Term and Definitions regarding microbiology, Pathogenicity and virulency, acute and chronic infection, primary and secondary infection, opportunistic infection.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Poxviruses are brick or oval-shaped viruses with large double-stranded DNA genomes. Poxviruses exist throughout the world and cause disease in humans and many other types of animals. Poxvirus infections typically result in the formation of lesions, skin nodules, or disseminated rash.
Largest viruses that infect vertebrates
Can be seen under light microscope
Poxvirus diseases are characterized by skin lesions – localized or generalized
Important diseases caused by poxviruses are-
Smallpox
Monkeypox
Cowpox
Tanapox
Molluscum contagiosum
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
host pathogen interaction, Mechanism of pathogenesis rashmi816961
-What is host - pathogen interaction?
-Define terms includes pathogenicity, lethal dose, infection etc.
-Duration of symptom
- Pathogens and steps involved in mechanism of pathogenesis
1. Microbial adherence
2. Invasion
3. Colonization
4. Evasion
5. Damage to host
6. Exiting the host
7. Survival outside the host
8. Transmission
- Host -pathogen interaction in plants and animals
- Defence system in plants and animals
Nervous control of blood vessels regulation of arterial pressureAmen Ullah
The main function of the circulatory system is to give local blood flow to the tissue. There arespecial need of the tissue which is:
delivery of oxygen to the tissue
delivery of nutrients to the tissue
removal of carbon dioxide from tissue
maintaining of normal concentration of ions
transform of hormones and other substance to tissue
The study of movement of blood through circulatory system.
cardiovascular system is Responsible for to pump the blood and to circulate it through different parts of the body.
It is essential for the maintenance of pressure and other physical factors within the blood vessels
Lymphatic system, Human Lymphatic systemAmen Ullah
Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters the lymphatic vessels.
larger particles that escape into tissue fluid can only be removed via lymphatic system.
Immunity is defined as the capacity of the body to resist pathogenic agents.
It is the ability of body to resist the entry of different types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances, etc.
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
Hemo: Referring to blood cells
Poiesis: “The development or production of”
The word Hemopoiesis refers to the production & development of all the blood cells
Coagulation or clotting is defined as the process in which blood loses its fluidity and becomes a jelly-like mass few minutes after it is shed out or collected in a container
Factors responsible for erythropoiesis. Development and maturation of erythrocytes require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors 2. Maturation factors 3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation.
Cardiac murmur is an abnormal heart sounds. can be heard with stethoscope or auscultation. the etiology of the cardiac murmur may be septal defect, valvular defects or vascular defects. the two main causes that lead to cardiac murmur, like stenosis and incompetence.
Arrhythmia is also known as irregular heart beats. If SA node is not the pacemaker, any other part of the heart such as atrial muscle, AV node and ventricular muscle becomes the pacemaker. the beats may be fast, slow or miss beats.
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Personal Stories: Real stories of recovery emphasize hope and resilience.
Interactive Q&A: Engage the audience and encourage discussion.
Conclusion: Recap key points and emphasize the importance of awareness, prevention, and seeking help.
Resources: Provide contact information and links for further support.
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2. A. Definitions
• Disease and Infectious Disease
– Disease
• Any deviation from a condition of good
health and well-being
– Infectious Disease
A disease condition caused by the presence
or growth of infectious microorganisms or
parasites
3. A. Definitions
• Pathogenicity and Virulence
– Pathogenicity
• The ability of a microbe to cause disease
– Virulence
• The degree of pathogenicity in a microorganism
4. Definitions
• Acute infection vs. chronic infection
– Acute Infection
• An infection characterized by sudden onset,
rapid progression, and often with severe
symptoms
– Chronic Infection
• An infection characterized by delayed onset
and slow progression
5. Definitions
• Primary infection vs. secondary infection
– Primary Infection
• An infection that develops in an otherwise
healthy individual
– Secondary Infection
• An infection that develops in an individual
who is already infected with a different
pathogen
6. Definitions
• Localized infection vs. systemic infection
– Localized Infection
• An infection that is restricted to a specific
location or region within the body of the
host
– Systemic Infection
• An infection that has spread to several
regions or areas in the body of the host
7. Definitions
• Clinical infection vs. subclinical infection
– Clinical Infection
• An infection with obvious observable or
detectable symptoms
– Subclinical Infection
• An infection with few or no obvious
symptoms
8. Definitions
• Opportunistic infection
– An infection caused by microorganisms that
are commonly found in the host’s
environment. This term is often used to refer
to infections caused by organisms in the
normal flora.
9. Definitions
• The suffix “-emia”
– A suffix meaning “presence of an infectious agent”
• Bacteremia = Presence of infectious bacteria
• Septicemia = Presence of an infectious agent in
the bloodstream
10. Definitions
• The suffix “-itis”
– A suffix meaning “inflammation of”
• Examples:
–Pharyngitis = Inflammation of the pharynx
–Endocarditis = Inflammation of the heart
chambers
–Gastroenteritis = Inflammation of the
gastointestinal tract
11. Definitions
• Epidemiology
– The study of the transmission of disease
• Communicable Disease
– A disease that can be transmitted from one
individual to another
• Noncommunicable Disease
– A disease that is not transmitted from one
individual to another
12. Definitions
• Endemic Disease
– A disease condition that is normally found in a
certain percentage of a population
• Epidemic Disease
– A disease condition present in a greater than
usual percentage of a specific population
• Pandemic Disease
– An epidemic affecting a large geographical
area; often on a global scale
13. Definitions
• Reservoir of Infection
– The source of an infectious agent
• Carrier
– An individual who carries an infectious agent
without manifesting symptoms, yet who can
transmit the agent to another individual
• Fomites
– Any inanimate object capable of being an
intermediate in the indirect transmission of an
infectious agent
14. Definitions
– Animal Vectors
– An animal (nonhuman) that can transmit an
infectious agent to humans
– Two types: mechanical and biological
– Mechanical animal vectors: The infectious agent is
physically transmitted by the animal vector, but the agent
does not incubate or grow in the animal; e.g, the
transmission of bacteria sticking to the feet of flies
• Biological animal vectors: The infectious agent must
incubate in the animal host as part of the agent’s
developmental cycle; e.g, the transmission of malaria
by infected mosquitoes
15. Definitions
• Direct Mechanisms of Disease Transmission
– Directly From Person to Person
– Examples:
Direct Skin Contact
Airborne (Aerosols)
18. Pathogenicity - ability to cause disease
Virulence - degree of pathogenicity
• Many properties that determine a
microbe’s pathogenicity or virulence are
unclear or unknown
• But, when a microbe overpowers the hosts
defenses, infectious disease results!
21. 1. Mucus Membranes
• A. Respiratory Tract
– microbes inhaled into
mouth or nose in
droplets of moisture or
dust particles
– Easiest and most
frequently traveled
portal of entry
22. Mucus Membranes
• B. Gastrointestinal Tract
– microbes gain entrance thru
contaminated food & water
or fingers & hands
– most microbes that enter
the G.I. Tract are destroyed
by HCL & enzymes of
stomach or bile & enzymes
of small intestine
23. Fecal - Oral Diseases
• These pathogens enter the G.I. Tract at one
end and exit at the other end.
• Spread by contaminated hands & fingers or
contaminated food & water
• Poor personal hygiene.
24. Mucus Membranes
• D. Conjunctiva –
– mucus membranes that
cover the eyeball and lines
the eyelid
• Trachoma
– Chlamydia trachomatis
25. 2nd Portal of Entry: Skin
• Skin - the largest organ of the body. When
unbroken is an effective barrier for most
microorganisms.
• Some microbes can gain entrance through
openings in the skin: hair follicles and sweat
glands, wound …etc
26.
27. 3rd Portal of Entry: Parentarel
• Microorganisms are deposited into the tissues
below the skin or mucus membranes
• Punctures and scratches
• injections
• bites
• surgery
28. Preferred Portal of Entry
• Just because a pathogen enters your body it
does not mean it’s going to cause disease.
• pathogens - preferred portal of entry
29. Preferred Portal of Entry
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
– if inhaled can cause pneumonia
– if enters the G.I. Tract, no disease
• Salmonella typhi
– if enters the G.I. Tract can cause Typhoid Fever
– if on skin, no disease
30. Number of Invading Microbes
• LD50 - Lethal Dose of a microbes toxin that
will kill 50% of experimentally inoculated
test animal
• ID50 - infectious dose required to cause
disease in 50% of inoculated test animals
– Example: ID50 for Vibrio cholerea 108 cells
(100,000,000 cells)
– ID50 for Inhalation Anthrax - 5,000 to 10,000
spores ????
31. How do Bacterial Pathogens
penetrate Host Defenses?
1. Adherence - almost
all pathogens have a
means to attach to host
tissue
Binding Sites
adhesins
ligands
32. Some cells use fimbriae to adhere.
Fimbriae can play
a role in tissue
tropism. Example -
attachment of Candida
to vaginal epithelial
cells
33. Bacteria typically employ proteins known as Adhesins to
attach to host tissues, which usually are located on ends of
fimbriae.
Alternatively, adhesins can consist of glycocalyx.
38. Summary of How Bacterial
Pathogens Penetrate Host Defenses
• 1. Adherence
• 2. Capsule
• 3. Enzymes
– A. leukocidins B. Hemolysins
– C. Coagulase D. Kinases
– E. Hyaluronidase F. Collagenase
– G. Necrotizing Factor H. Lecithinase
39. 4. Toxins
• Poisonous substances produced by
microorganisms
• toxins - primary factor - pathogenicity
• 220 known bacterial toxins
– 40% cause disease by damaging the Eukaryotic
cell membrane
• Toxemia
– Toxins in the bloodstream
– Toxigenicity: Capacity of microorganisms to
produce toxins.
40. Two Types of Toxins
• 1. Exotoxins
– secreted outside the bacterial cell
• 2. Endotoxins
– part of the outer cell wall of Gram (-) bacteria. ??
42. Three Types of Exotoxins
• 1. Cytotoxins
– kill cells e.g. Diphtheria toxin
• 2. Neurotoxins
– interfere with normal nerve impulses.e.g.
Botulinum Toxin
• 3. Enterotoxins
– effect cells lining the G.I. Tract. e.g. Cholera toxin
or choleragen.
43. II- Endotoxins
– Part of outer membrane surrounding gram-negative
bacteria.
– Endotoxin is lipid portion of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), called
lipid A.
– Effect exerted when gram-negative cells die and cell walls
undergo lysis, liberating endotoxin.
– All produce the same signs and symptoms:
• Chills, fever, weakness, general aches, blood clotting and
tissue death, shock, and even death.
• Fever: Pyrogenic response is caused by endotoxins.
45. Course of Infectious Disease
Incubation period is
the interval between
exposure and
illness onset.
Convalescence is
a time of
recuperation and
recovery from
illness.
Depending on various
factors an individual may
still be infectious during
either incubation or
convalescence.
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