Blood Coagulation or hemostasis
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Coagulation or clotting is defined as the process in which blood loses its fluidity and becomes a jelly-like mass few minutes after it is shed out or collected in a container
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Blood coagulation
Blood coagulation is an essential process occurring in living body to prevent the loss of blood when there occurs bleeding due to accident,cuts etc.
Blood coagulation mechanism (Intrinsic Coagulation pathway and Extrinsic Coag...
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Blood coagulation
This document summarizes blood coagulation and hemostasis. It discusses platelets, the platelet plug formation process, and the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. Disorders of coagulation covered include hemophilia A/B/C, von Willebrand disease, and purpura. Tests of hemostatic function like bleeding time, clotting time, and prothrombin time are also outlined. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin are briefly described.
Platelets and Hemostasis.pptx
Platelets and Hemostasis, Structure and Function, Role in Thrombus Formation, Mechanism of Hemostasis
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process of preventing blood loss from broken blood vessels. It is achieved through three main mechanisms: vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. Vascular constriction occurs when smooth muscle contracts after vessel wall trauma. Platelets aggregate at the injury site to form a plug and provide clotting factors. Blood coagulation activates clotting factors through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, ultimately converting prothrombin to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin forming a clot. Clots are dissolved by plasmin which degrades fibrin, and several factors prevent excessive clotting.
Blood coagulation
This presentation will help you to understand the physiology of blood coagulation and various factors involved in it.
Hemostasis
the objectives from this ppt :-
1.Define haemostasis.
2.Describe the main mechanisms that prevent blood loss after an injury.
3.Describe role of platelets in haemostasis.
4.Outline the mechanism of platelet plug formation.
5.Describe the mechanisms of blood coagulation.
Clotting factors
Diseases involving blood clotting factors can be inherited or acquired. The coagulation cascade involves several clotting factors that work together as enzymes to form a blood clot. Deficiencies or defects in these clotting factors can result in bleeding disorders. Some of the major clotting factor deficiencies include hemophilia A caused by factor VIII deficiency, hemophilia B caused by factor IX deficiency, von Willebrand disease caused by von Willebrand factor deficiency, and fibrinogen deficiencies that cause bleeding issues. Diagnostic tests evaluate clotting factor levels and clotting times. Treatment focuses on replacing the deficient clotting factor through blood products or concentrates.
Recommended
Blood coagulation
Blood coagulation is an essential process occurring in living body to prevent the loss of blood when there occurs bleeding due to accident,cuts etc.
Blood coagulation mechanism (Intrinsic Coagulation pathway and Extrinsic Coag...
#https://www.facebook.com/ShaistaJabeeen
#https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCrrAABI7QDRCJ1yMrQCip_w/videos
Blood coagulation
This document summarizes blood coagulation and hemostasis. It discusses platelets, the platelet plug formation process, and the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood coagulation. Disorders of coagulation covered include hemophilia A/B/C, von Willebrand disease, and purpura. Tests of hemostatic function like bleeding time, clotting time, and prothrombin time are also outlined. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin are briefly described.
Platelets and Hemostasis.pptx
Platelets and Hemostasis, Structure and Function, Role in Thrombus Formation, Mechanism of Hemostasis
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process of preventing blood loss from broken blood vessels. It is achieved through three main mechanisms: vascular constriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. Vascular constriction occurs when smooth muscle contracts after vessel wall trauma. Platelets aggregate at the injury site to form a plug and provide clotting factors. Blood coagulation activates clotting factors through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, ultimately converting prothrombin to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin forming a clot. Clots are dissolved by plasmin which degrades fibrin, and several factors prevent excessive clotting.
Blood coagulation
This presentation will help you to understand the physiology of blood coagulation and various factors involved in it.
Hemostasis
the objectives from this ppt :-
1.Define haemostasis.
2.Describe the main mechanisms that prevent blood loss after an injury.
3.Describe role of platelets in haemostasis.
4.Outline the mechanism of platelet plug formation.
5.Describe the mechanisms of blood coagulation.
Clotting factors
Diseases involving blood clotting factors can be inherited or acquired. The coagulation cascade involves several clotting factors that work together as enzymes to form a blood clot. Deficiencies or defects in these clotting factors can result in bleeding disorders. Some of the major clotting factor deficiencies include hemophilia A caused by factor VIII deficiency, hemophilia B caused by factor IX deficiency, von Willebrand disease caused by von Willebrand factor deficiency, and fibrinogen deficiencies that cause bleeding issues. Diagnostic tests evaluate clotting factor levels and clotting times. Treatment focuses on replacing the deficient clotting factor through blood products or concentrates.
Coagulation factors
This document discusses coagulation factors and blood clotting. It defines coagulation as the process where blood loses fluidity and forms a jelly-like clot. Thirteen coagulation factors are involved in a cascade of reactions to form a clot. The cascade involves the formation of prothrombin activator through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, followed by the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin. Deficiencies in specific factors can cause bleeding disorders like hemophilia. The clot then undergoes retraction and may be broken down through fibrinolysis.
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
Hemostasis occurs in three stages: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. Vasoconstriction decreases blood flow from damaged vessels. Platelets adhere to collagen at injury sites, forming a temporary platelet plug. Coagulation involves thrombin converting fibrinogen to fibrin, forming fibrin threads that strengthen the platelet plug and complete hemostasis. Blood coagulation is initiated through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways activating a cascade of clotting factors that ultimately generate thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a blood clot.
Blood Coagulation and Clotting Mechanism.pptx
The document summarizes the process of blood coagulation. It discusses that coagulation occurs through a series of reactions activating clotting factors, which convert fibrinogen into fibrin forming a mesh that traps blood cells. The stages are formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin prevent clotting by various mechanisms. Tests are used to detect disorders that cause excessive or insufficient clotting.
BLOOD PLASMA
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells in suspension. It makes up 55% of the blood's total volume and is mostly composed of water (92%) and dissolved proteins (8%). Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to tissues and transports waste products away from tissues. It plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte balance and protects the body from infection. Plasma is separated from blood cells when a tube of blood is spun in a centrifuge.
Platelet cell
Platelets are cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow that help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. They have no nucleus and an average lifespan of 8-9 days. Platelets attach to damaged blood vessel walls and release chemicals that attract more platelets to form a hemostatic plug to stop bleeding. Low platelet counts can cause excessive bleeding while high counts have few symptoms. Platelet counts are regulated by thrombopoietin and can be affected by disease, medications, and lifestyle factors.
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process which stops bleeding after an injury. Here you can get an information about hemostasis.
Blood coagulation cascade
The blood coagulation cascade involves three mechanisms to stop bleeding when blood vessels are damaged: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting. Blood clotting is a complex series of enzymatic reactions that results in the formation of fibrin threads that trap blood cells to form a clot. There are two pathways - the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways - that activate clotting factors and ultimately convert prothrombin to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Anticoagulants like heparin and coumarins are used to delay the coagulation process in thromboembolic conditions.
PLATELETS
This document discusses the structure, composition, functions, formation and lifespan of platelets. It provides details on platelets, including that they are the smallest blood cells, lack a nucleus, and function in hemostasis through adhesion, aggregation and clot formation. Platelets are formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, have a lifespan of 8-12 days, and are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen.
Lecture 1 platelet and hemostasis
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis through adhesion, activation, and aggregation at the site of vascular injury to form a platelet plug. The coagulation cascade then forms a blood clot through a series of coagulation factor activations. This process is regulated by anti-coagulation mechanisms including thrombomodulin and the fibrinolytic system. Abnormalities can cause excessive bleeding from issues like thrombocytopenia or vitamin K deficiency, or excessive clotting from conditions like deep vein thrombosis. Laboratory tests evaluate platelet count and function as well as coagulation factor levels.
Blood coagulation
The document summarizes the steps in blood coagulation (hemostasis). It involves platelets attaching to exposed collagen and releasing chemical signals that attract more platelets to form a platelet plug. The coagulation cascade then involves 12 clotting factors in a series of proteolytic reactions through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways to ultimately form prothrombinase. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot in the common pathway. The clot is eventually dissolved by the enzyme plasmin through fibrinolysis.
hi
Blood coagulation, also known as hemostasis, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a solid gel-like substance. It involves three stages: vasoconstriction, formation of a platelet plug, and coagulation of blood. When a blood vessel is injured, a series of reactions are initiated through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, ultimately resulting in a cross-linked fibrin mesh that traps blood cells to form a clot. Coagulation is tightly regulated by several mechanisms to prevent excessive clotting. Deficiencies or defects in the coagulation cascade can result in bleeding disorders.
Coagulation
The document discusses coagulation, hemostasis, and various bleeding disorders. It covers the process of coagulation including platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. It also discusses factors that promote coagulation as well as anticoagulant factors. Various bleeding disorders are described such as abnormalities of blood vessels, coagulation factors, platelets, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Laboratory tests for evaluating coagulation are also mentioned.
Fibrinolysis system
This document discusses fibrinolysis, the process by which fibrin clots are broken down. It notes that plasminogen is activated to form plasmin, the main enzyme that degrades fibrin clots. Plasminogen activators such as tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) activate plasminogen on fibrin clot surfaces. Fibrin degradation products are formed that provide markers of fibrinolysis and inhibit thrombin. The process is regulated by inhibitors such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
Hemostasis
Hemostasis involves three main mechanisms: (1) vascular constriction to reduce blood flow from damaged vessels, (2) formation of a platelet plug to physically block blood loss from small cuts, and (3) formation of a blood clot through coagulation to seal larger vessel openings. Coagulation is initiated through both the intrinsic pathway, triggered by blood contact with exposed collagen, and the extrinsic pathway, triggered by tissue factor released from damaged cells. A complex cascade of coagulation factor activations ultimately leads to the generation of thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot.
Blood clotting
Blood clotting is a process called coagulation where blood changes from a liquid to a solid gel-like state. It occurs through a cascade of biochemical reactions involving multiple clotting factors. Initially fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, which forms a mesh that entangles blood cells. Then the clot undergoes further changes to strengthen it. Precise regulation of coagulation prevents clotting inside healthy blood vessels but allows it to occur when vessels are damaged.
Blood coagulation
When blood is shed, it loses fluidity and forms a jelly-like clot within minutes through the coagulation process. Coagulation is important physiologically as it prevents further hemorrhaging by plugging bleeding vessels. Clotting occurs through a series of reactions involving prothrombin activators and factors in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Deficiencies in factors like fibrinogen, prothrombin, or antihemophilic factor can cause bleeding disorders. Anticoagulants prevent coagulation and are used therapeutically or in blood banks.
Coagulation cascade
I. Coagulation involves the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel through a series of clotting factor reactions, forming a clot to prevent blood loss from injured vessels.
II. Coagulation occurs through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways simultaneously. The extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue injury while the intrinsic pathway is initiated by blood contact with collagen from an injured vessel.
III. Both pathways involve the formation of prothrombin activator which converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh that traps platelets and cells, creating a clot and achieving hemostasis.
ERYTHROPOIESIS
This document discusses erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation. It covers the sites of hematopoiesis, blood cell precursors, the stages of erythropoiesis from pronormoblast to reticulocyte, and the factors that regulate and are necessary for erythropoiesis. Key factors discussed include erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production; vitamin B12 and folic acid, which are required for DNA synthesis and cell maturation; and intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption.
Blood clotting
The document summarizes blood clotting (coagulation). It identifies that there are 13 clotting factors involved in the process by which blood loses fluid and forms a jelly-like clot after leaving the body. The key steps are: 1) formation of a prothrombin activator, 2) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and 3) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form the clot. The clotting factors work together in a cascade through positive feedback loops to activate thrombin and fibrinogen in the clotting process.
Introduction to Haemostasis
This document provides an introduction to haemostasis by Dr. Ibrahim Khider. It defines haemostasis as the process of stopping blood flow following injury to a blood vessel. There are three components involved - the extravascular tissues, blood vessels, and intravascular platelets and plasma proteins. Haemostasis occurs through primary, secondary, and tertiary processes. Primary haemostasis involves platelets forming a platelet plug at the site of injury within 3-5 minutes. Secondary haemostasis reinforces this plug with a fibrin clot formed from plasma coagulation factors, taking 5-10 minutes. Tertiary haemostasis involves fibrinolysis to remove the clot as healing occurs over 48-72 hours.
coagulation-181225200840.pdf
Blood coagulation is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel-like mass. It involves several coagulation factors and occurs in three stages: formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The resulting blood clot traps platelets, red blood cells, and white blood cells. Over time, the clot retracts as platelets contract. Fibrinolysis then breaks down the clot. Coagulation ensures wounds are sealed but can become problematic if clots form inside blood vessels.
Pathology - Hemostasis
This document summarizes hemostasis, the process by which bleeding is stopped. It discusses the three components of hemostasis - extravascular, vascular, and intravascular. The normal hemostasis process involves platelet plug formation and fibrin clot formation via the coagulation cascade. Coagulation factors, platelets, and fibrinogen are involved. Hemostasis is balanced by natural anticoagulants. Genetic or acquired bleeding disorders can result from deficiencies in specific coagulation factors or platelets. Common disorders discussed include hemophilia A/B/C and von Willebrand disease.
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Coagulation factors
This document discusses coagulation factors and blood clotting. It defines coagulation as the process where blood loses fluidity and forms a jelly-like clot. Thirteen coagulation factors are involved in a cascade of reactions to form a clot. The cascade involves the formation of prothrombin activator through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, followed by the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin. Deficiencies in specific factors can cause bleeding disorders like hemophilia. The clot then undergoes retraction and may be broken down through fibrinolysis.
Mechanism of Blood Coagulation
Hemostasis occurs in three stages: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, and blood coagulation. Vasoconstriction decreases blood flow from damaged vessels. Platelets adhere to collagen at injury sites, forming a temporary platelet plug. Coagulation involves thrombin converting fibrinogen to fibrin, forming fibrin threads that strengthen the platelet plug and complete hemostasis. Blood coagulation is initiated through intrinsic and extrinsic pathways activating a cascade of clotting factors that ultimately generate thrombin. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a blood clot.
Blood Coagulation and Clotting Mechanism.pptx
The document summarizes the process of blood coagulation. It discusses that coagulation occurs through a series of reactions activating clotting factors, which convert fibrinogen into fibrin forming a mesh that traps blood cells. The stages are formation of prothrombin activator, conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Anticoagulants like heparin and warfarin prevent clotting by various mechanisms. Tests are used to detect disorders that cause excessive or insufficient clotting.
BLOOD PLASMA
Plasma is the liquid component of blood that holds the blood cells in suspension. It makes up 55% of the blood's total volume and is mostly composed of water (92%) and dissolved proteins (8%). Plasma carries nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide, and oxygen to tissues and transports waste products away from tissues. It plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte balance and protects the body from infection. Plasma is separated from blood cells when a tube of blood is spun in a centrifuge.
Platelet cell
Platelets are cell fragments produced by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow that help the body form blood clots to stop bleeding. They have no nucleus and an average lifespan of 8-9 days. Platelets attach to damaged blood vessel walls and release chemicals that attract more platelets to form a hemostatic plug to stop bleeding. Low platelet counts can cause excessive bleeding while high counts have few symptoms. Platelet counts are regulated by thrombopoietin and can be affected by disease, medications, and lifestyle factors.
Hemostasis
Hemostasis is the process which stops bleeding after an injury. Here you can get an information about hemostasis.
Blood coagulation cascade
The blood coagulation cascade involves three mechanisms to stop bleeding when blood vessels are damaged: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and blood clotting. Blood clotting is a complex series of enzymatic reactions that results in the formation of fibrin threads that trap blood cells to form a clot. There are two pathways - the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways - that activate clotting factors and ultimately convert prothrombin to thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin. Anticoagulants like heparin and coumarins are used to delay the coagulation process in thromboembolic conditions.
PLATELETS
This document discusses the structure, composition, functions, formation and lifespan of platelets. It provides details on platelets, including that they are the smallest blood cells, lack a nucleus, and function in hemostasis through adhesion, aggregation and clot formation. Platelets are formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow, have a lifespan of 8-12 days, and are destroyed by macrophages in the spleen.
Lecture 1 platelet and hemostasis
Platelets play a key role in hemostasis through adhesion, activation, and aggregation at the site of vascular injury to form a platelet plug. The coagulation cascade then forms a blood clot through a series of coagulation factor activations. This process is regulated by anti-coagulation mechanisms including thrombomodulin and the fibrinolytic system. Abnormalities can cause excessive bleeding from issues like thrombocytopenia or vitamin K deficiency, or excessive clotting from conditions like deep vein thrombosis. Laboratory tests evaluate platelet count and function as well as coagulation factor levels.
Blood coagulation
The document summarizes the steps in blood coagulation (hemostasis). It involves platelets attaching to exposed collagen and releasing chemical signals that attract more platelets to form a platelet plug. The coagulation cascade then involves 12 clotting factors in a series of proteolytic reactions through the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways to ultimately form prothrombinase. Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot in the common pathway. The clot is eventually dissolved by the enzyme plasmin through fibrinolysis.
hi
Blood coagulation, also known as hemostasis, is the process by which blood changes from a liquid to a solid gel-like substance. It involves three stages: vasoconstriction, formation of a platelet plug, and coagulation of blood. When a blood vessel is injured, a series of reactions are initiated through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, ultimately resulting in a cross-linked fibrin mesh that traps blood cells to form a clot. Coagulation is tightly regulated by several mechanisms to prevent excessive clotting. Deficiencies or defects in the coagulation cascade can result in bleeding disorders.
Coagulation
The document discusses coagulation, hemostasis, and various bleeding disorders. It covers the process of coagulation including platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. It also discusses factors that promote coagulation as well as anticoagulant factors. Various bleeding disorders are described such as abnormalities of blood vessels, coagulation factors, platelets, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Laboratory tests for evaluating coagulation are also mentioned.
Fibrinolysis system
This document discusses fibrinolysis, the process by which fibrin clots are broken down. It notes that plasminogen is activated to form plasmin, the main enzyme that degrades fibrin clots. Plasminogen activators such as tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) activate plasminogen on fibrin clot surfaces. Fibrin degradation products are formed that provide markers of fibrinolysis and inhibit thrombin. The process is regulated by inhibitors such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.
Hemostasis
Hemostasis involves three main mechanisms: (1) vascular constriction to reduce blood flow from damaged vessels, (2) formation of a platelet plug to physically block blood loss from small cuts, and (3) formation of a blood clot through coagulation to seal larger vessel openings. Coagulation is initiated through both the intrinsic pathway, triggered by blood contact with exposed collagen, and the extrinsic pathway, triggered by tissue factor released from damaged cells. A complex cascade of coagulation factor activations ultimately leads to the generation of thrombin which converts fibrinogen to fibrin to form a clot.
Blood clotting
Blood clotting is a process called coagulation where blood changes from a liquid to a solid gel-like state. It occurs through a cascade of biochemical reactions involving multiple clotting factors. Initially fibrinogen is converted to fibrin, which forms a mesh that entangles blood cells. Then the clot undergoes further changes to strengthen it. Precise regulation of coagulation prevents clotting inside healthy blood vessels but allows it to occur when vessels are damaged.
Blood coagulation
When blood is shed, it loses fluidity and forms a jelly-like clot within minutes through the coagulation process. Coagulation is important physiologically as it prevents further hemorrhaging by plugging bleeding vessels. Clotting occurs through a series of reactions involving prothrombin activators and factors in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Deficiencies in factors like fibrinogen, prothrombin, or antihemophilic factor can cause bleeding disorders. Anticoagulants prevent coagulation and are used therapeutically or in blood banks.
Coagulation cascade
I. Coagulation involves the transformation of blood from a liquid to a gel through a series of clotting factor reactions, forming a clot to prevent blood loss from injured vessels.
II. Coagulation occurs through the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways simultaneously. The extrinsic pathway is initiated by tissue injury while the intrinsic pathway is initiated by blood contact with collagen from an injured vessel.
III. Both pathways involve the formation of prothrombin activator which converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin then catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form a mesh that traps platelets and cells, creating a clot and achieving hemostasis.
ERYTHROPOIESIS
This document discusses erythropoiesis, the process of red blood cell formation. It covers the sites of hematopoiesis, blood cell precursors, the stages of erythropoiesis from pronormoblast to reticulocyte, and the factors that regulate and are necessary for erythropoiesis. Key factors discussed include erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production; vitamin B12 and folic acid, which are required for DNA synthesis and cell maturation; and intrinsic factor, which is needed for vitamin B12 absorption.
Blood clotting
The document summarizes blood clotting (coagulation). It identifies that there are 13 clotting factors involved in the process by which blood loses fluid and forms a jelly-like clot after leaving the body. The key steps are: 1) formation of a prothrombin activator, 2) conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, and 3) conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin to form the clot. The clotting factors work together in a cascade through positive feedback loops to activate thrombin and fibrinogen in the clotting process.
Introduction to Haemostasis
This document provides an introduction to haemostasis by Dr. Ibrahim Khider. It defines haemostasis as the process of stopping blood flow following injury to a blood vessel. There are three components involved - the extravascular tissues, blood vessels, and intravascular platelets and plasma proteins. Haemostasis occurs through primary, secondary, and tertiary processes. Primary haemostasis involves platelets forming a platelet plug at the site of injury within 3-5 minutes. Secondary haemostasis reinforces this plug with a fibrin clot formed from plasma coagulation factors, taking 5-10 minutes. Tertiary haemostasis involves fibrinolysis to remove the clot as healing occurs over 48-72 hours.
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This document summarizes hemostasis, the process by which bleeding is stopped. It discusses the three components of hemostasis - extravascular, vascular, and intravascular. The normal hemostasis process involves platelet plug formation and fibrin clot formation via the coagulation cascade. Coagulation factors, platelets, and fibrinogen are involved. Hemostasis is balanced by natural anticoagulants. Genetic or acquired bleeding disorders can result from deficiencies in specific coagulation factors or platelets. Common disorders discussed include hemophilia A/B/C and von Willebrand disease.
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Hemostasis is the process by which bleeding is stopped. It involves three main mechanisms:
1. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to reduce blood flow through the damaged vessel.
2. Formation of a platelet plug at the site of injury through platelet adhesion, activation, and aggregation. Chemicals released by platelets attract more platelets to form a temporary plug.
3. Coagulation cascade where prothrombin is converted to thrombin which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin, forming a mesh that strengthens the platelet plug.
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removal of carbon dioxide from tissue
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1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
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1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
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Blood Coagulation or hemostasis
- 1. Blood Coagulation Prep: Amen Ullah Lecturer Surgical 1studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 2. Coagulation Coagulation or clotting is defined as the process in which blood loses its fluidity and becomes a jelly-like mass few minutes after it is shed out or collected in a container. 2studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 3. Factors involved in Blood Clotting Factor I Fibrinogen Factor II Prothrombin Factor III Thromboplastin (Tissue factor) Factor IV Calcium Factor V Labile factor (Proaccelerin or accelerator globulin) Factor VI Presence has not been proved Factor VII Stable factor Factor VIII Antihemophilic factor (Antihemophilic globulin) Factor IX Christmas factor Factor X Stuart-Prower factor Factor XI Plasma thromboplastin antecedent Factor XII Hageman factor (Contact factor) Factor XIII Fibrin-stabilizing factor (Fibrinase). 3studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 4. Stages of Blood Clotting In general, blood clotting occurs in three stages: 1. Formation of prothrombin activator 2. Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin 3. Conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin 4studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 5. STAGE 1: Formation of Prothrombin Activator Thus, formation of prothrombin activator occurs through two pathways: i. Intrinsic pathway ii. Extrinsic pathway. 5studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 8. Blood Clot Blood clot is defined as the mass of coagulated blood which contains RBCs, WBCs and platelets entrapped in fibrin meshwork. RBCs and WBCs are not necessary for clotting process. However, when clot is formed, these cells are trapped in it along with platelets. The trapped RBCs are responsible for the red color of the clot. The external blood clot is also called scab. It adheres to the opening of damaged blood vessel and prevents blood loss 8studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 9. Clot Retraction The process involving the contraction of blood clot and oozing of serum is called clot retraction (30-40 mints after). Contractile proteins, namely actin, myosin and thrombosthenin in the cytoplasm of platelets are responsible for clot retraction 9studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 10. Fibrinolysis Lysis of blood clot inside the blood vessel is called fibrinolysis. It helps to remove the clot from lumen of the blood vessel. This process requires a substance called plasmin or fibrinolysin. 10studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 11. Anticoagulants Substances which prevent or postpone coagulation of blood are called anticoagulants. 1. Heparin 2. Coumarin Derivatives 3. EDTA 4. Oxalate Compounds 5. Citrates 11studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 12. Thrombosis Thrombosis or intravascular blood clotting refers to coagulation of blood inside the blood vessels. Normally, blood does not clot in the blood vessel because of some factors which are already explained. But some abnormal conditions cause thrombosis. Causes of Thrombosis 1. Injury to blood vessels 2. Roughened endothelial lining 3. Sluggishness of blood flow 4. Agglutination of RBCs 5. Toxic thrombosis 6. Congenital absence of protein C 12studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 13. Complications of Thrombosis 1. Thrombus 2. Embolism and embolus 3. Ischemia 4. Necrosis and infarction 13studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018
- 14. BLEEDING DISORDERS Bleeding disorders are the conditions characterized by prolonged bleeding time or clotting time. Bleeding disorders are of three types: 1. Hemophilia. 2. Purpura. 3. von Willebrand disease 14studyforum911@hotmail.com12/25/2018