killed bacterial vaccines such as selection of the bacterial strain, growth of bacteria in culture, inactivation of the bacteria through heat or chemicals, standardization, formulation, and storage. The document also discusses the preparation of live attenuated bacterial vaccines, using the BCG vaccine as an example. Key steps for BCG preparation include attenuation of the bacteria by repeated subculture, growth in liquid medium, harvesting and freeze drying the bacteria, and standardization based on viable cell counts.
Preservation of pharmaceutical products
Preservatives are added to pharmaceutical products to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life. An ideal preservative kills microbes rapidly at low concentrations, is non-toxic, stable, and does not interact negatively with the product ingredients. A preservative efficacy test evaluates the ability of a preservative system to inhibit microbial growth when challenged with common test microbes like S. aureus and P. aeruginosa over 28 days. The test involves inoculating product samples, incubating them, and conducting plate counts to determine microbial survival rates over time. This ensures the preservative maintains effective antimicrobial activity as required by pharmacopeia standards.
Sterility testing of Pharmaceutical Products
This document discusses sterility testing protocols for pharmaceutical products as per Indian Pharmacopeia guidelines. It defines sterility testing as testing to confirm absence of viable microorganisms. Sterility testing is important for medical devices and preparations like ophthalmic, injections, implants etc. The test is based on principle that microorganisms will grow in nutritive media at favorable temperature. There are two methods for sterility test - membrane filtration method suitable for liquids and direct inoculation method where samples are directly inoculated to culture media. The document discusses the different culture media and quantities of samples used based on product type.
Microbiological assay
Microbiological assays use microorganisms to determine the potency of drugs. There are two main methods - the cylinder-plate method which measures inhibition zone diameters, and the turbidimetric method which measures absorbance changes in liquid cultures. Standard curves are prepared using known concentrations of a reference standard. Test samples are run alongside at assumed concentrations and their potency determined by comparing results to the standard curve. Proper preparation of media, buffers, microorganism cultures and standards is required for accurate and reproducible assays.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF MHC
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) antigens are a set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to identify foreign molecules. MHC antigens bind to pathogen antigens and display them on the cell surface for identification by T-cells. MHC is a cluster of genes on chromosome 6 in humans that encodes these antigens. There are three classes of MHC - Class I presents antigens to CD8 T-cells on all nucleated cells, Class II presents antigens to CD4 T-cells on antigen presenting cells like macrophages, and Class III plays a role in immune function through complement and cytokines. MHC antigens act as antigen presenting structures and play important roles in immune responses, transplantation tissue matching, and autoimmune diseases.
Bacterial toxoids
Bacterial toxins and toxoids are discussed. Endotoxins are part of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria and are released upon cell lysis. Exotoxins are secreted by bacteria and can have potent toxicity. Toxoids are modified exotoxins that have had their toxicity destroyed but retain antigenicity, allowing them to be used safely in vaccines. The production of tetanus toxoid involves growing Clostridium tetani bacteria, lysing the cells, purifying and concentrating the exotoxins, inactivating them with formaldehyde to create a toxoid, and formulating the vaccine product.
SIGNIFICANT OF TOXOIDS IN ACTIVE IMMUNITY BY NOM KUMAR NAIK
This document discusses the significance of toxoids in active immunity. It defines key terms like vaccines, toxoids, live vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, polysaccharide vaccines, and surface antigen vaccines. It explains that toxoids create immunity to the toxins produced by pathogens rather than the pathogens themselves. Various routes of administration are outlined including subcutaneous, intramuscular, oral, intradermal, and intranasal. Vaccination schedules for primary vaccination and booster doses are also summarized.
Pyrogen testing
This document discusses pyrogen testing methods. Pyrogens are fever-inducing substances, mainly lipopolysaccharides of bacterial origin. The rabbit pyrogen test, introduced in 1942, involves measuring temperature increases in rabbits injected with a test solution. If temperature increases exceed thresholds, the sample fails the test. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test directly measures endotoxins using a lysate from horseshoe crab blood. Both tests are used to ensure medical products are free of pyrogens.
Immunity, Types of immunity- humoral immunity, cellular immunity
This document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes the three levels of immune defense: physical and physiological barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides rapid responses and involves cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity involves B cells and T cells and has immunological memory, allowing for enhanced responses to pathogens over time. The adaptive immune response includes both humoral immunity through antibodies and cellular immunity.
Microbiological assay of antibiotics
This slides are about the ways or process of some method, which are used for the microbial assay of antibiotics.. I think it will be useful to all.
Bacterial vaccines
Bacterial vaccines can be prepared from whole killed or live attenuated bacteria, as well as purified components like capsular polysaccharides or toxins. They work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the disease-causing bacteria. Bacterial vaccines are evaluated for safety, sterility, and potency to ensure they induce a protective immune response without adverse effects. Tests involve injecting the vaccines into laboratory animals and humans to measure antibody levels and check for contamination.
Microbial assay of B2 and B12
this presentation gives informationabout microbial assay of vitamins B2 and B12. it is based upon the guidelines of indian pharmacopoeia. this presentation highlights the principle, process and applications of microbial assay
Pyrogen testing 112070804005
The document discusses pyrogen testing techniques including the rabbit test and LAL (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate) test. It provides details on how to conduct the rabbit test, including temperature monitoring and criteria for a passing result. For the LAL test, it describes the mechanism, different methods (gel clot, turbidimetric, chromogenic), and procedures for confirming lysate sensitivity and determining endotoxin levels in samples. It notes that various pharmacopeias like IP, BP, and USP specify methods for the LAL test.
Pyrogen teat(lal test)
The document discusses pyrogen testing and the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test. It begins by explaining that pyrogen testing is used to detect bacterial toxins in vaccines and drugs that could cause fever. The LAL test uses a lysate extracted from horseshoe crab blood cells to detect endotoxins. There are three main types of LAL tests: gel clot, turbidimetric, and chromogenic. The gel clot test detects endotoxins based on clotting. The turbidimetric test measures turbidity increases spectrophotometrically. The chromogenic test also uses spectrophotometry to measure color changes from a cleaved substrate. The document concludes
Microbiological assay of antibiotics
This document discusses microbiological assays for testing antibiotics. It describes biological assays using microorganisms and the two main types of microbiological assays: agar diffusion assays and turbidimetric assays. The agar diffusion assay uses discs containing antibiotics placed on an agar plate seeded with bacteria, and measures zones of inhibition of bacterial growth. The turbidimetric assay measures inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid culture containing known concentrations of antibiotics.
Monoclonal antibodies & hybridoma technology
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells and bind to the same epitope. They are produced using hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody-secreting B cells with myeloma cells to form immortal hybridoma cells that secrete monoclonal antibodies. This technique was developed by Kohler and Milstein in 1975 and they received the Nobel Prize.
Vaccine storage.pdf
The cold chain refers to maintaining vaccines within the recommended storage temperature range of 2°C to 8°C during transport and storage until administration. This is important to ensure vaccine efficacy and potency. Live vaccines can tolerate freezing but are damaged by heat, while inactivated vaccines cannot tolerate freezing but can withstand short periods out of refrigeration. Strict temperature control is required during receipt, transport, storage at vaccination sessions, and disposal of vaccines to maintain their effectiveness.
Viral vaccines
VIRAL VACCINES
Since viruses are intracellular parasites they will grow only within other living cells.
Methods of viral vaccine production:
Cultivation of virus using free living animals
Fertile eggs
Tissue cultures
Microbial Genetics: Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation, Plasmids, Tran...
This document discusses various techniques in microbial genetics including transformation, transduction, conjugation, plasmids, and transposons. Transformation involves the uptake of genetic material like DNA by bacterial cells. Transduction occurs when viruses called bacteriophages transfer genetic material between bacteria. Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material like plasmids through direct contact between bacteria. Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that are distinct from chromosomal DNA and often provide genetic advantages to bacteria. Transposons are genetic elements that can move to different locations in a genome and contribute to the spread of traits like antibiotic resistance.
Vaccine production techniques
This PPT is including all material regarding vaccine production techniques and different steps of production technique.
Microbial Biotransformation
The document discusses microbial biotransformation, which refers to biological processes in which microorganisms convert organic compounds into structurally modified reusable products through enzymatic reactions. It notes that biotransformation has several advantages over chemical synthesis, including specificity, mild reaction conditions, and reduced waste. Common biotransformation reactions include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and isomerization. Examples of applications include producing steroids like testosterone and cortisone through microbial transformation, as well as transforming antibiotics, fatty acids, and degrading pollutants.
Immunology & immunological preparation
This document provides an overview of immunology and immunological preparations. It discusses the history and key discoveries in immunology, including the earliest references to immunity in 430 BC and Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1798. It also summarizes the types of immunity, components of the immune system including B cells, T cells, antibodies, and antigen presenting cells. The roles of innate and acquired immunity are described.
Immune stimulation
These are some of the informations regarding immune stimulants mainly focused on the cytokines and vaccines etc..and not drugs..
Bacterial vaccines
The document discusses different types of bacterial vaccines. It begins by introducing active and passive immunity. Active immunity is induced by vaccines made from bacteria or their products, while passive immunity provides preformed antibodies from another source. The main types of bacterial vaccines discussed are whole-organism attenuated or killed vaccines, purified macromolecule vaccines like polysaccharides or toxoids, and subunit vaccines. Specific examples provided include vaccines for cholera, plague, typhus, pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis B, and human papillomavirus. Memory cells and immunological memory play an important role depending on the incubation period of the pathogen.
Blood products:Collection, Processing and Storage of whole human blood, dried...
blood and its components, conditions for being a donor, anti-coagulants, whole human blood, changes in composition during storage, red blood cells, concentrated platelets, plasma, dried human plasma, fresh frozen plasma, dried human serum, plasma substitutes, ideal properties of plasma substitute, dextran, gum saline, polyvinylpyrrolidone
Structure and Function of MHC
This document contains lecture notes on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and related topics from a biotechnology course. It discusses antigen-presenting cells, the structure and function of MHC class I and II molecules, similarities and differences between the two classes, MHC-associated genes, and important immune signaling molecules like cytokines, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines. Diagrams are included to illustrate MHC pathway and types of interferons. The notes provide an overview of key concepts in MHC and immunology for students in the biotechnology course.
Vaccines
General method of the preparation of Bacterial Infections, Toxoids, Viral vaccine, Antitoxins, Serum-immune blood derivatives and other products relative to immunity.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. The bacteria form spores that can enter the body through wounds and are resistant to heat and chemicals. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms and stiffness. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with supportive care, as there is no cure once symptoms appear. Immunization through vaccines containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids is the best prevention against tetanus.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. The bacteria form spores that can enter the body through wounds and are resistant to heat and chemicals. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms and stiffness. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with supportive care, as there is no cure once symptoms appear. Immunization through vaccines containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids is the best prevention against tetanus.
More Related Content
What's hot
Pyrogen testing
This document discusses pyrogen testing methods. Pyrogens are fever-inducing substances, mainly lipopolysaccharides of bacterial origin. The rabbit pyrogen test, introduced in 1942, involves measuring temperature increases in rabbits injected with a test solution. If temperature increases exceed thresholds, the sample fails the test. The Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) test directly measures endotoxins using a lysate from horseshoe crab blood. Both tests are used to ensure medical products are free of pyrogens.
Immunity, Types of immunity- humoral immunity, cellular immunity
This document discusses immunity and the immune system. It describes the three levels of immune defense: physical and physiological barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity provides rapid responses and involves cells like neutrophils, macrophages, and natural killer cells. Adaptive immunity involves B cells and T cells and has immunological memory, allowing for enhanced responses to pathogens over time. The adaptive immune response includes both humoral immunity through antibodies and cellular immunity.
Microbiological assay of antibiotics
This slides are about the ways or process of some method, which are used for the microbial assay of antibiotics.. I think it will be useful to all.
Bacterial vaccines
Bacterial vaccines can be prepared from whole killed or live attenuated bacteria, as well as purified components like capsular polysaccharides or toxins. They work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies against the disease-causing bacteria. Bacterial vaccines are evaluated for safety, sterility, and potency to ensure they induce a protective immune response without adverse effects. Tests involve injecting the vaccines into laboratory animals and humans to measure antibody levels and check for contamination.
Microbial assay of B2 and B12
this presentation gives informationabout microbial assay of vitamins B2 and B12. it is based upon the guidelines of indian pharmacopoeia. this presentation highlights the principle, process and applications of microbial assay
Pyrogen testing 112070804005
The document discusses pyrogen testing techniques including the rabbit test and LAL (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate) test. It provides details on how to conduct the rabbit test, including temperature monitoring and criteria for a passing result. For the LAL test, it describes the mechanism, different methods (gel clot, turbidimetric, chromogenic), and procedures for confirming lysate sensitivity and determining endotoxin levels in samples. It notes that various pharmacopeias like IP, BP, and USP specify methods for the LAL test.
Pyrogen teat(lal test)
The document discusses pyrogen testing and the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test. It begins by explaining that pyrogen testing is used to detect bacterial toxins in vaccines and drugs that could cause fever. The LAL test uses a lysate extracted from horseshoe crab blood cells to detect endotoxins. There are three main types of LAL tests: gel clot, turbidimetric, and chromogenic. The gel clot test detects endotoxins based on clotting. The turbidimetric test measures turbidity increases spectrophotometrically. The chromogenic test also uses spectrophotometry to measure color changes from a cleaved substrate. The document concludes
Microbiological assay of antibiotics
This document discusses microbiological assays for testing antibiotics. It describes biological assays using microorganisms and the two main types of microbiological assays: agar diffusion assays and turbidimetric assays. The agar diffusion assay uses discs containing antibiotics placed on an agar plate seeded with bacteria, and measures zones of inhibition of bacterial growth. The turbidimetric assay measures inhibition of bacterial growth in liquid culture containing known concentrations of antibiotics.
Monoclonal antibodies & hybridoma technology
Monoclonal antibodies are produced from a single clone of cells and bind to the same epitope. They are produced using hybridoma technology which involves fusing antibody-secreting B cells with myeloma cells to form immortal hybridoma cells that secrete monoclonal antibodies. This technique was developed by Kohler and Milstein in 1975 and they received the Nobel Prize.
Vaccine storage.pdf
The cold chain refers to maintaining vaccines within the recommended storage temperature range of 2°C to 8°C during transport and storage until administration. This is important to ensure vaccine efficacy and potency. Live vaccines can tolerate freezing but are damaged by heat, while inactivated vaccines cannot tolerate freezing but can withstand short periods out of refrigeration. Strict temperature control is required during receipt, transport, storage at vaccination sessions, and disposal of vaccines to maintain their effectiveness.
Viral vaccines
VIRAL VACCINES
Since viruses are intracellular parasites they will grow only within other living cells.
Methods of viral vaccine production:
Cultivation of virus using free living animals
Fertile eggs
Tissue cultures
Microbial Genetics: Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation, Plasmids, Tran...
This document discusses various techniques in microbial genetics including transformation, transduction, conjugation, plasmids, and transposons. Transformation involves the uptake of genetic material like DNA by bacterial cells. Transduction occurs when viruses called bacteriophages transfer genetic material between bacteria. Conjugation is the transfer of genetic material like plasmids through direct contact between bacteria. Plasmids are small circular DNA molecules that are distinct from chromosomal DNA and often provide genetic advantages to bacteria. Transposons are genetic elements that can move to different locations in a genome and contribute to the spread of traits like antibiotic resistance.
Vaccine production techniques
This PPT is including all material regarding vaccine production techniques and different steps of production technique.
Microbial Biotransformation
The document discusses microbial biotransformation, which refers to biological processes in which microorganisms convert organic compounds into structurally modified reusable products through enzymatic reactions. It notes that biotransformation has several advantages over chemical synthesis, including specificity, mild reaction conditions, and reduced waste. Common biotransformation reactions include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and isomerization. Examples of applications include producing steroids like testosterone and cortisone through microbial transformation, as well as transforming antibiotics, fatty acids, and degrading pollutants.
Immunology & immunological preparation
This document provides an overview of immunology and immunological preparations. It discusses the history and key discoveries in immunology, including the earliest references to immunity in 430 BC and Edward Jenner's development of the smallpox vaccine in 1798. It also summarizes the types of immunity, components of the immune system including B cells, T cells, antibodies, and antigen presenting cells. The roles of innate and acquired immunity are described.
Immune stimulation
These are some of the informations regarding immune stimulants mainly focused on the cytokines and vaccines etc..and not drugs..
Bacterial vaccines
The document discusses different types of bacterial vaccines. It begins by introducing active and passive immunity. Active immunity is induced by vaccines made from bacteria or their products, while passive immunity provides preformed antibodies from another source. The main types of bacterial vaccines discussed are whole-organism attenuated or killed vaccines, purified macromolecule vaccines like polysaccharides or toxoids, and subunit vaccines. Specific examples provided include vaccines for cholera, plague, typhus, pertussis, tetanus, diphtheria, hepatitis B, and human papillomavirus. Memory cells and immunological memory play an important role depending on the incubation period of the pathogen.
Blood products:Collection, Processing and Storage of whole human blood, dried...
blood and its components, conditions for being a donor, anti-coagulants, whole human blood, changes in composition during storage, red blood cells, concentrated platelets, plasma, dried human plasma, fresh frozen plasma, dried human serum, plasma substitutes, ideal properties of plasma substitute, dextran, gum saline, polyvinylpyrrolidone
Structure and Function of MHC
This document contains lecture notes on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and related topics from a biotechnology course. It discusses antigen-presenting cells, the structure and function of MHC class I and II molecules, similarities and differences between the two classes, MHC-associated genes, and important immune signaling molecules like cytokines, interleukins, interferons, and chemokines. Diagrams are included to illustrate MHC pathway and types of interferons. The notes provide an overview of key concepts in MHC and immunology for students in the biotechnology course.
Vaccines
General method of the preparation of Bacterial Infections, Toxoids, Viral vaccine, Antitoxins, Serum-immune blood derivatives and other products relative to immunity.
What's hot (20)
Immunity, Types of immunity- humoral immunity, cellular immunity
Immunity, Types of immunity- humoral immunity, cellular immunity
Microbial Genetics: Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation, Plasmids, Tran...
Microbial Genetics: Transformation, Transduction, Conjugation, Plasmids, Tran...
Blood products:Collection, Processing and Storage of whole human blood, dried...
Blood products:Collection, Processing and Storage of whole human blood, dried...
Similar to TOXOIDS.pptx
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. The bacteria form spores that can enter the body through wounds and are resistant to heat and chemicals. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms and stiffness. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with supportive care, as there is no cure once symptoms appear. Immunization through vaccines containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids is the best prevention against tetanus.
Tetanus
Tetanus is caused by a toxin produced by Clostridium tetani bacteria. The bacteria form spores that can enter the body through wounds and are resistant to heat and chemicals. Symptoms include painful muscle spasms and stiffness. It is diagnosed based on symptoms and treated with supportive care, as there is no cure once symptoms appear. Immunization through vaccines containing tetanus and diphtheria toxoids is the best prevention against tetanus.
Adult vaccination.pptx
This document provides information on various adult vaccination recommendations in India. It discusses the history and impacts of vaccination, as well as the types of vaccines, routes of administration, and specific vaccines recommended for adults. These include the Tdap, influenza, hepatitis A and B, varicella zoster, meningococcal, MMR, pneumococcal, HPV, and zoster vaccines. Information is provided on the vaccine components, schedules, and recommendations for each. The overall purpose is to outline the immunization guidelines and important considerations for vaccinating adults in India.
Immunization
Immunization is a process of protecting an individual from a disease through introduction of live attenuated, killed or organisms or antibodies in the individual system.
Immunization is the process of protecting an individual by active or passive method.
The immunizing agents are
Vaccines, Immunoglobulins and antisera
Why vaccination?
Prevention of deadly and debilitating diseases.
Keeps child from suffering through a preventable illness.
Less doctor visits
No hospitalization
final immunization-.pdf
Immunization protects individuals from disease by introducing weakened or killed pathogens. The World Health Organization launched the Expanded Program on Immunization in 1974 to protect children worldwide from six diseases using vaccines. India launched its Universal Immunization Programme in 1985 with the goal of providing universal coverage of eligible populations against tuberculosis, diphtheria, whooping cough, tetanus, polio, and measles by 1990. The national immunization schedule outlines the vaccines, doses, and ages that vaccines should be administered to both children and adults in India.
Diphtheria.pptx
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae that affects the throat and tonsils. It produces a toxin that can damage organs like the heart and kidneys. Symptoms include a gray membrane in the throat and swollen lymph nodes. It is diagnosed through culture and history. Treatment involves antitoxin and antibiotics. Immunization through the DTaP vaccine is recommended in a series of doses for children and boosters every 10 years to prevent spread through respiratory droplets. Preventive measures include isolation, disinfection, immunization and treating carriers.
Al Muktadir hussain biology project on immunisation
The document provides information about various vaccines used in India including their purpose, composition, administration schedule, and side effects. It discusses vaccines for tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, polio, measles, hepatitis B, Japanese encephalitis, and tuberculosis. Pentavalent vaccine, which protects against 5 diseases, and BCG vaccine, which prevents tuberculosis, are also described in detail. The overall goal of widespread immunization in India is to reduce child mortality from preventable diseases.
PREVENTIVE IMMINUIZATION.pptx
It commonly institutes activities that limit risk exposure or increase the immunity of individuals at risk to prevent a disease from progressing in a susceptible individual to subclinical disease. For example, immunizations are a form of primary prevention.
Vaccinationspclass 090903125222 Phpapp02
The document discusses several vaccines including DTaP, hepatitis B, and polio. It provides information on what each vaccine protects against, how they are administered, dosing schedules, who should and should not receive each vaccine, reported side effects, and safety information. For DTaP, it recommends a series of 5 doses for children and notes common mild side effects. Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all infants and certain at-risk groups of adults. The polio vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine administered via intramuscular injection with a primary series for infants and booster at age 4-6.
vaccination
The document discusses several vaccines including DTaP, hepatitis B, and polio. It provides information on what each vaccine protects against, how they are administered, dosing schedules, who should and should not receive each vaccine, reported side effects, and safety information. For DTaP, it recommends a series of 5 doses for children and notes common mild side effects. Hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for all infants and certain at-risk groups of adults. The polio vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine administered via intramuscular injection with a primary series for infants and booster at age 4-6.
Vaccinationspclass 090903125222 Phpapp02
The document discusses several vaccines including DTaP, hepatitis B, and polio. It provides details on:
- What each vaccine protects against (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis; hepatitis B; polio)
- How the vaccines are administered (intramuscular injection)
- Recommended dosages and schedules for children and adults
- Potential side effects of each vaccine
- Contraindications for who should not receive each vaccine
PREVENTIVE IMMINUIZATION.pptx
mmunization currently prevents 3.5-5 million deaths every year from diseases like diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, influenza and measles. Immunization is a key component of primary health care and an indisputable human right. It's also one of the best health investments money can buy.
Vaccination Sp Class A
The document discusses several vaccines including DTaP, hepatitis B, and polio. It provides details on:
- What each vaccine protects against (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis; hepatitis B; polio)
- How the vaccines are administered (intramuscular injection)
- Recommended dosages and schedules for children and adults for each vaccine
- Potential side effects of each vaccine and contraindications
Vaccination Sp Class B
The document discusses several vaccines including DTaP, hepatitis B, and polio. It provides details on:
- What each vaccine protects against (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis; hepatitis B; polio)
- How each vaccine is administered (intramuscular injection)
- Recommended doses and schedules for children and adults
- Potential side effects of each vaccine
- Contraindications for who should not receive each vaccine
24031.ppt
Tetanus is a disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria that produces a neurotoxin. It causes muscle spasms and stiffness. The neurotoxin is known as tetanospasmin. Tetanus is characterized by lockjaw and painful muscle spasms. It is prevented through active immunization with tetanus toxoid vaccines. Tetanus spores are found worldwide in soil and animal feces. People become infected through wounds that contain the spores. While not contagious, it has a high fatality rate if not properly treated.
CHOs Final Yr 2023 Tuberculosis presentation
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are differences between latent TB infection, where the immune system keeps the bacteria dormant, and active TB disease, where symptoms develop. Drug-resistant strains of TB bacteria exist that are harder to treat. Globally in 2019, there were an estimated 10 million new cases of active TB disease and 1.2 million deaths from TB.
Tuberculosis presentation for medical students
Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection that affects the lungs. It is transmitted through airborne droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. There are differences between latent TB infection, where the immune system keeps the bacteria dormant, and active TB disease, where symptoms develop. Drug-resistant strains have emerged that are harder to treat. Globally in 2019, there were an estimated 10 million new cases of active TB disease and 1.2 million deaths.
Bacterial vaccines
The document discusses the history and development of vaccines. It begins by defining what a vaccine is and how it stimulates immunity. It then discusses key events in vaccine development like Edward Jenner using cowpox to provide smallpox protection in 1796. The document outlines different types of vaccines like live attenuated, killed, toxoid, subunit, conjugate, and experimental DNA vaccines. It provides examples of vaccines for different diseases and discusses concepts like valence, adjuvants, storage and administration.
Clostridium tetani
- Clostridium tetani is the causative organism of tetanus. It is a gram-positive, spore-forming bacillus found in soil and the intestines of humans and animals.
- The organism produces a powerful neurotoxin called tetanospasmin which causes the symptoms of tetanus by blocking inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord, resulting in muscular rigidity and spasms.
- Tetanus is diagnosed clinically and confirmed by culturing C. tetani from a wound. Treatment involves controlling spasms, maintaining airway, administering human tetanus immunoglobulin and antibiotics while actively immunizing to prevent future illness.
7.Human and Microbial Interaction.ppt
This document discusses human and microbial interactions, including normal flora, nosocomial infections, and several pathogenic microbes and diseases. It defines normal flora as the mixture of microorganisms regularly found on and in the human body. It notes the major sites of normal flora include the skin, eyes, nose, mouth, ears, urogenital and gastrointestinal tracts. It also differentiates between resident and transient normal flora and lists some beneficial roles of normal flora. It then discusses nosocomial infections, measures to prevent them, and provides details on diseases caused by tetanus, measles and rubella.
Similar to TOXOIDS.pptx (20)
Al Muktadir hussain biology project on immunisation
Al Muktadir hussain biology project on immunisation
More from 04AdithyaSuresh
CA STOMACH.pptx
This document summarizes the etiology, pathology, modes of spread, and clinical features of carcinoma of the stomach. It discusses that carcinoma of the stomach is more common in males and in Japan. The etiology includes factors like family history, smoking, diet high in nitrosamines, H. pylori infection, and Menetrier's disease. Pathologically, carcinomas are classified based on gross appearance, Lauren's classification of intestinal vs diffuse type, depth of invasion, and WHO histological type. Modes of spread are direct, via lymphatics, blood, and peritoneum. Clinical features include lump, anemia, gastric outlet obstruction, and atypical presentations like Sister Mary Joseph nodule or
fibroadenoma.pptx
Fibroadenoma is a benign breast tumor composed of both glandular and stromal tissue. It commonly occurs in young women between ages 15-25. While fibroadenomas are noncancerous and do not spread, some may increase in size over time. Diagnosis is usually made through mammography, ultrasound, or biopsy. Treatment options include surgical excision or observation with regular ultrasound screening, depending on the size and characteristics of the tumor.
family planning.pptx
This document summarizes key aspects of demography and family welfare programs in India. It discusses that demography is the study of human populations, focusing on population size, composition, and distribution. India has a large population of over 139 crore people. The family welfare program aims to control population growth and reduce mortality rates through family planning initiatives like contraception and sterilization. The Reproductive and Child Health program and National Health Mission work to improve maternal, newborn, and child health indicators in India.
ORGANOPHOSPHATE POISONING.pptx
Organophosphate poisoning is caused by chemicals that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. These chemicals are commonly used as agricultural pesticides and have worldwide mortality rates of 3-25% depending on dosage and treatment. Organophosphates work by binding irreversibly to acetylcholinesterase through their central phosphorus atom. Symptoms usually begin within minutes to hours of exposure through various routes of absorption. Management involves atropine administration to counteract muscarinic effects and oximes to reactivate acetylcholinesterase.
CHRONIC PANCREATITIS.pptx
Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive inflammatory disease of the pancreas characterized by irreversible destruction of pancreatic tissue. It most commonly affects males around age 40. The main causes are high alcohol consumption in 60-70% of cases and pancreatic duct obstruction. Patients present with persistent abdominal pain that radiates to the back. Investigations include CT scan, MRCP, and endoscopic ultrasound to identify complications like pseudocysts and ductal strictures. Treatment involves pain management, pancreatic enzyme supplementation, and potentially endoscopic or surgical interventions like drainage procedures if complications develop.
MANAGEMENT OF RECTAL CARCINOMA.pptx
1. Surgery is the main treatment for rectal carcinoma, with total mesorectal excision being the standard surgical approach. The main surgeries are abdominoperineal resection for low tumors and anterior resection for mid and upper tumors.
2. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy can downstage the cancer and reduce local recurrence. Adjuvant chemotherapy improves survival for node-positive cancers.
3. Other treatments include transanal total mesorectal excision, palliative procedures like Hartmann's operation, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy for metastatic disease. Prognosis depends on stage and tumor characteristics, with 5-year survival rates ranging from 90% for stage I to 5% for stage IV
Management Of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.pptx
Management of epithelial ovarian cancer depends on FIGO stage. For early stages (I-II), management includes hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, followed by chemotherapy except for stage IA-B. For advanced stages (III-IV), management involves debulking surgery followed by chemotherapy. The standard chemotherapy is paclitaxel and carboplatin given intravenously every 3 weeks for 6 cycles. Prognosis depends on stage, with 5-year survival rates ranging from over 90% for stage IA to under 30% for stage IV disease.
benign prostatic hyperplasia and carcinoma.pptx
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common condition in aging men characterized by the non-cancerous growth of the prostate gland. The prostate enlarges and can squeeze the urethra and obstruct the flow of urine. BPH typically presents with symptoms like frequent urination, weak urine stream, and inability to empty the bladder fully. Diagnosis involves a digital rectal exam and tests like uroflowmetry. Treatment options include medications to reduce prostate size or relieve symptoms, minimally invasive procedures, and surgery if medications do not help or for severe cases.
recurrent pregnancy loss.pptx
Recurrent pregnancy loss is defined as three or more consecutive miscarriages before 20 weeks. The main investigations recommended are testing for antiphospholipid antibodies, hysterosalpingography or sonohysterography to check for uterine anomalies, karyotyping of both parents and any fetal tissue to check for genetic abnormalities, and checking the thyroid, glucose, and thrombophilia profiles. The results of these tests can help identify causes like antiphospholipid syndrome, structural uterine issues, chromosomal translocations, thyroid abnormalities, or inherited bleeding disorders and guide further treatment.
vaginitis.pptx
Vaginitis refers to inflammation of the vaginal wall that is commonly caused by infections. The three most common types of vaginitis are trichomoniasis, candidiasis, and bacterial vaginosis. Trichomoniasis causes a foul-smelling greenish discharge and is caused by the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. Candidiasis results in a curdy white discharge due to the fungus Candida albicans. Bacterial vaginosis involves a shift in vaginal flora leading to a gray white discharge with a fishy odor.
More from 04AdithyaSuresh (10)
Recently uploaded
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
It includes regulation of combination products and medical devices. FDA and industry liaisons.
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Do you have abnormal smell after periods? It may be vaginitis. Do not worry, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can help you get a cure.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.com
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Recently uploaded (20)
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
REGULATION FOR COMBINATION PRODUCTS AND MEDICAL DEVICES.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Vestibulocochlear Nerve by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Hemodialysis: Chapter 4, Dialysate Circuit - Dr.Gawad
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptx
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
Post-Menstrual Smell- When to Suspect Vaginitis.pptx
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...
TOXOIDS.pptx
- 1. Presented By : Adithya Suresh MBBS 𝐼𝐼𝑛𝑑 YEAR Government Thiruvarur Medical College Department Of Pharmacology TOXOIDS
- 2. Topics What are toxoids 01 How toxoids are made 02 How toxoids work 03 Commercially available toxoids 04 Indications 05
- 3. WHAT ARE TOXOIDS ? ● Toxoid are are a class of vaccine ● Toxoids are vaccines that contain inactivated toxins produced by a strain of microorganism ● The toxin (usually an exotoxin) whose toxicity has been suppressed either by chemical or heat treatment, while other properties, typically immunogenicity, are maintained
- 4. HOW TOXOIDS ARE MADE? ISOLATE THE PATHOGEN CULTURE IN SUITABLE MEDIUM ISOLATE THE BACTERIAL TOXIN TOXIN INACTIVATION USING FORMALDEHYDE AND HEAT INACTIVATED TOXIN WITH ONLY IMMUNOGENICITY TADA!!! YOU HAVE MADE THE VACCINE STERILIZE
- 5. How Toxoids Work ?
- 6. How Toxoids Work ?
- 7. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE TOXOIDS 1. TETANUS TOXOID 2. DIPHTHERIA TOXOID 3. DTaP - Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis 4. Tdap - tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis 5. DT - diphtheria and tetanus 6. Td – tetanus and diphtheria
- 8. Tdap, DTaP, Td, DT… What are all these letters?! The “a” in Tdap and DTaP stands for acellular. Many vaccines contain the entire virus or bacteria that it is protecting the body from, but in some cases, certain parts of the virus or bacteria are used instead of the whole component so in Tdap, the pertussis bacteria is being partially used. The capitalized letters in both vaccines mark the bacteria that has a higher level than the lower-case letters DTaP contains high levels of all 3 bacteria while Tdap contains a higher level of tetanus compared to diphtheria and pertussis Td contains more tetanus than diphtheria and DT contains high levels of both diphtheria and tetanus.
- 9. VACCINE CANDIDATE Tdap • Preteens between 11-12 years of age should receive 1 dose of Tdap to help boost their immunity after receiving DTaP during their childhood Td • 10 years after receiving Tdap, every adult should receive a Td vaccine to keep their immunity strong, DTaP • Given 5 times throughout a child’s initial years at 2 months, 4 months, 6 months, 15-18 months, and 4-6 years of age. DT • Given to children who SHOULD NOT receive the whooping cough (pertussis) part of the vaccine such as an allergic reaction to DTaP.
- 10. Thank You !!