Atomic structure18.1
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This chapter discusses atomic structure and the development of atomic models from Dalton to Schrodinger, including Thomson's discovery of electrons, Bohr's model of electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed orbits, and Schrodinger's electron cloud model showing electron location is probabilistic rather than definite. The chapter also defines subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, electrons and their relative masses and charges, and introduces concepts like atomic number, isotopes, and the periodic table which are explored further.
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This document provides an overview of atomic structure and isotopes. It begins by recapping atomic structure, including the structure of the atom with electrons orbiting the nucleus, and the relative masses and charges of protons, neutrons, and electrons. It then defines isotopes as atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Examples of different isotopes of oxygen are provided. The document concludes by discussing some uses of radioactive isotopes, such as in food irradiation and carbon dating.
Chapter 4 atomic structure
The document outlines key concepts in atomic structure including Democritus and Dalton's early atomic theories, the discovery of subatomic particles like electrons, protons, and neutrons, and how Rutherford's gold foil experiment led to the development of the nuclear model of the atom with a small, dense nucleus surrounded by electrons. It also discusses how atoms of the same element can differ in the number of neutrons to form isotopes, and how atomic number and mass are used to identify and characterize different atoms and isotopes.
Solid state physics
Contents
The Atom
Materials Used in Electronics
Current in Semiconductors
N-Type and P-Type Semiconductors
The PN Junctions
Diode Operation, Voltage-Current (V-I) Characteristics
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) Structure, Operation, and Characteristics and Parameters
Junction Field Effect Transistors (JFETs) Structure, Characteristics and Parameters and Biasing
Metal Oxide Semiconductor FET (MOSFET) Structure, Characteristics and Parameters and Biasing
The ATOM: Learning Objectives
Describe the structure of an atom
Discuss the Bohr model of an atom
Define electron, proton, neutron, and nucleus
Define atomic number
Discuss electron shells and orbits
Explain energy levels
Define valence electron
Discuss ionization
Define free electron and ion
Discuss the basic concept of the quantum model of the atom
Discuss insulators, conductors, and semiconductors and how they differ
Define the core of an atom
Describe the carbon atom
Name two types each of semiconductors, conductors, and insulators
Explain the band gap
Define valence band and conduction band
Compare a semiconductor atom to a conductor atom
Discuss silicon and germanium atoms
Explain covalent bonds
Define crystal
Describe how current is produced in a semiconductor
Discuss conduction electrons and holes
Explain an electron-hole pair
Discuss recombination
Explain electron and hole current
Describe the properties of n-type and p-type semiconductors
Define doping
Explain how n-type semiconductors are formed
Describe a majority carrier and minority carrier in n-type material
Explain how p-type semiconductors are formed
Describe a majority carrier and minority carrier in p-type material
Describe how a pn junction is formed
Discuss diffusion across a pn junction
Explain the formation of the depletion region
Define barrier potential and discuss its significance
State the values of barrier potential in silicon and germanium
Discuss energy diagrams
Define energy hill
Chapter Two Lecture
The document discusses the history and development of atomic theory from Dalton's postulates in the early 19th century to discoveries in the early 20th century. Some of the key developments discussed include:
- Dalton established the idea that elements are composed of atoms and that atoms of different elements have different properties.
- J.J. Thompson discovered the electron in 1897 and determined its charge to mass ratio. Robert Millikan later measured the charge of the electron directly.
- Ernest Rutherford discovered alpha, beta, and gamma radiation through experiments with radioactive materials. He also proposed the nuclear model of the atom through his gold foil experiment.
- Discovery of additional subatomic particles like protons and neutrons led to the
Structure of atom ppt by shiva prasad class 9th a
Structure of atom ppt by shiva prasad class 9th a
it is very useful to read
and it is also useful for making projects in this chapter
Structure of the Atom – NCERT Class 9 Science Notes.pdf
Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the three fundamental particles found in an atom Know more about the structure of the atom class 9th
Structure Of Atom[1] Monika Khurana
The document discusses the history and development of atomic models from Dalton to Bohr. It describes John Dalton's atomic theory, J.J. Thomson's plum pudding model of the atom, Rutherford's gold foil experiment which discovered the nucleus, and Niels Bohr's model of electrons in fixed orbits around the nucleus. The key components of an atom - electrons, protons, and neutrons - are identified along with their properties.
L2atomsionsandmolecules 130906000808-
1) The document discusses Dalton's atomic theory and the key discoveries that led to the modern understanding of atomic structure.
2) It describes J.J. Thomson's discovery of electrons in cathode rays and Millikan's oil drop experiment which determined the charge of an electron.
3) Rutherford's gold foil experiment revealed that atoms have a small, dense nucleus containing most of their mass, with electrons in the space around the nucleus.
Similar to Atomic structure18.1 (20)
Structure of the Atom – NCERT Class 9 Science Notes.pdf
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Volcanoes form in different types depending on the composition of the magma and tectonic setting, with shield volcanoes being non-explosive and forming from basalt in oceanic settings, composite volcanoes sometimes having explosive eruptions from more viscous magma in continental settings, and cinder cones being the smallest from pyroclastic eruptions.
Volcanoes chapter 29
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Earthquakes ii
Earthquakes originate from a focus point within the earth and seismic waves travel outward, reaching the surface at the epicenter above the focus. Body waves including P-waves and S-waves originate at the focus and travel through the earth, while surface waves cause more damage when they reach the epicenter. Faults occur along tectonic plate boundaries and are classified as normal, reverse, or strike-slip depending on whether the rocks above the fault plane move down, up, or sideways relative to the other side.
Earthquakes
Here are three questions from the section with the answers:
1. What causes convection currents in the mantle?
- Convection currents in the Earth are caused by the Earth's hot inner core heating the magma within the mantle.
2. What is a fault?
- A fault is a fracture, or break, in Earth's lithosphere. Rocks on either side can slide slowly along the fault or stick together, building stress until releasing in an earthquake.
3. Where do most earthquakes occur?
- About 80% of all earthquakes occur in a belt around the edges of the Pacific Ocean, near plate boundaries like the San Andreas Fault where the North American and Pacific plates meet.
Genetics ii
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Plate tectonics ch 28.2
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Chapter 28.1 modern geology
Geology is the study of Earth's rocks and materials. Nicholas Steno developed ideas in the 1600s about how rocks and fossils form using the analogy of shark teeth resembling stones found in rocks. These ideas formed the basis for relative dating techniques. Relative dating determines the order events occurred in by applying principles like superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and faunal succession to analyze rock layers and fossils. Earth's age was originally calculated to be between 10-100 million years but is now estimated at 4.6 billion years based on radioactive dating techniques.
Atoms family
The Atoms Family was created by Kathleen Crawford, 1994
Presentation developed by Tracy Trimpe, 2006, http://sciencespot.net/
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Atomic structure18.1
- 1. Integrated Science Unit 6, Chapter 18
- 2. Unit Six: Properties of Matter Chapter 18 Atoms and Elements 18.1 Atomic Structure 18.2 Comparing Atoms 18.3 The Periodic Table of Elements
- 3. Chapter 18 Learning Goals 1. Build models of atoms. 2. Understand how atoms of each element differ. 3. Describe the forces that hold an atom together. 4. Understand how elements are organized in the periodic table. 5. Use the periodic table to identify the atomic number and mass numbers of each element.
- 4. Chapter 18 Vocabulary Terms atomic mass electrons neutrons atomic mass units nucleus atomic number periodic table of elements atomic theory protons energy levels strong nuclear force group of elements subatomic particles isotopes valence electrons mass number
- 5. Title: 18.1 Atomic Structure *Allmatter is formed from atoms. *Ifbroken apart, almost all atoms contain three smaller particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons cluster together in the atom’s center, called the nucleus.
- 6. * Protons and Neutrons: *Protons are positively charged particles found in the atoms center, called the nucleus *Neutronsare particles found in the center of the atom that have no charge
- 7. * Nucleus: *Thenucleus is the center of the atom, where the protons and neutrons cluster together
- 8. * Electrons: *Electronsare negatively charged particles found circulating around the atom. *Theyare much smaller than protons and neutrons. *They move around the atom in a fixed orbit
- 9. 18.1 Atomic Structure *Atoms and molecules are called the building blocks of matter. Atoms are very small. Subatomic particles have charge and mass: — proton (p+) = 1 amu — neutron (n0) = 1 amu — electron (e-) = 1/2000 amu
- 11. 18.1 Changing model of the atom John Dalton's Atomic Theory 1808 1. Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical. 3. Atoms of different elements have different properties, including mass and chemical reactivity. 4. Atoms are not changed by chemical reactions, but merely rearranged into different compounds. 5. Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine. 6. A compound is defined by the number, type (element), and proportion of the constituent atoms.
- 12. 18.1 Changing model of the atom Dalton pictured the atom as a small hard sphere.
- 13. 18.1 Changing model of the atom TheThompson model suggested negative electrons were embedded in a positive sphere.
- 14. 18.1 Changing model of the atom Bohr'smodel showed electrons moving around the nucleus in fixed orbits.
- 15. Neils Bohr’s Atomic Theory
- 16. 18.1 Changing model of the atom Schrödinger'smathematical model demonstrated that the electron position could be predicted, but not pinpointed exactly. **Schrödinger's model is called the Electron Cloud Model. The cloud represents the probable locations of an electron in its orbit around the nucleus.
- 17. Your Turn… Draw and label the parts of a carbon atom Include: — Nucleus — Protons — Neutrons — Electrons
- 18. 18.1 Atomic Structure Key Question: How was the size of an atom's nucleus discovered ? *Read text section 18.1 BEFORE Investigation 18.1
Editor's Notes
- Why can’t you just draw an atom? Why do you need to designate which element you are going to draw? Does this have to do with the number of protons, neutrons and electrons an atom has? Is this what makes each element different?