Howard Gardner is a Harvard psychologist who developed the theory of multiple intelligences, which proposes that intelligence is made up of at least eight independent categories rather than a single general ability. The categories are linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist intelligences. The theory challenges traditional views of intelligence and implications by suggesting students have different cognitive strengths and the education system should support developing all types of intelligences.

1. An Analysis of the Educational Impact of Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences By Richard X. Thripp April 16, 2011 EDF 1005Prof. John Connor Daytona State College

2. Howard Gardner

3. Howard Gardner Howard Gardner: Is a Harvard psychologist A well-known proponent and researcher in multiple intelligences Says overall intelligence is divided into eight independent categories

4. Overview The 8 categories are: Linguistic intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Musical intelligence Spatial intelligence Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence Naturalist intelligence

5. Overview The 8 categories are: (examples) Linguistic intelligence (poets) Logical-mathematical intelligence (scientists) Musical intelligence (violinists) Spatial intelligence (sculptors) Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence (dancers) Interpersonal intelligence (therapists) Intrapersonal intelligence (spiritualists) Naturalist intelligence (biologists)

6. Implications Our school system, textbooks, and standardized tests tend to focus on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence while ignoring the six other intelligences

7. Implications The traditional model says students who are talented in one area of school tend to be talented in all the others, but the theory of multiple intelligences challenges tradition

8. Implications Some students are better at logical-mathematics than others, while others may specialize in pattern matching (naturalist intelligence) or some other area

9. Implications Field trips and sports programs may be more important than we realize, because they encourage bodily-kinesthetic intelligence and on-foot learning

10. Applications By dividing students into groups for team projects, teachers can foster interpersonal intelligence, and, indirectly, intrapersonal intelligence

11. Applications Ability grouping places students of similar aptitude and achievement together so they receive instruction targeted to their specialty

12. Applications Within-class ability grouping divides students in one class into groups, whereas between-class ability grouping divides all students in a whole grade into classes

13. Applications In middle and high school, tracking places students into classes on the basis of ability and career goals (an academic “track”), hopefully developing their preferred intelligences

14. The Intelligences

15. Linguistic Intelligence Characterized by a sensitivity to language arts, the meaning of words, their order, and inflections Examples: Poet, linguist

16. Logical-Mathematical Intelligence Characterized by the ability to process long strings of information, complex reasoning, and recognize patterns in the world Examples: Scientist, mathematician

17. Musical Intelligence Characterized by a sensitivity to pitch, melody, tone, rhythm, harmony, timbre, and other elements of music Examples: Composer, violinist

18. Spatial Intelligence Characterized by accurate three-dimensional perception of the world and the ability to control perceptions Examples: Sculptor, navigator

19. Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Characterized by a fine-tuned ability to use the body and to handle objects Examples: Dancer, athlete

20. Interpersonal Intelligence Characterized by an understanding of interpersonal relations an and understanding of others Examples: Therapist, salesperson

21. Intrapersonal Intelligence Characterized by access to one’s own “feeling life,” and an understanding of one’s self Examples: Philosopher, self-aware individual

22. Naturalist Intelligence Characterized by the ability to recognize similarities and differences in the physical world Examples: Biologist, anthropologist

23. Criticisms While M.I.-theory is popular among educators, some critics say it has not been validated by research. Others disagree that the different domains, such as spatial and naturalist, qualify as different forms of intelligences. Either way, students need experience with each dimension to develop different skills and be well-rounded.

24. Conclusion Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences is a useful tool for explaining specialties and student achievement.