Factors responsible for erythropoiesis. Development and maturation of erythrocytes require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors 2. Maturation factors 3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation.
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Anemia And Its Classification By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinkipora Sopore KashmirProf Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Anaemia due to iron deficiency is the characteristic finding with a cancer of the colon (large bowel), stomach or gullet. Often the anaemia is the only clue to the presence of a bleeding source somewhere. Any person who develops iron deficiency anaemia with no obvious cause should be investigated for the presence of a bleeding point within the digestive system. Fortunately not all bleeding sources turn out to be cancers
Nervous control of blood vessels regulation of arterial pressureAmen Ullah
The main function of the circulatory system is to give local blood flow to the tissue. There arespecial need of the tissue which is:
delivery of oxygen to the tissue
delivery of nutrients to the tissue
removal of carbon dioxide from tissue
maintaining of normal concentration of ions
transform of hormones and other substance to tissue
The study of movement of blood through circulatory system.
cardiovascular system is Responsible for to pump the blood and to circulate it through different parts of the body.
It is essential for the maintenance of pressure and other physical factors within the blood vessels
Lymphatic system, Human Lymphatic systemAmen Ullah
Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters the lymphatic vessels.
larger particles that escape into tissue fluid can only be removed via lymphatic system.
Immunity is defined as the capacity of the body to resist pathogenic agents.
It is the ability of body to resist the entry of different types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances, etc.
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
Hemo: Referring to blood cells
Poiesis: “The development or production of”
The word Hemopoiesis refers to the production & development of all the blood cells
Coagulation or clotting is defined as the process in which blood loses its fluidity and becomes a jelly-like mass few minutes after it is shed out or collected in a container
Cardiac murmur is an abnormal heart sounds. can be heard with stethoscope or auscultation. the etiology of the cardiac murmur may be septal defect, valvular defects or vascular defects. the two main causes that lead to cardiac murmur, like stenosis and incompetence.
Arrhythmia is also known as irregular heart beats. If SA node is not the pacemaker, any other part of the heart such as atrial muscle, AV node and ventricular muscle becomes the pacemaker. the beats may be fast, slow or miss beats.
Term and Definitions regarding microbiology, Pathogenicity and virulency, acute and chronic infection, primary and secondary infection, opportunistic infection.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Factors for erythropoiesis
• Development and maturation of erythrocytes
require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors
2. Maturation factors
3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin
formation.
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3. GENERAL FACTORS
• General factors necessary for erythropoiesis
are:
i. Erythropoietin
ii. Thyroxine
iii. Hemopoietic growth factors
iv. Vitamins.
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4. i. Erythropoietin
• Most important general factor for erythropoiesis is
the hormone called erythropoietin.
• It is also called hemopoietin or erythrocyte stimulating
factor. Major quantity of erythropoietin is secreted by
peritubular capillaries of kidney.
• A small quantity is also secreted from liver and brain.
Hypoxia is the stimulant for the secretion of
erythropoietin.
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5. Conti…
• Erythropoietin promotes the following processes:
o Production of proerythroblasts from CFU-E of the bone
marrow.
o Development of proerythroblasts into matured RBCs
through the several stages – early normoblast,
intermediate normoblast, late normoblast and
reticulocyte
o Release of matured erythrocytes into blood. Even
some reticulocytes (immature erythrocytes) are
released along with matured RBCs.
Blood level of erythropoietin increases in anemia.
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6. i. Thyroxine
• Being a general metabolic hormone, thyroxine
accelerates the process of erythropoiesis at
many levels.
So, hyperthyroidism and polycythemia are
common.
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7. iii. Hemopoietic Growth Factors
a. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) secreted by T-cells
b. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) secreted by T-cells,
endothelial cells and macrophages
c. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) secreted by osteoblast.
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8. iv. Vitamins
Vitamins necessary for erythropoiesis:
a. Vitamin B: Its defciency causes anemia and pellagra
(disease characterized by skin lesions, diarrhea, weakness,
nervousness and dementia).
b. Vitamin C: Its defciency causes anemia and scurvy (ancient
disease characterized by impaired collagen synthesis resulting
in rough skin, bleeding gum, loosening of teeth, poor wound
healing, bone pain, lethargy and emotional changes).
c. Vitamin D: Its defciency causes anemia and rickets (bone
disease – Chapter 68).
d. Vitamin E: Its defciency leads to anemia and malnutrition.
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10. 1. Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)
Vitamin B12 is essential for synthesis of DNA in
RBCs.
Its defciency leads to failure in maturation of the
cell
and reduction in the cell division.
Also, the cells are larger with fragile and weak cell
membrane resulting in macrocytic anemia.
Defciency of vitamin B12 causes pernicious
anemia. So, vitamin B12 is called antipernicious
factor.
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11. 2. Intrinsic Factor of Castle
• Intrinsic factor of castle is produced in gastric mucosa
by the parietal cells of the gastric glands.
• It is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 from
intestine.
• In the absence of intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 is not
absorbed from intestine. This leads to pernicious anemia.
Defciency of intrinsic factor occurs in:
i. Severe gastritis
ii. Ulcer
iii. Gastrectomy.
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12. Folic acid
Folic acid is also essential for maturation. It is
required for the synthesis of DNA.
In the absence of folic acid, the synthesis of DNA
decreases causing failure of maturation.
This leads to anemia in which the cells are larger
and appear in megaloblastic (proerythroblastic)
stage. And, anemia due to folic acid defciency is
called megaloblastic anemia.
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13. FACTORS NECESSARY FOR
HEMOGLOBIN FORMATION
• Various materials are essential for the formation of hemoglobin in the
RBCs.
• Deficiency of these substances decreases the production of hemoglobin
leading to anemia.
• 1. First class proteins and amino acids: Proteins of high biological value
are essential for the formation of hemoglobin. Amino acids derived from
these proteins are required for the synthesis of protein part of
hemoglobin, i.e. the globin.
2. Iron: Necessary for the formation of heme part of the hemoglobin.
3. Copper: Necessary for the absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal
tract.
4. Cobalt and nickel: These metals are essential for the utilization of iron
during hemoglobin formation.
• 5. Vitamins: Vitamin C, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and pyridoxine are also
essential for the formation of hemoglobin.
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