Exploring dominant and recessive traits
•Download as PPT, PDF•
2 likes•2,374 views
This document discusses dominant and recessive genetic traits. It explains that traits are passed down from parents through genes, with each person receiving half their genes from each parent. Dominant traits are stronger and mask recessive traits, while recessive traits only appear in later generations if both parents carry the recessive gene. Common traits like eye color, hair color, and skin pigmentation can be either dominant or recessive. The document includes questions and activities for students to identify dominant and recessive traits in themselves and their classmates.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
U7L5 Punnett Squares & Pedigrees
Punnett squares and pedigrees are tools used to predict patterns of heredity and trace traits through generations. A Punnett square uses the alleles from each parent to predict an offspring's possible genotypes. A pedigree traces the occurrence of a trait through a family over multiple generations. Both tools provide probabilities and can help identify inherited disorders. They allow researchers to study genetics and prevent extinction of populations like the European mouflon sheep.
Exploring dominant and recessive traits
This document discusses dominant and recessive genetic traits. It explains that traits are passed down from parents through genes, with each person receiving half their genes from each parent. Dominant traits are stronger and mask recessive traits, while recessive traits only appear in later generations if both parents carry the recessive gene. Common traits like eye color, hair color, and skin pigmentation can be either dominant or recessive. The document includes questions and activities for students to identify dominant and recessive traits in themselves and their classmates.
Genotype and phenotype
The document discusses the differences between genotype and phenotype. Genotype refers to how genes code for a specific trait, using capital letters for dominant traits and lowercase for recessive traits. Phenotype refers to the outward appearance or expression of a trait. Some examples provided are that genotype could be TT for a purebred dominant tall pea plant, while phenotype looks at the actual observed trait of being tall. The key difference is that genotype deals with gene code, while phenotype deals with observable characteristics and traits.
Incomplete and codominance
This document discusses incomplete dominance and codominance. Codominance occurs when two alleles are both expressed together, such as blood type AB having both A and B proteins. Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype from two alleles, like a pink flower from a cross of red and white alleles. Examples are provided of codominance in blood types and incomplete dominance in flower color. Sample questions assess understanding and ask to identify examples and predict offspring phenotypes and percentages through Punnett squares.
Genetics
- Genetics is the science of heredity and variation. It studies how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes and chromosomes.
- Chromosomes contain DNA and genes which determine inherited traits. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation and independent assortment. His work laid the foundation for genetics.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Genotypes and phenotypes
This document discusses genetics concepts including alleles, dominant and recessive traits, genotypes and phenotypes. It defines alleles as different versions of a gene, with examples given for eye color genes. It explains that cells can be haploid with one allele per gene, or diploid with two alleles per gene. Dominant traits will always be expressed if present, while recessive traits only show if no dominant alleles are present. Genotype refers to the alleles in an individual's DNA, while phenotype describes physical traits. The different genotypes are defined as homozygous recessive, heterozygous, and homozygous dominant. Sample questions are provided to illustrate how genotypes determine phenotypes for traits like eye color.
Principles of inheritance
The document summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance:
1. The Law of Dominance states that if a dominant and recessive allele are present, the dominant trait will be expressed.
2. The Law of Segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation so offspring receive one of each allele by chance.
3. The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently, so one gene does not influence the inheritance of another. Mendel demonstrated this through dihybrid crosses showing traits are inherited independently.
Recommended
U7L5 Punnett Squares & Pedigrees
Punnett squares and pedigrees are tools used to predict patterns of heredity and trace traits through generations. A Punnett square uses the alleles from each parent to predict an offspring's possible genotypes. A pedigree traces the occurrence of a trait through a family over multiple generations. Both tools provide probabilities and can help identify inherited disorders. They allow researchers to study genetics and prevent extinction of populations like the European mouflon sheep.
Exploring dominant and recessive traits
This document discusses dominant and recessive genetic traits. It explains that traits are passed down from parents through genes, with each person receiving half their genes from each parent. Dominant traits are stronger and mask recessive traits, while recessive traits only appear in later generations if both parents carry the recessive gene. Common traits like eye color, hair color, and skin pigmentation can be either dominant or recessive. The document includes questions and activities for students to identify dominant and recessive traits in themselves and their classmates.
Genotype and phenotype
The document discusses the differences between genotype and phenotype. Genotype refers to how genes code for a specific trait, using capital letters for dominant traits and lowercase for recessive traits. Phenotype refers to the outward appearance or expression of a trait. Some examples provided are that genotype could be TT for a purebred dominant tall pea plant, while phenotype looks at the actual observed trait of being tall. The key difference is that genotype deals with gene code, while phenotype deals with observable characteristics and traits.
Incomplete and codominance
This document discusses incomplete dominance and codominance. Codominance occurs when two alleles are both expressed together, such as blood type AB having both A and B proteins. Incomplete dominance results in a blended phenotype from two alleles, like a pink flower from a cross of red and white alleles. Examples are provided of codominance in blood types and incomplete dominance in flower color. Sample questions assess understanding and ask to identify examples and predict offspring phenotypes and percentages through Punnett squares.
Genetics
- Genetics is the science of heredity and variation. It studies how traits are passed from parents to offspring through genes and chromosomes.
- Chromosomes contain DNA and genes which determine inherited traits. Genes can be dominant or recessive.
- Mendel's experiments with pea plants established the laws of inheritance including dominance, segregation and independent assortment. His work laid the foundation for genetics.
Non-Mendelian Inheritance
This document discusses several forms of non-Mendelian inheritance including incomplete dominance where traits show a combined phenotype, co-dominance where offspring exhibit both parental traits together, multiple alleles where more than two alleles can code for a trait, maternal and paternal effects where the parent's environment or genotype influences the offspring's phenotype, epigenetic inheritance involving modification to genes or chromosomes early in development, and gene conversion being a DNA recombination process that transfers sequence information between DNA helices.
Genotypes and phenotypes
This document discusses genetics concepts including alleles, dominant and recessive traits, genotypes and phenotypes. It defines alleles as different versions of a gene, with examples given for eye color genes. It explains that cells can be haploid with one allele per gene, or diploid with two alleles per gene. Dominant traits will always be expressed if present, while recessive traits only show if no dominant alleles are present. Genotype refers to the alleles in an individual's DNA, while phenotype describes physical traits. The different genotypes are defined as homozygous recessive, heterozygous, and homozygous dominant. Sample questions are provided to illustrate how genotypes determine phenotypes for traits like eye color.
Principles of inheritance
The document summarizes Mendel's laws of inheritance:
1. The Law of Dominance states that if a dominant and recessive allele are present, the dominant trait will be expressed.
2. The Law of Segregation states that alleles separate during gamete formation so offspring receive one of each allele by chance.
3. The Law of Independent Assortment states that different genes assort independently, so one gene does not influence the inheritance of another. Mendel demonstrated this through dihybrid crosses showing traits are inherited independently.
mendelian genetics (1).ppt
1) This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity and inheritance through genetics.
2) Mendel performed crosses involving one or two traits, such as plant height and seed color, and observed predictable inheritance patterns including dominance and independent assortment of genes.
3) His work demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of heredity now called genes.
Introduction to DNA and Genetics
This document provides an introduction to genetics, including the basics of DNA structure, genes, chromosomes, heredity, and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations for genetics. It explains that DNA contains the genetic instructions passed down from parents to offspring, and that genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes that influence traits. It summarizes Mendel's key conclusions from his experiments, including the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
Genetics Notes
1. The document explains genetic crosses and Mendelian inheritance through examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses in pea plants.
2. It discusses key genetics concepts like genotype, phenotype, probability, Punnett squares, and inheritance patterns like complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
3. As an example, a monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant purple pea plant and a homozygous recessive white pea plant would result in all heterozygous purple offspring.
Biology Variation 1
Within species, there is usually great variation between individuals. This document discusses different types of variation such as variations in shell color and patterns in snail species, variations in wing and body patterns in moth species, and common human variations in physical traits. Variations can be inherited from genes or acquired based on environmental factors and lifestyle. Inherited variations like blood type or hair color cannot be changed, while acquired variations like weight, skills, or tan can change based on environment and experiences. Variations may fall on a continuous spectrum or be discontinuous with no intermediates like sex or blood type. Both genetic and environmental factors influence many traits.
Punnett Square
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Punnett Square. It also talks about the definition, history and the process that are included in the field of Punnett Square.
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
This document provides an introduction to genetics and heredity through Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It discusses how Mendel used pea plants to discover the basic principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors we now call genes. Mendel determined that some genes are dominant and others recessive, with dominant traits always appearing in offspring who receive a dominant allele. His work established the basic rules of heredity and laid the foundation for the field of genetics. The document also introduces key genetics concepts like genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous, and heterozygous individuals.
Introduction to Mendelian Genetics
This document provides an introduction to Mendelian genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in the field in the 1800s, which laid the foundations for genetics but was not recognized until 1900. It defines key genetic terminology such as alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes. It also describes Mendel's experiments breeding pea plants and his conclusions, including the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Mendel demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of inheritance now known as genes.
Mendel’s genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called alleles, and that alleles segregate and assort independently during reproduction according to his principles of segregation and independent assortment. Mendel's discoveries established the foundations of classical genetics.
Recessive Epistasis
This document discusses epistasis, which is when the expression of one gene is affected by other independently inherited genes. It provides examples of different types of epistatic interactions including recessive epistasis. Recessive epistasis is when a recessive gene suppresses the expression of a non-allelic gene. The document uses pigmentation in onions as an example, where a recessive inhibitor gene (ii) causes white color regardless of other pigmentation genes when in the homozygous recessive state. A Punnett square is provided to show the expected phenotypic ratios in the F2 generation.
Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Chromosomal basis of inheritance
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Be familiar with patterns of inheritance for autosomal and sex linked genes
Understand the concept of “Linked Genes”
Understand how traits affected by incomplete dominance and codominance differ from autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive traits
Understand how nondisjunction of chromosomes can lead to disorders.
Linked genes: are those that reside on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
Autosomal genes reside on the autosomal chromosomes (pairs 1-22)
Sex-linked genes are found on the sex chromosomes
(pair 23, usually on the X)
Autosomal genes are usually represented by a pair of alleles
The phenotype of the gene reflects the dominant or recessive relationship of the alleles.
Most autosomal genetic diseases are autosomal recessive meaning the individual need to be homozygous recessive to exhibit the condition
(example: cystic fibrosis) Production of abnormmaly thick mucus. Leading to the blockage of panreatic duct, intestines and respiratory infection.
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant disorder meaning that is a single Huntingtons allele is inherited, the individual will have the disease.
Some alleles do not show a dominance hierarchy
Incomplete dominance: the phenotype of a heterozygous genotype is intermediate in appearance
Codominance: each allele in the genotype for a particular gene will be expressed in the phenotype
Males and females differ in their sex chromosome combination
(females XX; males XY)
Because the X contains genes and the Y “does not”, inheritance patterns of sex-linked genes vary between the sexes
recessive traits more prevalent in males
Genetic disorders can also occur due to errors in the number of inherited chromosomes
This condition arises through a problem that occurs during meiosis
Although female mammals, including humans, inherit two X chromosomes, one X chromosome in each cell becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development.
Barr body
Nondisjunction:
Leads to aneuploidy:
Aneuploidy: is the condition of having less than or more than the normal diploid number of chromosomes, and is the most frequently observed type of cytogenetic abnormality.
Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes during sexual life cycles.
Morgan traced a gene to a specific chromosome.
Sex-linked genes have unique patterns of inheritance.
Alterations of chromosome numbers or structure cause some genetic disorders.
Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome.
Independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over produce genetic variation (recombinants)
Geneticists can use recombination data to map a chromosomes genetic loci.
Chromosomal basis for sex is dependent upon the organism.
Basic Laws Of Genetics
1. Genetic instructions are passed from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. These genes control traits and are inherited in pairs, one from each parent.
2. Some genes are dominant and will be expressed even if one recessive gene is present, while recessive genes only express when two are present. Dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive by lowercase.
3. Hybrid organisms have one dominant and one recessive gene, while purebred have two of the same. Incomplete dominance results in a blending of traits rather than one being dominant.
Probability, Mendel, and Genetics Powerpoint
The document summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
- Mendel studied traits like plant height, seed shape and color in pea plants which existed in distinct forms (tall vs short, round vs wrinkled seeds)
- He performed controlled crosses between purebred (homozygous) pea plants and found that some traits were dominant over others in the offspring
- Mendel developed the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict the probabilities of traits being expressed in offspring
Genetics and Heredity
Here are some key points about sex-linked genetic disorders:
- Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder linked to the X chromosome. Males are affected more severely since they only have one X chromosome.
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder that causes progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It primarily affects boys.
- Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with an unusual structure on the X chromosome. It causes intellectual disabilities and specific physical characteristics.
- Color blindness, as mentioned in the passage, is a sex-linked trait carried on the X chromosome. Red-green color blindness is more common in males.
- Some other examples include hemophilia, D
4.1 chromosomes, genes, alleles & mutations
Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. A gene is a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. Alleles are different forms of the same gene that occupy the same locus. A genome is the complete set of genetic material of an organism. Gene mutations, such as base substitutions, can occur which may lead to genetic disorders like sickle-cell anemia caused by a mutation replacing glutamic acid with valine.
Intro to genetics ppt
This document provides an introduction to genetics concepts including:
1) Genes located on chromosomes are segments of DNA that code for proteins which determine traits. Traits are physical characteristics influenced by alleles which are different versions of genes.
2) Genotype refers to the alleles an organism receives from its parents, while phenotype describes the physical traits that are expressed.
3) Dominant alleles will always be expressed over recessive alleles in determining an organism's phenotype, with the exception of traits only expressed in the homozygous recessive genotype.
A) Variation
An alien visiting Earth for the first time would see many differences between humans. While all members of a species are similar, there are two types of variation between individuals - discontinuous and continuous. Discontinuous variation results in distinct characteristics like blood type, while continuous variation shows a range of differences like height. The type of variation determines how the data can be represented graphically.
Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance - Condition in which neither of allele is dominant over the other in heterozygous .
Carl correns did an experiment with four o'clock plant which explains incomplete dominance by showing blended phenotype pink heterozygous flowers .
Tay - Sachs Disease - Autosomal recessive genetic disorder . Chromosome 15 carry homozygous recessive rr alleles for disease .
Andalusian fowls is an example of incomplete dominance , in F1 generation we get all blue Andalusian fowls and F2 generation shows same phenotype and genotype ratio i.e 1: 2: 1
36481.ppt
Somatic hybridization is a technique used to create hybrid plants by fusing protoplasts (plant cells without cell walls) from two different plant species or varieties. The key steps involve isolating protoplasts, fusing them using chemicals or electricity, selecting hybrid cells, and regenerating hybrid plants. Protoplasts can be isolated enzymatically using enzymes like pectinase or mechanically by cutting cell walls. Hybrid cells are identified using markers like pigmentation, chloroplast presence, or nuclear staining and selected using genetic complementation or antibiotic resistance before culturing into plants. Somatic hybridization allows for novel combinations of traits from different species and the transfer of genes for stress resistance or quality characteristics.
Dominant and recessive
Dominant traits are produced whether an organism has one or two copies of the dominant allele, while recessive traits only appear when an organism has two copies of the recessive allele. In an example of eye color inheritance, brown eyes (B allele) are dominant over blue eyes (b allele). A child of a parent with brown eyes and a parent with blue eyes would have brown eyes since brown is dominant. In the next generation, there is a chance offspring could have either brown or blue eyes as the recessive blue eye trait can be expressed when paired with another b allele. While recessive traits may be masked in some generations, the alleles are still passed down and can reappear through genetic mixing in future offspring.
More Related Content
What's hot
mendelian genetics (1).ppt
1) This document summarizes Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that established the basic principles of heredity and inheritance through genetics.
2) Mendel performed crosses involving one or two traits, such as plant height and seed color, and observed predictable inheritance patterns including dominance and independent assortment of genes.
3) His work demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of heredity now called genes.
Introduction to DNA and Genetics
This document provides an introduction to genetics, including the basics of DNA structure, genes, chromosomes, heredity, and Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants that laid the foundations for genetics. It explains that DNA contains the genetic instructions passed down from parents to offspring, and that genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes that influence traits. It summarizes Mendel's key conclusions from his experiments, including the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment.
Genetics Notes
1. The document explains genetic crosses and Mendelian inheritance through examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses in pea plants.
2. It discusses key genetics concepts like genotype, phenotype, probability, Punnett squares, and inheritance patterns like complete dominance, incomplete dominance, and codominance.
3. As an example, a monohybrid cross between a homozygous dominant purple pea plant and a homozygous recessive white pea plant would result in all heterozygous purple offspring.
Biology Variation 1
Within species, there is usually great variation between individuals. This document discusses different types of variation such as variations in shell color and patterns in snail species, variations in wing and body patterns in moth species, and common human variations in physical traits. Variations can be inherited from genes or acquired based on environmental factors and lifestyle. Inherited variations like blood type or hair color cannot be changed, while acquired variations like weight, skills, or tan can change based on environment and experiences. Variations may fall on a continuous spectrum or be discontinuous with no intermediates like sex or blood type. Both genetic and environmental factors influence many traits.
Punnett Square
It is a powerpoint presentation that discusses about the lesson or topic: Punnett Square. It also talks about the definition, history and the process that are included in the field of Punnett Square.
Chapter 11 Introduction to Genetics
This document provides an introduction to genetics and heredity through Mendel's experiments with pea plants. It discusses how Mendel used pea plants to discover the basic principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete factors we now call genes. Mendel determined that some genes are dominant and others recessive, with dominant traits always appearing in offspring who receive a dominant allele. His work established the basic rules of heredity and laid the foundation for the field of genetics. The document also introduces key genetics concepts like genotypes, phenotypes, homozygous, and heterozygous individuals.
Introduction to Mendelian Genetics
This document provides an introduction to Mendelian genetics. It discusses Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in the field in the 1800s, which laid the foundations for genetics but was not recognized until 1900. It defines key genetic terminology such as alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes. It also describes Mendel's experiments breeding pea plants and his conclusions, including the laws of dominance, segregation, and independent assortment. Mendel demonstrated that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units of inheritance now known as genes.
Mendel’s genetics
Gregor Mendel conducted experiments with pea plants to study inheritance of traits. He found that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called alleles, and that alleles segregate and assort independently during reproduction according to his principles of segregation and independent assortment. Mendel's discoveries established the foundations of classical genetics.
Recessive Epistasis
This document discusses epistasis, which is when the expression of one gene is affected by other independently inherited genes. It provides examples of different types of epistatic interactions including recessive epistasis. Recessive epistasis is when a recessive gene suppresses the expression of a non-allelic gene. The document uses pigmentation in onions as an example, where a recessive inhibitor gene (ii) causes white color regardless of other pigmentation genes when in the homozygous recessive state. A Punnett square is provided to show the expected phenotypic ratios in the F2 generation.
Inheritance
Cell division and inheritance allows organisms to grow and pass genetic information between generations. During cell division, DNA is replicated and divided between new cells so they have the same characteristics. There are two types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces identical cells while meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes. Genes determine traits and alleles are different forms of genes. Dominant alleles show up in offspring while recessive alleles only show if an organism is homozygous recessive. Genetic crosses using Punnett squares can predict offspring genotypes and phenotypes from parent genotypes.
Monohybrid cross
A monohybrid cross is a cross between two individuals differing in one character pair, such as tall vs dwarf plants. The F1 generation produced from this cross is then self-pollinated to produce the F2 generation. In a monohybrid cross involving a dominant tall trait and recessive dwarf trait, the F1 generation will all be tall, while the F2 generation will exhibit a 3:1 phenotypic ratio of tall to dwarf plants.
Chromosomal basis of inheritance
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance
Be familiar with patterns of inheritance for autosomal and sex linked genes
Understand the concept of “Linked Genes”
Understand how traits affected by incomplete dominance and codominance differ from autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive traits
Understand how nondisjunction of chromosomes can lead to disorders.
Linked genes: are those that reside on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
Autosomal genes reside on the autosomal chromosomes (pairs 1-22)
Sex-linked genes are found on the sex chromosomes
(pair 23, usually on the X)
Autosomal genes are usually represented by a pair of alleles
The phenotype of the gene reflects the dominant or recessive relationship of the alleles.
Most autosomal genetic diseases are autosomal recessive meaning the individual need to be homozygous recessive to exhibit the condition
(example: cystic fibrosis) Production of abnormmaly thick mucus. Leading to the blockage of panreatic duct, intestines and respiratory infection.
Huntington’s disease is an autosomal dominant disorder meaning that is a single Huntingtons allele is inherited, the individual will have the disease.
Some alleles do not show a dominance hierarchy
Incomplete dominance: the phenotype of a heterozygous genotype is intermediate in appearance
Codominance: each allele in the genotype for a particular gene will be expressed in the phenotype
Males and females differ in their sex chromosome combination
(females XX; males XY)
Because the X contains genes and the Y “does not”, inheritance patterns of sex-linked genes vary between the sexes
recessive traits more prevalent in males
Genetic disorders can also occur due to errors in the number of inherited chromosomes
This condition arises through a problem that occurs during meiosis
Although female mammals, including humans, inherit two X chromosomes, one X chromosome in each cell becomes almost completely inactivated during embryonic development.
Barr body
Nondisjunction:
Leads to aneuploidy:
Aneuploidy: is the condition of having less than or more than the normal diploid number of chromosomes, and is the most frequently observed type of cytogenetic abnormality.
Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis in the behavior of chromosomes during sexual life cycles.
Morgan traced a gene to a specific chromosome.
Sex-linked genes have unique patterns of inheritance.
Alterations of chromosome numbers or structure cause some genetic disorders.
Linked genes tend to be inherited together because they are located on the same chromosome.
Independent assortment of chromosomes and crossing over produce genetic variation (recombinants)
Geneticists can use recombination data to map a chromosomes genetic loci.
Chromosomal basis for sex is dependent upon the organism.
Basic Laws Of Genetics
1. Genetic instructions are passed from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. These genes control traits and are inherited in pairs, one from each parent.
2. Some genes are dominant and will be expressed even if one recessive gene is present, while recessive genes only express when two are present. Dominant traits are represented by capital letters and recessive by lowercase.
3. Hybrid organisms have one dominant and one recessive gene, while purebred have two of the same. Incomplete dominance results in a blending of traits rather than one being dominant.
Probability, Mendel, and Genetics Powerpoint
The document summarizes key concepts from Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants including:
- Mendel studied traits like plant height, seed shape and color in pea plants which existed in distinct forms (tall vs short, round vs wrinkled seeds)
- He performed controlled crosses between purebred (homozygous) pea plants and found that some traits were dominant over others in the offspring
- Mendel developed the concepts of dominant and recessive alleles and used Punnett squares to predict the probabilities of traits being expressed in offspring
Genetics and Heredity
Here are some key points about sex-linked genetic disorders:
- Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder linked to the X chromosome. Males are affected more severely since they only have one X chromosome.
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy is an X-linked recessive disorder that causes progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. It primarily affects boys.
- Fragile X syndrome is a genetic disorder associated with an unusual structure on the X chromosome. It causes intellectual disabilities and specific physical characteristics.
- Color blindness, as mentioned in the passage, is a sex-linked trait carried on the X chromosome. Red-green color blindness is more common in males.
- Some other examples include hemophilia, D
4.1 chromosomes, genes, alleles & mutations
Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of DNA and proteins. A gene is a heritable factor that controls a specific characteristic. Alleles are different forms of the same gene that occupy the same locus. A genome is the complete set of genetic material of an organism. Gene mutations, such as base substitutions, can occur which may lead to genetic disorders like sickle-cell anemia caused by a mutation replacing glutamic acid with valine.
Intro to genetics ppt
This document provides an introduction to genetics concepts including:
1) Genes located on chromosomes are segments of DNA that code for proteins which determine traits. Traits are physical characteristics influenced by alleles which are different versions of genes.
2) Genotype refers to the alleles an organism receives from its parents, while phenotype describes the physical traits that are expressed.
3) Dominant alleles will always be expressed over recessive alleles in determining an organism's phenotype, with the exception of traits only expressed in the homozygous recessive genotype.
A) Variation
An alien visiting Earth for the first time would see many differences between humans. While all members of a species are similar, there are two types of variation between individuals - discontinuous and continuous. Discontinuous variation results in distinct characteristics like blood type, while continuous variation shows a range of differences like height. The type of variation determines how the data can be represented graphically.
Incomplete dominance
Incomplete dominance - Condition in which neither of allele is dominant over the other in heterozygous .
Carl correns did an experiment with four o'clock plant which explains incomplete dominance by showing blended phenotype pink heterozygous flowers .
Tay - Sachs Disease - Autosomal recessive genetic disorder . Chromosome 15 carry homozygous recessive rr alleles for disease .
Andalusian fowls is an example of incomplete dominance , in F1 generation we get all blue Andalusian fowls and F2 generation shows same phenotype and genotype ratio i.e 1: 2: 1
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
36481.ppt
Somatic hybridization is a technique used to create hybrid plants by fusing protoplasts (plant cells without cell walls) from two different plant species or varieties. The key steps involve isolating protoplasts, fusing them using chemicals or electricity, selecting hybrid cells, and regenerating hybrid plants. Protoplasts can be isolated enzymatically using enzymes like pectinase or mechanically by cutting cell walls. Hybrid cells are identified using markers like pigmentation, chloroplast presence, or nuclear staining and selected using genetic complementation or antibiotic resistance before culturing into plants. Somatic hybridization allows for novel combinations of traits from different species and the transfer of genes for stress resistance or quality characteristics.
Dominant and recessive
Dominant traits are produced whether an organism has one or two copies of the dominant allele, while recessive traits only appear when an organism has two copies of the recessive allele. In an example of eye color inheritance, brown eyes (B allele) are dominant over blue eyes (b allele). A child of a parent with brown eyes and a parent with blue eyes would have brown eyes since brown is dominant. In the next generation, there is a chance offspring could have either brown or blue eyes as the recessive blue eye trait can be expressed when paired with another b allele. While recessive traits may be masked in some generations, the alleles are still passed down and can reappear through genetic mixing in future offspring.
Designer babies
The document discusses designer babies and genetic engineering. It provides arguments for and against designer babies. It discusses how genetic engineering could be used to select traits for babies, prevent genetic diseases, and save lives through designing compatible organ donors. However, it notes that genetic engineering raises ethical issues and is an expensive procedure. The conclusion supports government funding for designer babies to save thousands of lives through genetic engineering techniques.
Hybridization pp
This document provides instructions for students to create a foldable to record data from plant cards, with plant height on the x-axis and petal length on the y-axis, in order to graph and analyze examples of hybridization between different plant and animal species. Examples of hybrids mentioned include mules, beefalo, and broccoflower. Students are asked to identify how many species are represented on the graph and whether any hybrids are present.
Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer.
This document discusses the backcross method for transferring dominant and recessive genes. The backcross method involves using a recurrent parent that lacks a desired trait and a donor parent that has the trait in order to transfer the trait to the recurrent parent over multiple generations. For dominant traits, backcrosses can be done sequentially, while for recessive traits, F2 generations must be grown after the first and subsequent backcrosses to identify plants with the recessive trait. The backcross method allows a trait to be transferred without significantly changing the genotype of the recurrent parent. Some examples of traits transferred through backcrossing include rust resistance in wheat and downy mildew resistance in pearl millet.
Pedigree Charts Powerpoint
A pedigree is a chart that shows the genetic history of a family over multiple generations. It is constructed by a genetic counselor or scientist based on a family's medical history. Pedigrees use symbols to represent individuals and their relationships and health status. Interpreting a pedigree can determine if a condition is autosomal or X-linked based on if it mainly affects males, and if it is dominant or recessive based on whether both parents need to carry the gene. Pedigrees are an analysis tool used to assess disease risk within a family.
Dominant and recessive traits in humans
There are over 200 hereditary traits that are transmitted from generation to generation in humans. Traits are determined by alleles, which can be dominant or recessive. When an individual has two different alleles, one allele will be expressed as the dominant trait while the other allele requires two copies to be expressed as the recessive trait. Some common examples of dominant and recessive traits in humans include widow's peak, bent pinkie, earlobe attachment, rolling of the tongue, cleft chin, dimples and handedness being dominant, while straight hairline, straight pinkie, attached earlobes, inability to roll the tongue, smooth chin, lack of dimples, and left-handedness being recessive
Pedigree charts
A pedigree is a chart that depicts a family's genetic history over multiple generations. It is used by scientists and genetic counselors to analyze patterns of inheritance for genetic traits or disorders. A pedigree shows relationships between family members and can indicate whether a disorder is autosomal or sex-linked based on who is affected. It can also reveal if a trait is dominant or recessive based on whether the disorder appears in every generation or can skip generations.
Viewers also liked (8)
Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer.
Backcross method for dominant and recessive gene transfer.
Similar to Exploring dominant and recessive traits
Traits
This document discusses human traits and how genes influence them. It explains that traits are physical characteristics that make people differ from one another, such as hair color, eye color, height, etc. Genes determine traits by providing instructions to the body. Genes are passed down from parents and can determine traits like hair color, texture, whether one can roll their tongue, taste bitterness, and more. The document uses examples like eye color, tongue rolling, and taste sensitivity to illustrate Mendelian genetics and how traits are inherited.
Heredity revised guided discussion 3 5-08
This document discusses heredity and inherited traits. It explains that traits are passed down from parents to offspring through genes located on chromosomes. There are dominant and recessive traits, where dominant traits will be expressed even if only one parent contributes the gene, while recessive traits require genes from both parents. The document uses Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants and the concept of Punnett squares to demonstrate how traits are predicted to be passed to offspring.
Hair color
The document presents data on traits within the Borilla family. It finds that within this family, light hair color, brown eyes, a widow's peak, absent dimples, attached earlobes, right handedness, present mid-digital hair, a straight little finger, a roller tongue, short lashes, a hairy body, normal vision, present hairy ears and straight hair structure are the dominant traits. It concludes by asking what traits one would want expressed or unexpressed in their future child and responds that while wanting an attractive child, one would love them unconditionally regardless of abnormalities.
Objectives1. To learn the mechanics of human pedigree constr.docx
Objectives:
1. To learn the mechanics of human pedigree construction and analysis.
2. To become familiar with one trait in your family and its mode of inheritance.
Assignment
:
1.Each
student will make a drawing of a family pedigree. You need to trace the trait for 3 generation. This includes grandparents, their children (parents, aunts and uncles), and their children (daughters, sons, cousins). Label your diagram and identify the people affected by the trait. You do not need to look at your family. You can use somebody else’s family.
2.Draw a pedigree of your family for a simple, human trait. If your family exhibits a genetic disorder, and you feel comfortable dealing with it, that is also a good source for your analysis. Begin now and choose a trait and start checking with your parents, grandparents, and as many close relatives as you can show in your pedigree for that trait. Don't use a trait that everyone in your family has. Ideally, you'd want something that varies a bit throughout your family and is easy to spot and verify. You'll want to carry your pedigree back at least three generations. Use a computer graphics program or draw the pedigree
carefully
. Guess the genotype for each of your members of a pedigree.
3.Evaluate the genetics of the trait you chose. Is it a trait which is influenced by only one gene pair or is it polygenic. What kind of pattern of inheritance does it follow: dominant/recessive, co-dominant, or incomplete dominance? Is the trait strictly influenced by genetics or are there environmental factors as well?
How to construct a human pedigree:
Generations are numberered from the top of the pedigree in uppercase Roman numerals, I, II, III etc. Individuals in each generation are numbered from the left in arabic numerals as subscripts, III
1
, III
2
, III
3
etc.T
Modes of inheritance
.
Most human genes are inherited in a Mendelian manner. We are usually unaware of their existence unless a variant form is present in the population whichcauses an abnormal (or at least different) phenotype. We can follow the inheritance of the abnormal phenotype and deduce whether the variant allele is dominant or recessive.
Dominant Trait
.
A dominant condition is transmitted in unbroken descent from each generation to the next. A typical pedigree might look like this:
Examples of autosomal dominant conditions include
Tuberous sclerosis
,
neurofibromatosis
and many other cancer causing mutations such as
retinoblastoma
Autosomal Recessive
.
A recessive trait will only manifest itself when homozygous. If it is a severe condition it will be unlikely that homozygotes will live to reproduce and thus most occurrences of the condition will be in matings between two heterozygotes (or carriers). An autosomal recessive condition may be transmitted through a long line of carriers before, by ill chance two carriers mate. Then there will be a ¼ chance that any child will be affected. The pedigree will therefore often .
Body language
This document discusses body language and its importance in communication. It covers several topics:
1. Body language was one of the original forms of human communication and conveys interpersonal attitudes and emotions.
2. MRI scans show women have greater brain capacity than men for communicating and evaluating others' behavior.
3. Universal gestures like shoulder shrugs can convey lack of knowledge across cultures.
4. To accurately read body language, one should look for clusters of gestures, check for consistency between verbal and nonverbal cues, and consider gestures in context.
Monday january 27, 2014
This document contains notes and instructions for a biology lesson on genetics and heredity. It includes definitions of key genetics terms like phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, codominance. It also describes Gregor Mendel's pioneering pea plant experiments in genetics. The document provides examples of monohybrid and dihybrid crosses using Punnett squares to determine the probabilities and ratios of traits being passed on from parents to offspring. Students are instructed to complete warm up questions, use their textbook to answer questions about Mendel, and work through genetic problem sets using Punnett squares.
Heredity
Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes. Genetics is the study of heredity and how traits are inherited from one generation to the next. Traits like eye color, hair color, skin color, and body type are passed down from parents to children through genes. Genes come in pairs and offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent, which determines which traits are expressed.
Inherited traits
This document discusses inherited traits and behaviors in living things. It notes that traits are physical characteristics while behaviors are how something acts in response to its environment. Traits can be inherited from parents, with organisms getting half their traits from each parent. Both physical traits and behaviors can be inherited. Examples of inherited physical traits in humans include eye color, hair color, ear lobe shape, and height. Instincts are inherited behaviors that help animals survive without being taught, such as animals preparing for and surviving winter or birds instinctively protecting their eggs and young.
Body-language_Trainer-PPT.pdf
This document outlines an agenda for a 120-minute body language training session. The session includes icebreakers, presentations on the importance and features of body language, exercises to identify body language in images, and discussions on developing positive body language like proper posture and handshakes while avoiding negative behaviors like poor eye contact. Participants also learn ways to identify potential deception based on behaviors like frequent nose scratching or neck touching. The goal is to help people understand, improve, and correctly interpret body language.
Inherited traits-and-learned-behaviors
This document discusses the differences between inherited traits and learned behaviors. It provides examples of common inherited traits like eye color and hair color that are passed down from parents to offspring. Inherited behaviors are instincts, like animals preparing for winter. Learned behaviors are acquired through observation, experience, and practice, such as learning to skateboard or use a computer. Both humans and animals can learn new behaviors that are not inherited.
Inherited traits
This document discusses inherited traits and how characteristics are passed down from parents to offspring. It defines inherited traits as those physically transmitted from parents to children, such as eye color, hair color, and dimples. Instincts are also inherited traits that are innate behaviors not learned, like a lion's instinct to hunt. The document provides several examples of inherited traits in humans, animals and plants to illustrate how genetic material carried in DNA is transmitted between generations as a blueprint that determines traits.
Inherited traits
This document lists and defines common human traits such as earlobe type, handedness, hair texture, and eye color that are passed down from parents and make each individual unique, even as some traits are more common in populations than others. It then provides a table to inventory the traits of students in a class.
Marketing to apes_v6
The document summarizes Paul MacLean's Three Brain Theory, which proposes that the human brain is composed of three evolutionarily distinct structures - the reptilian brain, limbic brain, and cortex brain. It then discusses how facial expressions, body language, eye contact, and facial symmetry influence communication and perception of traits like trustworthiness. Marketing approaches that target both the conscious and subconscious minds are suggested.
BIOL209 General Genetics LaboratoryMendelian Inheritance in Hum.docx
BIOL209: General Genetics Laboratory
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT:
Students are expected to read all pages before coming to the lab to complete the experiments.
Print this entire lab packet and bring it to the laboratory.
Objectives:
After completing this laboratory assignment, students will be able to:
1. Observe some single-gene genetic traits in humans.
2. Solve problems involving Punnett squares and pedigrees
Modern genetics began with the work of Gregor Mendel and his study of pea plants. Mendel observed patterns in the number of each phenotype (physical appearance) of offspring from different parents. Mendel described genetic concepts that are used today to explain simple heredity (what traits are passed from one generation to the next) and variation (the differences between parents and their offspring). Through his experiments, Mendel determined that there can be multiple forms of the same gene. These alternate forms of genes, which are called alleles, code for slightly different expressions of a genetic trait. He recognized that some alleles exhibited dominant tendencies and others, recessive tendencies. When a dominant allele combined with a recessive allele, the dominant allele was expressed in the phenotype. Following the system that Mendel used in his experiments, a dominant allele is represented with a capital letter, and a recessive allele is represented with a lowercase letter.
For decades, teachers and professors have used a few classic human traits to demonstrate the concepts of simple autosomal inheritance. In this activity, you will observe the phenotypes of people in your class. You will apply your results, along with research findings, to predict whether each trait follows patterns of simple autosomal inheritance.
Mendelian Laws apply to the simple autosomal inheritance that Gregor Mendel studied, but these laws do not always apply to more-complex modes of genetic inheritance.
1. The Law of Segregation: Inherited traits are determined by genes, with two copies of each gene. Parental genes are randomly separated and segregated into each sex cell (gamete) with one copy of each gene per gamete. Offspring inherit one copy of each gene from each parent.
2. The Law of Independent Assortment: The inheritance of one trait is not dependent on the inheritance of another.
It turns out that some genes, and therefore some traits, are linked. Therefore, they are not assorted independently. Genes in close proximity to one another on the same chromosome are, in fact, more likely to be inherited together.
3. The Law of Dominance: If the inherited genes have multiple alleles, the dominant allele will determine the phenotype of the organism.
In fact, some alleles are codominant, meaning that multiple alleles contribute to the phenotype of the individual. Traits may have more than two alleles for the same gene. Furthermore, multiple genes may contribute to the phenotype of one trait.
Instructions
This lab i.
Of brains and buttons
This is a talk about e-commerce. What makes it work. What causes it to fail.
There are four main topics in this presentation - from simple practical considerations to the more obscure cognitive triggers. IAs need to know this stuff and act on it in an informed, professional manner and each topic certainly deserves a presentation of its own – or a conference of its own. My aim here is simply to set your grey-matter in motion by introducing you to some generic problems and solutions that transcend almost all e-commerce solutions. Here’s the quick-and-dirty rundown:
1. Forms and basic functionality - the crap needs to work
2. Building shared references - folks won't buy what they don't understand
3. Value-added services - enhancing the experience through context
4. Cognitive triggers - influencing irrational decision-making processes
Fat boy swim lesson 1 unrelated incidents
The document outlines expectations and lesson plans for an English class. It discusses classroom rules, accents, and phonetic spelling. Students are asked to identify important classroom rules, define phonetic spelling, translate a poem into standard English, and create a phonetic interview between a regional celebrity and local interviewer. The overall objectives are to understand the teacher's expectations, learn about accents, and recognize phonetic spelling.
2._Inherited_Traits_and_Learned_Behaviors_PPT.pptx
This document discusses the differences between inherited traits and learned behaviors. It provides examples of traits like eye color and hair texture that are passed down from parents, as well as instincts in animals like migration and hibernation. Learned behaviors are developed through interaction with the environment and other individuals, such as learning skills from parents or teachers. The document emphasizes that humans and animals possess a mix of inherited traits and abilities acquired through learning.
What is Neurodiversity?
This document from the Dyslexia Association of London provides information about neurodiversity and various neurodivergent conditions like dyslexia, Asperger's, and autism. It discusses common challenges individuals with these conditions may face as well as strengths. It notes that dyslexia and autism are recognized disabilities under the Equality Act but that intelligence is not affected by dyslexia. The document advocates that neurodiversity should be viewed as a competitive advantage and provides examples of successful neurodivergent historical figures and fictional characters. It concludes by listing sources of further information and encouraging contact with the Association.
FOR EVALUATION USE ONLY - NOT FOR RESALE AND NOT REASSIGNABLE .docx
FOR EVALUATION USE ONLY - NOT FOR RESALE AND NOT REASSIGNABLE
TRUE COLORS INTL
Personalized Report for:
Tonya Mallory
**Your personal report is made up of many different personality characteristics and preferences relating to different situations. It does
not focus only on your brightest color, but instead, it’s how you answered that particular question in the assessment, which may not
represent your overall brightest color.
Page 2 of 21
Congratulations on completing your
True Colors® Intl
Online Assessment!
According to the way in which you responded to the questions, your True Colors personality spectrum
is Gold - Blue - Green - Orange.
Brightest – Most Dominant
This indicates that your strongest, most dominant personality traits
are Gold. The characteristics in this No. 1 spot on your color
spectrum indicate the ones you most prefer to operate from. Unless
you chose responses that represent the skills you are required to use
on a daily basis instead of the ones you prefer to use, they are most
likely the attributes you draw upon when you are being your most
natural self—the ones that happen automatically, like writing with
your dominant hand.
Second Color – Extremely Influential
The second color in your spectrum is Blue. Your second color
Blue will have a major influence on your first color Gold.
Sometimes it will even outshine your first color. Your second color
Blue will often be confused by others as being your first color
Gold because you are able—and do—call on your secondary color
strengths in regular and pertinent situations.
Page 3 of 21
Third – The Back-up
The third color in your spectrum is Green. Your third color
Green is not so much an obvious part of your personality;
however, it is an important fallback position for your first two,
especially when these strengths are required and appropriate. Your
Green abilities support your Gold andBlue personality traits;
however, you can feel depleted if you are called on to use these
skills for extended periods.
Fourth – Palest
The last color in your spectrum is Orange. This is significant
because these characteristics are the least natural to you. You may
admire them in others, or more commonly, these are the traits that
cause the most irritation or conflict with others. This is because
they are the least natural for you, and, chances are, the least
understood or appreciated.
Your True Colors
The color that we operate in will be influenced by the activity
Your True Colors spectrum is a combination of the four color styles: Blue, Gold, Green and Orange.
Most likely, one color will be more dominant than the rest; however, your personality will be
influenced by the needs of the situation you are operating in and the general environment. This does
not mean that your personality changes; it is just a reflection or an individual’s use of the full scope of
their per ...
Heredity reflection
Heredity is the passing of genes and traits from parents to offspring. A person receives half of their chromosomes from their mother and half from their father, which can determine inherited traits like hair color or handedness. The Punnett square is a chart that helps parents determine what genes may be passed down based on each parent's genetic makeup. Traits are either dominant or recessive, where dominant traits only require one parental gene to be expressed in the child, while recessive traits require two matching genes. In contrast, learned behaviors are actions acquired through learning rather than heredity.
Similar to Exploring dominant and recessive traits (20)
Objectives1. To learn the mechanics of human pedigree constr.docx
Objectives1. To learn the mechanics of human pedigree constr.docx
BIOL209 General Genetics LaboratoryMendelian Inheritance in Hum.docx
BIOL209 General Genetics LaboratoryMendelian Inheritance in Hum.docx
2._Inherited_Traits_and_Learned_Behaviors_PPT.pptx
2._Inherited_Traits_and_Learned_Behaviors_PPT.pptx
FOR EVALUATION USE ONLY - NOT FOR RESALE AND NOT REASSIGNABLE .docx
FOR EVALUATION USE ONLY - NOT FOR RESALE AND NOT REASSIGNABLE .docx
More from Emily Neistadt
Conservation
This document discusses various methods of natural resource conservation, recycling, and pollution prevention. It emphasizes the importance of reducing waste through reuse and recycling materials like paper, glass, aluminum and plastics. Specific recycling methods are outlined, such as composting food waste and recycling aluminum cans. The document also discusses pollution issues like acid rain, which results from air pollutants, and water pollution from chemicals in pesticides, fertilizers and industrial waste. Overall, the key messages are that conservation, recycling and reducing pollution are necessary to protect natural resources and ecosystems.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in an area, including genetic diversity within species, species diversity within biological communities, and ecosystem diversity within biospheres. It increases ecosystem stability and health. There are three components of biodiversity: genetic diversity within populations, species diversity between different types of organisms in a community, and ecosystem diversity between different habitat types. Maintaining biodiversity has direct economic benefits for humans through food, medicine, and other resources, as well as indirect benefits by supporting ecosystem services like oxygen production and water cycling. However, biodiversity is declining rapidly due to threats like overexploitation, habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and climate change.
Introduction to Theory of Evolution
The document summarizes key concepts about evolution from biology class. It describes how Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolution through his observations on the Galapagos Islands of different finch species with specialized beaks. Darwin proposed that evolution occurs through overproduction of offspring, competition for resources, genetic variations or adaptations, and survival of the fittest. The theory helped explain how the first single-celled organisms evolved over 3 billion years into the diversity of species today through natural selection, mutation, and genetic drift acting on populations.
Surface of the Earth
This document discusses processes that shape Earth's surface, including mountain building and erosion. It describes three main ways that mountains form: through folding at convergent plate boundaries, movement of chunks of land at faults, and volcanic activity. Erosion is identified as a major destructive process that causes land and rock to wear down over time. The formation of soil and role of glaciers in shaping the surface are also covered. The document concludes with an overview of the rock cycle and the three main types of rocks: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Types of Volcanoes
Volcanoes form in different types depending on the composition of the magma and tectonic setting, with shield volcanoes being non-explosive and forming from basalt in oceanic settings, composite volcanoes sometimes having explosive eruptions from more viscous magma in continental settings, and cinder cones being the smallest from pyroclastic eruptions.
Volcanoes chapter 29
The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 caused its height to decrease significantly. An earthquake triggered a landslide that caused a bulge on the mountain to eject magma, water, and gases. Volcanic activity occurs mainly at plate boundaries and is caused by melting of solid rock into magma under conditions of high temperature and pressure.
Patterns of Heredity
This document summarizes key concepts in genetics, including Gregor Mendel's experiments with pea plants, dominant and recessive traits, Punnett squares, homozygous and heterozygous organisms, and more complex patterns of heredity such as incomplete dominance, co-dominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits. Vocabulary terms are defined including dominant trait, recessive trait, homozygous, heterozygous, purebred, and hybrid. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like incomplete dominance showing trait blending, co-dominance where two dominant genes are present for one trait, and polygenic traits controlled by many interacting genes.
Earthquakes ii
Earthquakes originate from a focus point within the earth and seismic waves travel outward, reaching the surface at the epicenter above the focus. Body waves including P-waves and S-waves originate at the focus and travel through the earth, while surface waves cause more damage when they reach the epicenter. Faults occur along tectonic plate boundaries and are classified as normal, reverse, or strike-slip depending on whether the rocks above the fault plane move down, up, or sideways relative to the other side.
Earthquakes
Here are three questions from the section with the answers:
1. What causes convection currents in the mantle?
- Convection currents in the Earth are caused by the Earth's hot inner core heating the magma within the mantle.
2. What is a fault?
- A fault is a fracture, or break, in Earth's lithosphere. Rocks on either side can slide slowly along the fault or stick together, building stress until releasing in an earthquake.
3. Where do most earthquakes occur?
- About 80% of all earthquakes occur in a belt around the edges of the Pacific Ocean, near plate boundaries like the San Andreas Fault where the North American and Pacific plates meet.
Genetics ii
This document discusses Gregor Mendel's pioneering work in genetics and heredity by breeding pea plants. It then introduces more complex patterns of heredity beyond Mendel's findings, including incomplete dominance where traits blend, codominance where two dominant genes for a trait are both expressed, multiple alleles where traits have more than two variations, and polygenic traits which are influenced by multiple interacting genes.
Plate tectonics ch 28.2
The document summarizes key aspects of plate tectonic theory:
1) Plate tectonics explains the movement of continents and geological events like earthquakes and volcanoes. Early theorists like Alfred Wegener and Harry Hess contributed to developing this theory in the early 20th century.
2) Sea floor spreading was proposed by Hess and coined by Robert Dietz, describing how new ocean crust forms along mid-ocean ridges as the plates spread apart.
3) Magnetic patterns in ocean crust provided evidence that Earth's magnetic poles switch polarity over time, recording a history of plate movements.
Create an earth’s layers poster
The document provides instructions for creating an Earth's layers poster by having students 1) diagram and label the layers of the Earth including the inner core, outer core, mantle, asthenosphere, lithosphere, and crust, 2) list and describe each of the 6 layers on a separate sheet of paper, and 3) attach the diagram and description sheets together before turning the poster in, using their book or the Internet for reference.
Chapter 28.1 modern geology
Geology is the study of Earth's rocks and materials. Nicholas Steno developed ideas in the 1600s about how rocks and fossils form using the analogy of shark teeth resembling stones found in rocks. These ideas formed the basis for relative dating techniques. Relative dating determines the order events occurred in by applying principles like superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and faunal succession to analyze rock layers and fossils. Earth's age was originally calculated to be between 10-100 million years but is now estimated at 4.6 billion years based on radioactive dating techniques.
Atoms family
The Atoms Family was created by Kathleen Crawford, 1994
Presentation developed by Tracy Trimpe, 2006, http://sciencespot.net/
Comparing Atoms and Periodic Table
This document discusses atomic structure and the periodic table. It explains that the atomic number is the number of protons in an atom, which distinguishes one element from another. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Electrons orbit the nucleus in energy levels. The periodic table organizes elements based on their properties and places them in rows and columns according to atomic number.
nervous system
The document provides information about the nervous system and brain. It discusses that the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system carries information between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. It also details the main parts of the brain including the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem.
Structure of the nervous system
The document discusses the structure and function of neurons. It describes the five main parts of a neuron - the cell body, nucleus, dendrites, axon, and myelin sheath. Dendrites receive signals and pass them to the cell body, while the axon carries signals to other neurons. A nerve impulse is when a neuron sends a signal, and there are three types of neurons. Neurons transmit signals via action potentials, which travel faster along myelinated axons.
Atomic structure18.1
This chapter discusses atomic structure and the development of atomic models from Dalton to Schrodinger, including Thomson's discovery of electrons, Bohr's model of electrons orbiting the nucleus in fixed orbits, and Schrodinger's electron cloud model showing electron location is probabilistic rather than definite. The chapter also defines subatomic particles like protons, neutrons, electrons and their relative masses and charges, and introduces concepts like atomic number, isotopes, and the periodic table which are explored further.
Creating a Science Fair Project
The document provides instructions for creating a science fair project, including choosing a question, conducting research to form a hypothesis, designing an experiment to test the hypothesis, collecting and recording data, analyzing results to evaluate the hypothesis, and presenting findings in a display board and notebook. Key components that will be graded are an abstract, procedure, results displayed through charts and graphs, and conclusion stating whether the hypothesis was supported. Students can earn course units for completing a science fair project.
The muscular system
The document discusses the three main types of muscle in the body: smooth muscle found in internal organs, cardiac muscle only found in the heart, and skeletal muscle attached to bones. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and arranged in opposing pairs to allow movement. Skeletal muscle contains two types of fibers - slow-twitch for endurance and fast-twitch for strength but less endurance. Muscles require ATP from cellular respiration or anaerobic fermentation to contract, and even at rest need energy to function. Muscular dystrophy is an inherited disease that destroys skeletal muscles over time.
More from Emily Neistadt (20)
Exploring dominant and recessive traits
- 1. Exploring Dominant and Recessive Traits Biology CRHS Neistadt Courtesy of Miss Smith
- 2. Questions to Think About Let’s list together any genetic traits you can think of on the whiteboard. • For example: eye color, hair color Where do traits come from? What do you think Dominant or Recessive Traits are?
- 3. Where do traits come from? Your parents pass them down through genetic traits. You receive half of your genes from each parent Each person has about 70,000 pairs of genes. Genes can be dominant or recessive
- 4. Dominant Traits vs. Recessive Traits Dominant trait-Strongest trait Dominant trait-Masks or covers up the weaker trait • Which hair color do you think is dominant? • Which eye color do you think is dominant? • Which hair color do you think is recessive?
- 5. Formal Definition Dominant Trait: the trait observed n the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred. Recessive Trait: a trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred.
- 6. Common Misconception Recessive Traits are not rare traits. Dominant or recessive traits may be more common in a population. Example: Blonde hair is very common in parts of Scandinavia. Example: The trait of having six fingers on one hand is a dominant trait!
- 7. Partner Time! Get with a partner. Complete the worksheet together having your partner help you identify if you have the traits listed. Put a check mark beside the trait you have. We will share our results together at the end! When you have completed the worksheet, glue this page into your notebook. It should go onto page 13.
- 8. Earlobe
- 9. Dimples
- 10. Tongue Roller
- 11. Freckles
- 12. Eyelashes
- 13. Hair Line
- 14. Hair Type
- 15. Hair Color
- 16. Eyes
- 17. Lips
- 18. Thumb
- 19. Skin Pigment
- 20. Vision
- 21. Tongue to Nose
- 22. Fingers Do you have hair on your knuckles?
- 23. Interlaced Fingers Without thinking about it, interlace your fingers like the picture shows. If your left thumb is over your right, then you have the dominant trait.
- 24. Pinkie
- 25. Questions to think about Were traits that are dominant, actually dominant among our classmates? Is it possible to have traits that are not visible in your parents?
- 26. If time permits: Glencoe Biology Text chapter 10 Worksheet #49 & #17 from Pacemaker Text: Chapter 5