This document discusses several live attenuated vaccines:
1. Live attenuated vaccines work by attenuating (reducing virulence of) bacteria or viruses through prolonged abnormal culture conditions or chemical/heat treatment, selecting for mutants that can grow in these conditions but not cause disease.
2. Examples include the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis, developed by growing Mycobacterium bovis in increasing bile concentrations for 13 years until it was suitably attenuated.
3. Information is provided on administration routes and schedules for several live attenuated vaccines including BCG, oral polio, MMRV, rotavirus, and yellow fever vaccines.
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
Vaccines, types of vaccines, Classification of vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, development of vaccines, future of vaccines, advantages of vaccines, limitation of vaccines, benefits of vaccines.
Types of Vaccines with live attenuated, inactivated up to recombination technique. OPV and IPV difference and rationale to replace OPV with IPV. EPI schedule of nepal
Vaccines, types of vaccines, Classification of vaccines, subunit vaccines, attenuated vaccines, live vaccines, inactivated vaccines, recombinant vaccines, DNA vaccines, development of vaccines, future of vaccines, advantages of vaccines, limitation of vaccines, benefits of vaccines.
A vaccine is a biological preparation of weakened or killed pathogen such as bacterium or virus that will improves immunity to a particular diseases.
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on the property of ‘memory’ of the immune system.
The process of introduction of vaccine into an individual to provide protection against a disease called vaccination.
A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
A vaccine is a biological preparation of weakened or killed pathogen such as bacterium or virus that will improves immunity to a particular diseases.
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on the property of ‘memory’ of the immune system.
The process of introduction of vaccine into an individual to provide protection against a disease called vaccination.
A introduction on Viral vaccine for medical students.Although most attenuated vaccines are viral, some are bacterial in nature. Examples include the viral diseases yellow fever, measles, rubella, and mumps, and the bacterial disease typhoid.
Cholera is a serious bacterial disease that usually
causes severe diarrhea and dehydration. The disease is typically spread through contaminated water.
Modern sewage and water treatment have effectively eliminated cholera in most countries. It’s still a problem in countries like Asia, America and Africa. Mostly in India.
Countries affected by war, poverty, and natural disasters have the greatest risk for a cholera outbreak.
Taxonomy:
class : Gamma Proteobacteria
Order: Vibrionales
Family: Vibrionaceae
Genus: Vibrio
Species: v.cholerae, v.parahaemolyticus,
v. vulnificus, v. alginolyticus
MORPHOLOGY:
Gram negative, actively motile, short, rigid curved bacilli
Resembling letter “V”
about 34 genus
most common in water
1.5µ X 0.2 -0.4 µ in size
polar flagellum , strongly aerobic
Smear – fish in stream appearance
PATHOGENESIS:
Source: Ingestion of contaminated water, food,
fruits and vegetables etc.,
Incubation periods: 1-5 days
Symptoms: Watery diarrhoea, vomiting, thirst, dehydration, muscle cramps
Complications: muscular pain, renal failure, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythrnias
DIAGNOSIS:
Specimen: stool sample, water sample(envt)
Microscopy: a) Hanging drop : +ve
b) Gram stain :-ve
Culture: Mac conkey Agar :colourless to light pink
TCBS : yellow colonies
Serology: serological tests are no diagnostic value
TREATMENT:
Adequate replacement of fluids and electrolytes.
Oral tetracycline reduces the period of vibrio excreation.
PREVENTION:
Drink and use bottled water
Frequent washing
Sanitary environment
Defecate in water
Cook food thoroughly
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
Overview of vaccine and vaccination, types of vaccines with examples, vaccine production technique, adverse effects of vaccination, precautions
Email: jeevan@smail.nchu.edu.tw
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Immunization, or immunisation, is the process by which an individual's immune system becomes fortified against an infectious agent (known as the immunogen).
Immunization is single most important step towards control and elimination of infectious disease.
With regards to epidemiology and population demographics, various changes are made from time to time in Immunization Schedule of the National Health Programme.
This slide show encompasses the recent changes made by National Health Commission with regards to Immunization Schedule.
Smallest known DNA viruses.
Structure
Non-enveloped
18-26 nm diameter
Single-stranded DNA, 5.6 kb
Icosahedral
Parvovirinae (vertebrates)
Parvovirus
Erythrovirus
Dependovirus (requires helper virus, such as an adenovirus)
Bocavirus
Amdovirus
Densovirinae (invertebrates)`
B19 virus most common.
Diseases
Erythema infectiosum (cutaneous rash)
Polyarthropathy syndrome (acute or chronic)
Transient aplastic crisis (severe acute anemia)
Pure red cell aplasia (chronic anemia)
Hydrops fetalis (fetal anemia)
Simplest animal viruses infecting humans, responsible for - childhood exanthema - erythema infectiosum (fifth disease).
Smallest viruses (18–26 nm size)
Non-enveloped with icosahedral symmetry
Only DNA viruses - possess single-stranded DNA
Depend upon the host cell enzymes for replication
Transmission - Respiratory route, followed by blood transfusion and transplacental route.
Infects precursors of RBCs: Parvovirus B19 has a special tropism for erythroid progenitor cells present in adult bone marrow and foetal liver as it binds to blood group P antigen as receptors; which are present on the RBC surface.
This results in red cell destruction and inhibition of erythropoiesis
Erythema infectiosum (or fifth disease)
Transient aplastic crisis
Pure red cell aplasia
Non-immune hydrops fetalis
Papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndrome
Known to cause foetal loss through hydrops fetalis; severe anaemia, congestive heart failure, generalized oedema and foetal death
No evidence of teratogenicity.
Risk of foetal death highest when infection occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy (12%).
Molecular methods:
PCR - detects viral DNA (e.g. genes coding for VP1 and VP2) from serum, tissue or respiratory secretions.
Real time PCR - used for quantification of viral load in blood, during acute infections
Antibody detection: ELISA – detecting antibodies against VP1 and VP2 antigens. IgM appears early - recent infection and remains elevated for 2–3 months
Antigen detection: Immunohistochemistry - detect viral antigens in fetal tissues and bone marrow.
No antiviral drug is available
Symptomatic treatment is given
Immunoglobulins containing neutralizing antibodies to human parvovirus are available commercially
No antiviral drug is available
Symptomatic treatment is given
Immunoglobulins containing neutralizing antibodies to human parvovirus are available commercially
Measles is an acute, highly contagious childhood disease characterized by fever & respiratory symptoms, followed by typical maculopapular rash.
Transmission
Droplets inhalation over short distances and, less commonly,
Small-particle aerosols - remain suspended especially in schools, hospitals, and enclosed public places in the air for longer period.
Spread-The virus multiplies locally in the respiratory tract; then spreads to the regional lymph nodes → enter into the bloodstream in infected monocytes (primary viremia)→further multiply in reticuloendothelial system → spills over into blo
Classical Rabies:
Fever, Headache, Periods of mental confusion alternating with periods of normal mentation
Hydrophobia due to involvement of muscles of swallowing and breathing.
Aerophobia:blowing air on face causes spasm of muscles
Estimated 31000 deaths in Asia annually
India: 20,000 deaths annually
Pakistan 2000-5000 deaths
This slide is only for educational purpose. It is based on the diseases prevention program for commercial broiler production. I believed that by using this ppt students would be benefited who are particularly in this discipline.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINES (LAV)
Attenuation (bacterial or viral) represents the process of elimination or greatly
reducing the virulence of a pathogen
Achieved by
1. Growing a pathogenic bacterium or virus for prolonged periods under
abnormal culture conditions.
2. Chemical Treatment or heat
This selects mutants that are better suited for growth in the abnormal culture
conditions than in the natural host.
For example, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis
Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) was developed by growing medium
containing increasing concentrations of bile.
After 13 years, this strain had adapted to growth in strong bile and had
become sufficiently attenuated that it was suitable as a vaccine for
tuberculosis.
4. BCG VACCINE
Bacillus Calmette Guerin
Live attenuated vaccine against
Tuberculosis
Induces Cell mediated immunity
Available as lyophilised (freeze dried)
powder ,Reconstituted with sterile
normal saline
Dose – 0.05ml (neonates) , 0.1ml
(infants and children)
Route of administration – intradermal
Papule at site of injection (2-3weeks)
Permanent tiny round scar 4-8mm
diameter
5. ORAL POLIO VACCINE
Poliovirus family of Picornaviridae.
The virus invades the nervous system and can cause permanent paralysis
Types of Oral Polio Vaccines
Trivalent OPV, Bivalent OPV, Monovalent OPV
Sabin vaccine - growth in monkey kidney epithelial cells.
Route of administration – Oral.
Vaccine
The first dose- 2 months
second dose -4 months
Third dose- 6 through 18 months
The fourth dose- 4 through 6 years
6. MMRV VACCINE
Measles Mumps Rubella Chickenpox
Rubeola parotitis (german measles) Varicella
family
Paramyxoviridae
family
Paramyxoviridae
family
Togaviridae;
family
Orthopoxvirus
highly contagious
skin
disease
contagious disease contagious disease
that occurs
primarily in
children
five to nine years
of age
acute, contagious,
and sometimes
fatal disease
The skin rash
normally lasts about
5 to 10 days. Lesions
of the oral cavity
include the
diagnostically useful
bright-red Koplik’s
spots
Mumps affects the
parotid
glands,swelling
salivary glands below
and in front of the
ears
A rash of small red
spots
A red, itchy skin rash
with blisters
Fever
Feeling tired
Not feeling hungry
Headache
7. first dose 12 - 15 months
second dose 4 - 6 years
Children ages 1 - 12 years can get the
MMRV vaccine, which is a combination
vaccine that also protects against
measles, mumps, rubella, and
chickenpox.
Vaccine :
CHICKENPOX
9. YELLOW FEVER
acute viral haemorrhagic disease
Family Flaviviridae
"yellow" in the name refers to the jaundice
caused by a virus that is spread through mosquito bites
