This document discusses four methods of studying psychology: introspection, observation, experimentation, and case study. It provides details on what each method involves, its advantages and limitations. Introspection involves observing one's own mental states, while observation looks at the mental processes of others. Experimentation uses controlled experiments in a laboratory setting. Case study analyzes an individual's behavior by reviewing their past and present circumstances. Each method provides a different perspective but also has limitations in terms of subjectivity, resources required, and applicability to different situations.

1. BHAGAT PHOOL SINGH
MAHILAVISHYAVIDHYALYA
BPS ITTR
SONIPAT, HARYANA
SESSION
2014-2015

2. SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
MS. SUSHILA SHARMA JYOTI
TEACHER ASSISTANT 14060284
B.ED

3. INTROSPECTION METHOD
WHEN A PERSON OR ‘SUBJECT’ HIMSELF OBSERVES HIS
OWN MENTAL STATES AND BEHAVIOUR,IT IS
INTROSPECTION OR SUBJECTIVE OBSERVATION.
IT IS ONE OF THE OLDEST METHOD OF PSYCHOLOGY,
WHICH IS DERIVED FROM TWO WORDS(1) INTRO, AND
(2)SPECTION.
INTRO MEANS ‘WITHIN’ AND SPECTION MEANS ‘LOOKING’
OR’ ‘OBSERVING’.HENCE, INTROSPECTION MEANS LOOKING
OR OBSERVING WITHIN.
WOODWORTH HAS CALLED IT ‘SELF OBSERVATION’

4. VALUE OF INTROSPECTION METHOD
IT IS SIMPELEST AND MOST ECONOMICAL METHOD
AS IT REQUIRES NO LABORATORY OR FINANCE etc.
THE SUBJECT GETS DIRECT, IMMEDIATE AND INTUTIVE
KNOWELEDGE ABOUT HIS MIND.
TEACHERS CAN IMPROVE THEIR TEACHING BY SELF
EVALUATION AND SELF SUGGESTION

5. LIMITATIONS OF INTROSPECTION METHOD
IT IS MOST SUBJETIVE ,PERSONAL, AND UNSCIENTIFIC METHOD.
THIS METHOD IS NOT OF UNIVERSAL APPLICATION.
ITS RESULT DEPENDS ON SUBJECT OR THE OBSERVER AND NOT
VERIFIABLE BY OTHER SUBJECT OR OBSERVER.
IT IS NOT USEFUL FOR THE STUDY OF CHILD AND ANIMAL

6. OBSERVATION METHOD
IN THE WORDS OF SAMUEL SMITH ,
‘OBSERVATION IS A VISUAL METHOD OF
EXAMINING, DESCRIBING, AND INTERPRETING THE
REACTIONS OF INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPS IN
LABORATORY, CLASS ROOM, OR OUT OF SCHOOL
SITUATION’. HERE, WE OBSERVE THE MENTAL
PROCESSES AND BEHAVIOUR OF OTHERS.

7. TYPES OF OBSERVATION
• DIRECT
• INDIRECT
• INDIVIDUAL
• GROUP
• PARTICIPANT
• NON-PARTICIPANT

8. HOW TO OBSERVE?
MAKE A PLAN AND WRITE POINTS OF OBSERVATIONS.
OBSERVE THE BEHAVIOUR WITH A PURPOSE ACCURATELY.
RECORD THE OBSERVATION VERY CAREFULLY IMMEDIATEDLY AFTER THE
OBSERVATION.
AFTER RECORDING, ANALYSE THE OBSERVED FACTS SCIENTIFICALLY.
INTERPRET AND GENERALIZE THE OBSERVATION.

9. ADVANTAGES OF OBSERVATION
IT IS ALWAYS SPECIFIC , SYSTEMATIC, PLANNED AND RELIABLE.
IT IS MORE SUBJECTIVE AND VALID THAN THE INTROSPECTION.
IT IS FLEXIBLE AND ECONOMICAL.
WE CAN STUDY THE CHILDREN AND ANIMALS EASILY
WE CAN SUPERVISE THE TEACHING AND MAY SUGGEST CERTAIN
IMPROVEMENTS.

10. LIMITATIONS OF OBSERVATION METHOD
IT NEEDS TRAINED OBSERVERS
SOMETIMES OBSERVERS MAY TRY TO PROJECT THEIR OWN FEELINGS,
THOUGHTS, IN THE MINDS OF OTHER
PERSONAL PROBLEMS AND EXPERIENCES CANNOT BE OBSERVED
INTERNAL BEHAVIOUR OF THE PERSON CAN NOT BE STUDIED

11. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
EXPERIMENTAL METHOD IS HIGHLY DEVELOPED,FORMALIZED AND
ACCURATE OF ALL SCIENTIFIC METHODS. THE WORD EXPERIMENT
DERIVE FROM THE LATTIN WORD ‘EXPERIMENTUM’.
FIRST EXPERIMENTAL LAB ESTABLISHED BY WILHULM WUNDT (LIP ZING)
GERMANY.

12. EVERY EXPERIMENT SHOULD HAVE :-
• PSYCHOLOGICAL LABORATORY
• EXPERIMENTER
• SUBJECT
• STIMULUS
• RESPONSE
• VARIABLES

13. VALUE OF THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
IT IS MOST RELIABLE, VALID AND SCIENTIFIC
IT HAS WIDE APPLICATIONS IN ALL THE FIELDS OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
REPLICATION IS POSSIBLE
WE GET THE SOLUTION OF MANY PROBLEMS OF EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY
REVERSIBLE
VERIFIABLE

14. TYPES OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
CONTROL -
TEST
METHOD
CONTROL
GROUP
METHOD
ROTATIONAL
METHOD

15. LIMITATIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL METHOD
EXPERIMENTS ARE CONDUCTED IN ARTIFICIAL SITUATIONS AND HENCE
MAY NOT LEAD TO TRUE CONCLUSION
IT IS LENGTHY AND TIME CONSUMING
IT IS COSTLY
SOMETIMES WE MAY NOT BE ABLE TO DO EXPERIMENTS IF THE
SUBJECTS ARE UNCOOPERATIVE
NEED EXPERTS

16. CASE STUDY METHOD
THE CASE STUDY METHOD IS THAT METHOD OF
BEHAVIOUR INVESTIGATION IN WHICH WE TRY TO STUDY
THE BEHAVIOUR OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN ALL THE ESSENTIAL
ASPECTS BY ANALYSING THE PAST RECORD, PRESENT
POSITION AND FUTURE POSSIBLITIES REGARDING HIS FELT
PROBLEM OR OTHERWISE GUIDANCE FUNCTIONS.

17. PURPOSE OR OBJECTIVES OF THE CASE STUDY
DIGANOSIS AND TREATMENT OF THE BEHAVIOURAL
PROBLEMS
TO PROVIDE BETTER GUIDANCE AND COUNSELLING
TO FIND THE SOLUTION OF THE PROBLEM

18. MERITS OF CASE STUDY
IT PROVIDES QUITE A DEEP, INTENSIVE AND OVERALL
INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE INDIVIDUAL IN
RELATION TO HIS PAST AND THE PRESENT.
CASE SUDY CAN PLAY AN EFFECTIVE ROLE IN THE PROPER
IDENTIFICATION, ADJUSTMENT AND REHABILITATION OF THE
PROBLEM CHILDREN.
IN CASE STUDY THE SCOPE AND RANGE OF STUDY IS QUITE WIDE
AND COMPREHENSIVE
CASE STUDY PROVIDE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR COLLECTING DATA
ON PERSONAL BASIS, BY SEEKING PERSONAL INTERVIEW, GOING
CLOSE TO THE ORIGINAL SOURCE OF INFORMATION etc.

19. DEMERITS OF THE CASE STUDY
THE CASE STUDY WORK IS QUITE A TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL WORK.
THERE IS NEED OF SPECIALLY TRAINED TEACHER OR PROFESSIONAL FOR CARRYING OUT
CASE STUDY
THE FIELD OF APPLICATION OF CASE STUDY IS QUITE NARROW AND LIMITED
THERE IS NO GUARANTEE FOR THE OBJECTIVITY, RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE
INFORMATION OR DATA COLLECTED FROM THE VARIETY OF SOURCES FOR THE ANALYSIS
AND INVESTIGATION OF THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE SUBJECT

20. THANKYOU