2. function of cranial nerves
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Cranial nerves Make a large portion of the Peripheral nerve system, these are all arises from Brain passes through various foraminae in the cranium.
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12 cranial nerves
This document summarizes the 12 cranial nerves:
- Cranial Nerves I, II, and III are olfactory, optic, and oculomotor nerves involved in smell, vision, and eye movement.
- Cranial Nerves V, VII, and VIII are the trigeminal, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions of the face and hearing.
- The remaining cranial nerves innervate muscles of the head, neck, soft palate, pharynx, and heart.
12 cranial nerves
This document summarizes the 12 cranial nerves, including their component (motor, sensory, mixed), function, origin point in the brain, and opening through the skull. It describes that cranial nerves I, II, and VIII are sensory nerves involved in smell, vision, and hearing respectively. Cranial nerves III, IV, VI control eye movement and pupil constriction. The trigeminal nerve (V) is mixed and innervates face sensation and muscles of mastication. The facial nerve (VII) is also mixed and controls face muscles and taste. The vagus nerve (X) is the longest and most complex, controlling heart rate, digestion and more.
Cranial nerve
The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It describes each nerve's function, whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed. For each nerve, it details the nerve's origin, pathway, targets, and role in sensation or motor control for areas such as the eyes, face, inner ear, and organs. The cranial nerves have important roles in functions like vision, hearing, balance, facial expression, swallowing, and innervation of internal organs.
Cranial Nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that supply structures in the head, neck, and upper body. They have various functions including sensory, motor, and special sensory roles. The presentation describes each of the 12 cranial nerves - their modality, function, origin, path through the skull, attachments, and clinical effects of damage. The cranial nerves have important roles in vision, smell, hearing, facial muscle control, swallowing, breathing, and other critical functions.
Cranial nerves
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve the brain and structures of the head and neck. The first two pairs attach to the forebrain while the others are associated with the brain stem. Each nerve has a unique origin, course, functions and clinical implications. Damage to specific cranial nerves can impact functions like smell, vision, eye and facial muscle movement, hearing, balance, swallowing, speech and others.
Tongue
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the tongue. It describes the parts of the tongue including the root, body, and apex. It details the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that control tongue movement as well as the nerve, blood, and lymphatic supply. The document also examines the structure and location of taste buds within lingual papillae. It explores the neural pathways and perception of different tastes. Finally, it outlines the functions of the tongue in mastication, deglutition, speech, and taste.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the skull to the lumbar vertebrae and contains gray matter in an H-shaped arrangement. It provides bidirectional communication between the brain and body via ascending and descending tracts. The spinal cord is protected within vertebrae and surrounded by meninges including the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater.
Cerebrum
The document describes the anatomy of the cerebrum and base of the skull. It discusses the lobes and cortical regions of the cerebrum, including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It also describes the structures and openings at the base of the skull, such as the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, optic canal and others.
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12 cranial nerves
This document summarizes the 12 cranial nerves:
- Cranial Nerves I, II, and III are olfactory, optic, and oculomotor nerves involved in smell, vision, and eye movement.
- Cranial Nerves V, VII, and VIII are the trigeminal, facial, and vestibulocochlear nerves responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions of the face and hearing.
- The remaining cranial nerves innervate muscles of the head, neck, soft palate, pharynx, and heart.
12 cranial nerves
This document summarizes the 12 cranial nerves, including their component (motor, sensory, mixed), function, origin point in the brain, and opening through the skull. It describes that cranial nerves I, II, and VIII are sensory nerves involved in smell, vision, and hearing respectively. Cranial nerves III, IV, VI control eye movement and pupil constriction. The trigeminal nerve (V) is mixed and innervates face sensation and muscles of mastication. The facial nerve (VII) is also mixed and controls face muscles and taste. The vagus nerve (X) is the longest and most complex, controlling heart rate, digestion and more.
Cranial nerve
The document discusses the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. It describes each nerve's function, whether it is sensory, motor, or mixed. For each nerve, it details the nerve's origin, pathway, targets, and role in sensation or motor control for areas such as the eyes, face, inner ear, and organs. The cranial nerves have important roles in functions like vision, hearing, balance, facial expression, swallowing, and innervation of internal organs.
Cranial Nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that supply structures in the head, neck, and upper body. They have various functions including sensory, motor, and special sensory roles. The presentation describes each of the 12 cranial nerves - their modality, function, origin, path through the skull, attachments, and clinical effects of damage. The cranial nerves have important roles in vision, smell, hearing, facial muscle control, swallowing, breathing, and other critical functions.
Cranial nerves
The twelve pairs of cranial nerves serve the brain and structures of the head and neck. The first two pairs attach to the forebrain while the others are associated with the brain stem. Each nerve has a unique origin, course, functions and clinical implications. Damage to specific cranial nerves can impact functions like smell, vision, eye and facial muscle movement, hearing, balance, swallowing, speech and others.
Tongue
This document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the tongue. It describes the parts of the tongue including the root, body, and apex. It details the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles that control tongue movement as well as the nerve, blood, and lymphatic supply. The document also examines the structure and location of taste buds within lingual papillae. It explores the neural pathways and perception of different tastes. Finally, it outlines the functions of the tongue in mastication, deglutition, speech, and taste.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord extends from the skull to the lumbar vertebrae and contains gray matter in an H-shaped arrangement. It provides bidirectional communication between the brain and body via ascending and descending tracts. The spinal cord is protected within vertebrae and surrounded by meninges including the dura, arachnoid, and pia mater.
Cerebrum
The document describes the anatomy of the cerebrum and base of the skull. It discusses the lobes and cortical regions of the cerebrum, including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. It also describes the structures and openings at the base of the skull, such as the foramen magnum, jugular foramen, optic canal and others.
The cerebellum
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed in the brain ventricles and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. It is produced at a rate of around 500-600 ml per day, primarily by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles. CSF is absorbed into the venous blood through arachnoid villi and lymphatic vessels. It acts as a cushion and protects the brain from mechanical injury. CSF also helps remove waste from the brain and maintain homeostasis. Abnormal CSF accumulation can cause hydrocephalus, while lumbar puncture allows sampling of CSF for analysis.
Vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus contains the organs that sense equilibrium - the utricle, saccule, and three semicircular canals. Hair cells within these organs detect linear and angular acceleration. When stimulated, hair cells trigger nerve impulses that travel to the brainstem and cerebellum to maintain posture and balance. Disorders like vertigo, motion sickness, and Meniere's disease can disturb equilibrium by affecting the vestibular apparatus.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain below the occipital and temporal lobes. It consists of two hemispheres, a vermis, and four lobes. The cerebellum contains grey matter on the outside forming the cerebellar cortex with three layers, and white matter on the inside. It receives input from climbing fibers in the medulla and mossy fibers from other brain regions. The cerebellum is divided into three sections based on function - vestibulocerebellum regulates tone and equilibrium, spinocerebellum regulates tone and movement, and corticocerebellum regulates skilled movement. The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination through these functions.
CEREBRUM - FUNCTIONAL AREAS
An adult male was brought to the emergency room after a road accident. He showed some bruising but no bleeding, loss of consciousness, muscle weakness, or sensory deficits. However, he was unable to speak but could write his name and contact information. This suggests involvement of the brain's speech area. Specifically, the symptom of being unable to speak points to a problem in Broca's area in the frontal lobe, which is responsible for speech production. The accident likely caused damage to the frontal lobe region of the brain.
Ventricles
The brain contains a series of ventricles that circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serve important functions. There are four ventricles total - two lateral ventricles located within the cerebral hemispheres, the third ventricle within the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle between the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates through the connected ventricles via openings like the foramen of Monro before being absorbed, acting as a cushion and transporting substances to and from the brain.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is approximately 45-50 cm long and 2 cm in diameter. It begins at the foramen magnum and terminates around the L1-L2 vertebrae in adults. The spinal cord has ascending tracts that carry sensory information to the brain and descending tracts that carry motor commands from the brain. It is protected by the vertebrae, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and contains gray matter in an H-shaped arrangement surrounded by white matter tracts. Injuries and diseases of the spinal cord can result in sensory and motor deficits depending on the level and severity of the lesion.
Cerebrum
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part of the brain, located in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It notes that the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. It then outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and some of the main sulci and gyri on the surface of each lobe.
Synovial joint
This document discusses the classification of synovial joints based on the shape of their adjoining articular surfaces. It describes the six main types of synovial joints: plane, pivot, hinge, condylar, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball-and-socket. For each joint type, it provides details on the articular surface shape, typical movements allowed, and examples of joints that fall into that classification.
Ventricles of the brain
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the brain ventricles. It describes the four ventricles - the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The ventricles are lined with ependymal cells and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is produced by the choroid plexus. CSF circulates through the ventricles, provides cushioning and protection to the brain, and is absorbed by the arachnoid granulations. Increased CSF pressure can cause conditions like hydrocephalus and papilledema. A lumbar puncture is described as a method to examine CSF in different medical conditions.
Spinal cord
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, internal structure, blood supply, and functional organization of the spinal cord. Key points include:
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to L1-L2 and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
- It has a butterfly-shaped gray matter H-shape surrounded by white matter tracts that contain ascending and descending nerve fibers.
- The principal blood supply comes from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries along with segmental radicular arteries like the artery of Adamkiewicz.
- The spinal cord has a segmental organization corresponding to 31 pairs of spinal nerves that mediate motor and sensory functions.
Cerebellum-Connections and Functions
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It describes the cerebellum's connections to other parts of the brain and its divisions. The cerebellum receives input from various pathways and sends output through several nuclei to control muscle tone, coordinate movement, balance, equilibrium, and speech. It plays an important role in motor learning and planning sequential movements.
Spinal Nerve
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and specific body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are categorized based on the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that further distribute nerves to various body structures, while the thoracic spinal nerves directly innervate the intercostal muscles and skin as intercostal nerves.
NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY
Zoo 411 Human Anatomy Presentation.
A prerequisite for the BSc. Degree in Biolog.
My Final Senior Year Presentation
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
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www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
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drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
Nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity are responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering inhaled air. The nasal cavity contains turbinates which increase its surface area and contain olfactory receptors. It connects to the paranasal sinuses, air-filled cavities in bones around the nose that help lighten the skull. The nose and sinuses are lined by respiratory mucosa and olfactory mucosa in some areas. They are supplied by nerves and blood vessels. Common conditions include rhinitis, sinusitis, and epistaxis.
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Cerebellum Physiology
The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination. It receives input from various sources, including the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. This input is processed within the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. The cerebellum then sends output to motor areas of the brainstem and cerebral cortex to coordinate movement, balance, and posture. It acts as a comparator, receiving feedback on actual movements and comparing them to intended movements, in order to calibrate motor output and prevent overshooting during voluntary motor acts such as walking and running. Damage to the cerebellum can cause ataxia or lack of coordination.
Circle of willis
The circle of Willis is an arterial circle of blood vessels at the base of the brain that connects the left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries. It ensures adequate blood flow to the brain when one of the feeding arteries is blocked or narrowed. Strokes can occur if an embolism blocks blood flow within the circle of Willis. Aneurysms, which are weak bulges in artery walls, sometimes form and rupture at junction points in the circle of Willis, causing hemorrhagic strokes. The subclavian steal syndrome occurs when stenosis of the subclavian artery causes blood to be stolen from the vertebral artery, compromising blood flow to the brain.
The Joints
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
Cranial Nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that originate from the brain and brain stem. The first two pairs attach to the forebrain while the rest attach to the brain stem. Cranial nerves serve the head and neck structures, with the exception of the vagus nerve which extends into the abdomen. Cranial nerves are either sensory, motor, or mixed nerves. They have specific functions like vision, smell, hearing, facial muscle movement, swallowing, etc. and pass through openings in the skull.
13 lect 12cranialnerves1-111208050545-phpapp02.pdf
This document summarizes the 12 cranial nerves, including their component (motor, sensory, or mixed), function, opening in the skull, and origin. Cranial nerve I is responsible for smell. Cranial nerve II is for vision. Cranial nerve III controls eye movement and pupil constriction. Cranial nerves IV and VI both assist in eye movement. Cranial nerve V carries sensory information from the face. Cranial nerve VII is mixed and innervates facial muscles. Cranial nerve VIII carries sensory information from balance and hearing. Cranial nerves IX-XII innervate various structures in the head, neck, and chest.
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The cerebellum
The cerebellum is located in the posterior cranial fossa. It has three lobes - the anterior, posterior and flocculonodular lobes. It receives inputs from various parts of the brain and spinal cord via afferent pathways and sends outputs to motor areas of the brain via efferent pathways. The cerebellum plays key roles in motor control such as regulation of muscle tone and coordination of skilled voluntary movements, control of equilibrium and learning of new motor skills. Dysfunction of the cerebellum results in disturbances of posture, ataxia and intention tremors which can be assessed using clinical tests.
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is formed in the brain ventricles and circulates around the brain and spinal cord. It is produced at a rate of around 500-600 ml per day, primarily by the choroid plexuses in the ventricles. CSF is absorbed into the venous blood through arachnoid villi and lymphatic vessels. It acts as a cushion and protects the brain from mechanical injury. CSF also helps remove waste from the brain and maintain homeostasis. Abnormal CSF accumulation can cause hydrocephalus, while lumbar puncture allows sampling of CSF for analysis.
Vestibular apparatus
The vestibular apparatus contains the organs that sense equilibrium - the utricle, saccule, and three semicircular canals. Hair cells within these organs detect linear and angular acceleration. When stimulated, hair cells trigger nerve impulses that travel to the brainstem and cerebellum to maintain posture and balance. Disorders like vertigo, motion sickness, and Meniere's disease can disturb equilibrium by affecting the vestibular apparatus.
Cerebellum
The cerebellum is located at the back of the brain below the occipital and temporal lobes. It consists of two hemispheres, a vermis, and four lobes. The cerebellum contains grey matter on the outside forming the cerebellar cortex with three layers, and white matter on the inside. It receives input from climbing fibers in the medulla and mossy fibers from other brain regions. The cerebellum is divided into three sections based on function - vestibulocerebellum regulates tone and equilibrium, spinocerebellum regulates tone and movement, and corticocerebellum regulates skilled movement. The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination through these functions.
CEREBRUM - FUNCTIONAL AREAS
An adult male was brought to the emergency room after a road accident. He showed some bruising but no bleeding, loss of consciousness, muscle weakness, or sensory deficits. However, he was unable to speak but could write his name and contact information. This suggests involvement of the brain's speech area. Specifically, the symptom of being unable to speak points to a problem in Broca's area in the frontal lobe, which is responsible for speech production. The accident likely caused damage to the frontal lobe region of the brain.
Ventricles
The brain contains a series of ventricles that circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serve important functions. There are four ventricles total - two lateral ventricles located within the cerebral hemispheres, the third ventricle within the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle between the pons, medulla, and cerebellum. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus and circulates through the connected ventricles via openings like the foramen of Monro before being absorbed, acting as a cushion and transporting substances to and from the brain.
Spinal cord
The spinal cord is approximately 45-50 cm long and 2 cm in diameter. It begins at the foramen magnum and terminates around the L1-L2 vertebrae in adults. The spinal cord has ascending tracts that carry sensory information to the brain and descending tracts that carry motor commands from the brain. It is protected by the vertebrae, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid, and contains gray matter in an H-shaped arrangement surrounded by white matter tracts. Injuries and diseases of the spinal cord can result in sensory and motor deficits depending on the level and severity of the lesion.
Cerebrum
The document summarizes key aspects of the cerebrum and cerebral hemispheres. It describes the cerebrum as the largest part of the brain, located in the anterior and middle cranial fossa. It notes that the cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal cerebral fissure and connected by the corpus callosum. It then outlines the lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and some of the main sulci and gyri on the surface of each lobe.
Synovial joint
This document discusses the classification of synovial joints based on the shape of their adjoining articular surfaces. It describes the six main types of synovial joints: plane, pivot, hinge, condylar, ellipsoid, saddle, and ball-and-socket. For each joint type, it provides details on the articular surface shape, typical movements allowed, and examples of joints that fall into that classification.
Ventricles of the brain
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the brain ventricles. It describes the four ventricles - the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle. The ventricles are lined with ependymal cells and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is produced by the choroid plexus. CSF circulates through the ventricles, provides cushioning and protection to the brain, and is absorbed by the arachnoid granulations. Increased CSF pressure can cause conditions like hydrocephalus and papilledema. A lumbar puncture is described as a method to examine CSF in different medical conditions.
Spinal cord
The document provides an overview of the anatomy, internal structure, blood supply, and functional organization of the spinal cord. Key points include:
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to L1-L2 and is segmented into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions.
- It has a butterfly-shaped gray matter H-shape surrounded by white matter tracts that contain ascending and descending nerve fibers.
- The principal blood supply comes from the anterior and posterior spinal arteries along with segmental radicular arteries like the artery of Adamkiewicz.
- The spinal cord has a segmental organization corresponding to 31 pairs of spinal nerves that mediate motor and sensory functions.
Cerebellum-Connections and Functions
The document discusses the anatomy and functions of the cerebellum. It describes the cerebellum's connections to other parts of the brain and its divisions. The cerebellum receives input from various pathways and sends output through several nuclei to control muscle tone, coordinate movement, balance, equilibrium, and speech. It plays an important role in motor learning and planning sequential movements.
Spinal Nerve
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and specific body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are categorized based on the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that further distribute nerves to various body structures, while the thoracic spinal nerves directly innervate the intercostal muscles and skin as intercostal nerves.
NERVOUS SYSTEM ANATOMY
Zoo 411 Human Anatomy Presentation.
A prerequisite for the BSc. Degree in Biolog.
My Final Senior Year Presentation
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
Bones of Skull (Human Anatomy)
by DR RAI M. AMMAR
www.facebook.com/drraiammar
www.twitter.com/drraiammar
www.instagram.com/drraiammar
www.linkedin.com/in/drraiammar
www.themedicall.com/blog/auther/drraiammar/
For Any Book or Notes Visit Our Website:
www.allmedicaldata.wordpress.com
www.drraiammar.blogspot.com
YOUTUBE CHANNEL :
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCu-oR9V3OdFNTJW5yqXWXxA
ANY QUESTION ??
Get in touch with us at Any of the Above Social Media or Email at
drraiammar@gmail.com
allmedicaldata@gmail.com
Nasal cavity
The nose and nasal cavity are responsible for warming, humidifying, and filtering inhaled air. The nasal cavity contains turbinates which increase its surface area and contain olfactory receptors. It connects to the paranasal sinuses, air-filled cavities in bones around the nose that help lighten the skull. The nose and sinuses are lined by respiratory mucosa and olfactory mucosa in some areas. They are supplied by nerves and blood vessels. Common conditions include rhinitis, sinusitis, and epistaxis.
Bp regulation
This document discusses the regulation of blood pressure on short, intermediate, and long term timescales.
Short term regulation occurs over seconds to minutes and involves baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and the central nervous system ischemic response. Intermediate regulation over minutes to hours is mediated by capillary fluid shifts and stress relaxation in blood vessels. Long term regulation over days to years involves the renal body fluid mechanism and renin-angiotensin system to control extracellular fluid levels and blood pressure.
Cerebellum Physiology
The cerebellum plays an important role in motor control and coordination. It receives input from various sources, including the spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex. This input is processed within the cerebellar cortex and nuclei. The cerebellum then sends output to motor areas of the brainstem and cerebral cortex to coordinate movement, balance, and posture. It acts as a comparator, receiving feedback on actual movements and comparing them to intended movements, in order to calibrate motor output and prevent overshooting during voluntary motor acts such as walking and running. Damage to the cerebellum can cause ataxia or lack of coordination.
Circle of willis
The circle of Willis is an arterial circle of blood vessels at the base of the brain that connects the left and right internal carotid arteries and the left and right vertebral arteries. It ensures adequate blood flow to the brain when one of the feeding arteries is blocked or narrowed. Strokes can occur if an embolism blocks blood flow within the circle of Willis. Aneurysms, which are weak bulges in artery walls, sometimes form and rupture at junction points in the circle of Willis, causing hemorrhagic strokes. The subclavian steal syndrome occurs when stenosis of the subclavian artery causes blood to be stolen from the vertebral artery, compromising blood flow to the brain.
The Joints
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
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Cranial Nerves
There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves that originate from the brain and brain stem. The first two pairs attach to the forebrain while the rest attach to the brain stem. Cranial nerves serve the head and neck structures, with the exception of the vagus nerve which extends into the abdomen. Cranial nerves are either sensory, motor, or mixed nerves. They have specific functions like vision, smell, hearing, facial muscle movement, swallowing, etc. and pass through openings in the skull.
13 lect 12cranialnerves1-111208050545-phpapp02.pdf
This document summarizes the 12 cranial nerves, including their component (motor, sensory, or mixed), function, opening in the skull, and origin. Cranial nerve I is responsible for smell. Cranial nerve II is for vision. Cranial nerve III controls eye movement and pupil constriction. Cranial nerves IV and VI both assist in eye movement. Cranial nerve V carries sensory information from the face. Cranial nerve VII is mixed and innervates facial muscles. Cranial nerve VIII carries sensory information from balance and hearing. Cranial nerves IX-XII innervate various structures in the head, neck, and chest.
Cranial nerves
This document provides information on the 12 cranial nerves, including their names, classification, origin, course, and functions. It discusses the sensory, motor, and mixed cranial nerves in detail. For each nerve, it describes the root origin, path through the skull, main branches and their functions. The document focuses on describing the individual cranial nerves I-XII with diagrams to illustrate key points.
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This document summarizes the 12 cranial nerves:
- Cranial Nerves I, II, and III are olfactory, optic, and oculomotor nerves involved in smell, vision, and eye movement.
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This document summarizes 12 cranial nerves, providing their component (sensory, motor, or mixed), function, opening to the skull, and origin for each nerve. The cranial nerves described are: I) Olfactory nerve, II) Optic nerve, III) Oculomotor nerve, IV) Trochlear nerve, V1-V3) Trigeminal nerve branches, VI) Abducens nerve, VII) Facial nerve, VIII) Vestibulocochlear nerve, IX) Glossopharyngeal nerve, X) Vagus nerve, XI) Accessory nerve, and XII) Hypoglossal nerve.
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The document summarizes three cranial nerves: V (trigeminal), VII (facial), and IX (glossopharyngeal). It describes the component, function, and origin for each nerve. The trigeminal nerve is a mixed nerve that innervates skin and muscles of the face and provides sensory input from the face and mucous membranes. The facial nerve is also mixed and innervates muscles of the face and scalp as well as glands, and provides taste sensation. The glossopharyngeal nerve is also mixed, innervating the stylopharyngeus muscle and providing general sensation and taste from the posterior tongue and pharynx.
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Cranial nerves I-XII are summarized. Cranial nerve I carries smell sensations from the nose to the brain. Cranial nerve II carries vision signals from the eyes to the brain. Cranial nerve III controls several eye muscles as well as the iris and lens. The functions of the remaining cranial nerves are also briefly outlined, including their roles in hearing, balance, facial expression, swallowing, and controlling neck and tongue muscles.
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The document discusses two muscles of the eye - the levator palpebrae superioris and the orbicularis oculi. The levator palpebrae superioris originates from the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone and elevates the upper eyelid. It has a collection of smooth muscle fibers that help maintain eyelid elevation. The orbicularis oculi has two parts - the palpebral part that closes the eyelids gently and the orbital part that closes the eyelids forcefully. Both parts originate around the orbit and insert into the eyelids and are innervated by the facial nerve.
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The document describes the five special senses - vision, hearing, smell, taste, and touch. It provides details on the anatomy and physiology of the sensory organs for each sense, including the eye, ear, nose, tongue, and skin. The eye section explains structures like the retina, iris, lens, and extrinsic eye muscles. The ear section outlines the inner, outer, and middle ear, including the tympanic membrane, ossicles, cochlea, and vestibular system. The document contains diagrams to illustrate key anatomical structures involved in the special senses.
Anatomy Of The Eye
The eyeball has three concentric layers - the outer protective sclera, the middle vascular uvea, and the inner light-sensitive retina. It contains important structures like the cornea, iris, ciliary body, choroid, vitreous humor, and optic nerve. The eye is surrounded by accessory structures including the eyelids, lacrimal apparatus for tear production and drainage, conjunctiva, extraocular muscles to control eye movement, and orbit bone for protection. All of these work together to allow for vision.
Eye and its disorders in anatomy and physiology
The document summarizes the structure and functions of the human eye. It discusses that the eye has three layers: an external fibrous coat, middle vascular coat, and inner nervous coat. It describes the main parts of the eye including the cornea, iris, lens, vitreous humour, retina, and blind spot. It also discusses eye movements, the field of vision, muscles that control eye movement, and eye functions such as monocular and binocular vision.
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2. function of cranial nerves
- 1. Cranial nerves by: Amen Ullah KMU-IPMS
- 3. I. Olfactory nerve • Component: sensory • Function: smell • Origin: olfactory epithelium • Pass through: opening in cerebriform plate of ethmoid
- 4. II. Optic nerve • Component: sensory • Function: vision • Origin: rises from the retina and back of the eye ball • Pass through: optic canal
- 5. III. Oculomotor • Component: Moter • Function: rises upper eyelids » Turn eyeball upward, downward & medially » Constrict pupil » Accumudate the eyes • Origin: Anterior surface of the midbrain • Pass through: Superior orbital fissure
- 6. IV. Trochlear Nerve • Component: motor • Function: Traction of eyeball laterally & downward • Origin: posterior surface of the midbrain • Pass through: Superior orbital fissure
- 7. V Trigeminal nerve • Component: sensory • Function: Cornea Skin of forehead Face Mandible Origin: Anterior aspect of the pones • Pass through: Foramen Rotundum
- 8. VI. Abducent nerve • Component: Motor • Function: Lateral Rectus muscles of eyeball, turn eye laterally • Origin: Foramen Rotundum • Pass through: Superior orbital fissure
- 9. VII. Facial • Component: Motor • Function: Muscles of face, cheek, and scalp; stapedius muscle of middle ear Pass through: stylomastoid foramen
- 10. VIII. Vestibulocochlear • Component: sensory • Function: Position and movement of head Hearing Pass through: Internal acoustic meatus
- 11. IX. Glossopharyngeal • Component: Motor • Function: assists swallowing Parotid salivary gland Pass through: Jugular foramen
- 12. X. Vagus • Component: Motor • Function: Constrictor muscles of pharynx and intrinsic muscles of larynx; involuntary muscle of trachea and bronchi, heart, alimentary tract from pharynx to splenic flexure of colon; liver and pancreas Pass through: Jugular foramen
- 13. XI. Accessory • Component: Motor • Function Muscles of soft palate, pharynx, and larynx , Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles Pass through: Jugular foramen
- 14. XII. Hypoglossal • Component: Motor • Function: Muscles of tongue controlling its shape and movement Pass through: Hypoglossal canal