A.medulla
•Download as PPT, PDF•
2 likes•491 views
The medulla of the adrenal gland contains chromaffin cells that secrete catecholamines like epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Epinephrine is synthesized from tyrosine through a series of reactions in the chromaffin cells and is later released. These catecholamines act on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors and increase metabolism, heart rate, respiration rate, and glycogenolysis while also causing vasoconstriction and vasodilation in different tissues. They prepare the body for fight or flight responses during stress.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Negative & Positive Feedback in Cell Signaling
In this ppt file, I have explained positive and negative feedbacks found in different cell signaling system with some examples with references.
The adrenal gland, catecholamine synthesis
The adrenal gland is located above the kidneys and comprises an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex contains three zones that secrete different hormones - the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, the zona fasiculata secretes glucocorticoids and androgens, and the zona reticularis secretes androgens. The medulla secretes catecholamines including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine which are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine and help the body respond to stress. Catecholamines signal through alpha and beta adrenoreceptors and are degraded by catechol-O-methyl transferase and monoamine oxid
ADRENERGIC AGENTS
This document discusses adrenergic neurotransmission and the catecholamine neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline. It describes the biosynthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and metabolism of catecholamines. It discusses the different types of adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta), their subtypes, molecular effects, and clinical impacts. It also covers Dale's phenomenon, the actions of adrenaline as a prototype catecholamine, and the adverse effects of catecholamines.
Catecholamines
The document discusses catecholamines such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine that are produced in the adrenal medulla in response to stress. These catecholamines act on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to prepare the body for emergency situations by increasing metabolic rate, heart rate, and blood pressure through various cardiovascular and metabolic effects. The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic nerves and stimulated to secrete catecholamines. Glucocorticoids are necessary for normal development of the adrenal medulla. Catecholamines are metabolized to vanillylmandelic acid which is excreted in urine. Pheochromocytoma is a tumor
Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands are located above each kidney and consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine which stimulate the fight or flight response and increase heart rate and glycogen breakdown. Epinephrine is the primary hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla while norepinephrine is also secreted by the sympathetic nervous system. Both hormones increase lipid mobilization from fat tissue and glycogenolysis to provide energy during emergencies.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the adrenal medulla. It notes that the adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin cells that are derived from neural crest cells and act as a sympathetic ganglion. The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. It summarizes the biosynthesis pathway of catecholamines from tyrosine and discusses how the hormones signal through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to produce various effects in different tissues.
Cell signaling transduction mechanisms
1. Cell signaling involves the synthesis, release, and transport of signaling molecules like neurotransmitters and hormones that bind to receptors on target cells.
2. This triggers signal transduction pathways inside the cell that cause changes in cell behavior.
3. The cell then responds accordingly through actions like releasing other molecules or changing its activity level.
Laya k pillai
This document summarizes the cyclic AMP pathway, which is a major intracellular signaling pathway utilized by many hormones and extracellular molecules. It involves hormones binding to cell surface receptors and activating G proteins, which then activate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to produce the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A and leads to phosphorylation of target proteins to elicit physiological responses. The actions of cAMP are terminated by phosphodiesterase breaking it down into AMP or by phosphatases dephosphorylating proteins. Disruption of this pathway by toxins can impair the host's defense abilities.
Recommended
Negative & Positive Feedback in Cell Signaling
In this ppt file, I have explained positive and negative feedbacks found in different cell signaling system with some examples with references.
The adrenal gland, catecholamine synthesis
The adrenal gland is located above the kidneys and comprises an outer cortex and inner medulla. The cortex contains three zones that secrete different hormones - the zona glomerulosa secretes mineralocorticoids, the zona fasiculata secretes glucocorticoids and androgens, and the zona reticularis secretes androgens. The medulla secretes catecholamines including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine which are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine and help the body respond to stress. Catecholamines signal through alpha and beta adrenoreceptors and are degraded by catechol-O-methyl transferase and monoamine oxid
ADRENERGIC AGENTS
This document discusses adrenergic neurotransmission and the catecholamine neurotransmitters adrenaline and noradrenaline. It describes the biosynthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and metabolism of catecholamines. It discusses the different types of adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta), their subtypes, molecular effects, and clinical impacts. It also covers Dale's phenomenon, the actions of adrenaline as a prototype catecholamine, and the adverse effects of catecholamines.
Catecholamines
The document discusses catecholamines such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine that are produced in the adrenal medulla in response to stress. These catecholamines act on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to prepare the body for emergency situations by increasing metabolic rate, heart rate, and blood pressure through various cardiovascular and metabolic effects. The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic nerves and stimulated to secrete catecholamines. Glucocorticoids are necessary for normal development of the adrenal medulla. Catecholamines are metabolized to vanillylmandelic acid which is excreted in urine. Pheochromocytoma is a tumor
Adrenal Gland
The adrenal glands are located above each kidney and consist of an outer cortex and inner medulla. The medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine which stimulate the fight or flight response and increase heart rate and glycogen breakdown. Epinephrine is the primary hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla while norepinephrine is also secreted by the sympathetic nervous system. Both hormones increase lipid mobilization from fat tissue and glycogenolysis to provide energy during emergencies.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the adrenal medulla. It notes that the adrenal medulla is composed of chromaffin cells that are derived from neural crest cells and act as a sympathetic ganglion. The adrenal medulla secretes the catecholamines epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine in response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. It summarizes the biosynthesis pathway of catecholamines from tyrosine and discusses how the hormones signal through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors to produce various effects in different tissues.
Cell signaling transduction mechanisms
1. Cell signaling involves the synthesis, release, and transport of signaling molecules like neurotransmitters and hormones that bind to receptors on target cells.
2. This triggers signal transduction pathways inside the cell that cause changes in cell behavior.
3. The cell then responds accordingly through actions like releasing other molecules or changing its activity level.
Laya k pillai
This document summarizes the cyclic AMP pathway, which is a major intracellular signaling pathway utilized by many hormones and extracellular molecules. It involves hormones binding to cell surface receptors and activating G proteins, which then activate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to produce the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A and leads to phosphorylation of target proteins to elicit physiological responses. The actions of cAMP are terminated by phosphodiesterase breaking it down into AMP or by phosphatases dephosphorylating proteins. Disruption of this pathway by toxins can impair the host's defense abilities.
Cyclic amp
Cyclic AMP is a second messenger that mediates hormone signaling in cells. It is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase in response to hormones like epinephrine and glucagon. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A, which causes effects like glycogenolysis, lipolysis, modulation of gene transcription, hormone secretion, increased gastric acid secretion, and regulation of cell permeability to water.
Cyclic amp
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important second messenger in intracellular signal transduction. It is derived from ATP and conveys signals from hormones that bind to cell surface receptors. Many hormones such as epinephrine, glucagon, and others activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP from ATP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A and triggers physiological responses in the cell. The effects of cAMP are terminated by phosphodiesterases that break it down or by phosphatases dephosphorylating protein kinase A. Deregulation of cAMP pathways has been implicated in cancer and cognitive disorders.
Neurophysiology in ped neurology
The human brain is incredibly complex, making it difficult to fully understand. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit and process information in the brain and nervous system. They communicate via electrical and chemical signals. Imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission can lead to neuronal hyperexcitability and seizures. Changes to ion channels and receptors involved in excitation and inhibition can also contribute to seizures. Antiepileptic drugs work by various mechanisms that suppress neuronal excitability such as blocking sodium channels or enhancing GABA inhibition.
Cyclic amp pathway
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. discovered cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a second messenger that allows hormones like epinephrine to trigger physiological responses in cells. cAMP is produced from ATP by adenylate cyclase in response to hormone binding and activates protein kinase A. Protein kinase A then phosphorylates other proteins to initiate downstream cellular effects. The actions of cAMP are terminated by phosphodiesterase breaking it down and by dephosphorylation of proteins. cAMP mediates many important processes like glycogen breakdown and gene transcription.
Epogen copy
Epoetin alfa (Epogen) is a 165-amino acid glycoprotein produced using recombinant DNA technology that stimulates red blood cell production. It binds to the erythropoietin receptor and activates pathways involved in erythrocyte differentiation and maintenance of circulating red blood cell mass. Epoetin alfa is used to treat anemia by increasing reticulocyte count within 10 days and red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels within 2 to 6 weeks. Common side effects include headache, body aches, diarrhea, and joint, bone, or muscle pain.
Adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla is located within the adrenal gland and consists of chromaffin cells that secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are synthesized from tyrosine through a series of enzymatic reactions and stored in chromaffin granules within the cells. In response to stimulation, the hormones are released from the cells through exocytosis and act on target tissues by binding to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate, respiration rate, and glucose levels while also causing vasoconstriction. Their effects are prolonged compared to sympathetic stimulation due to slow inactivation and degradation.
Second messenger system
This document discusses second messenger systems, which relay signals from cell surface receptors to target molecules inside cells. There are three major classes of second messenger systems: 1) the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system, which is activated by hormones like epinephrine and glucagon and uses cAMP as the second messenger; 2) the phospholipid system, which uses IP3 and DAG as second messengers; and 3) the calcium-calmodulin system, where calcium acts as the second messenger and binds to and activates calmodulin. These second messengers amplify signals and allow hormones and neurotransmitters to trigger intracellular responses.
secondary messengers
This document discusses secondary messengers, which are small molecules that transmit signals within cells during signal transduction. There are three major classes of secondary messengers: cyclic nucleotides, inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, and calcium ions. These messengers are generated through pathways such as G protein-coupled receptor activation of phospholipase C, which produces IP3 and DAG from PIP2. IP3 triggers calcium release from intracellular stores, while DAG activates protein kinase C. Calcium then acts as a messenger by binding to and activating proteins like calmodulin. Nitric oxide is also discussed as a gaseous messenger.
Slideshare second messengers aj
1. Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that transmit signals within cells after extracellular signaling molecules (hormones or neurotransmitters) bind to cell surface receptors.
2. There are three main types of second messenger systems: cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), and inositol trisphosphate (IP3)/diacylglycerol (DAG). These systems activate protein kinases or trigger the release of calcium ions to produce a physiological response.
3. Second messengers amplify and diversify extracellular signals, allowing for precise regulation of multiple cellular processes. Their roles are important for understanding cell signaling, disease mechanisms, and potential drug targets.
Secondary messengers system
This document discusses second messengers, which are intracellular molecules that amplify and spread signals from receptors on the cell surface. It describes four main classes of second messengers - cyclic nucleotides, membrane lipid derivatives, calcium ions, and gases like nitric oxide. Specifically, it examines the cAMP, cGMP, IP3/DAG, and calcium-mediated signaling pathways, outlining the ligands, effectors, and downstream effects of each messenger. It also provides details on nitric oxide and calcium signaling within cells.
Second messengers cAMP and cGMP
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are released within cells in response to extracellular first messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. They amplify and propagate intracellular signals. Examples include cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), inositol trisphosphate, and calcium. cAMP and cGMP are produced from ATP and GTP by adenylate and guanylate cyclases, respectively. They activate downstream effector proteins like protein kinase A and G. This leads to phosphorylation of various target proteins and physiological responses like metabolism, gene expression, cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. The document discusses the mechanisms, targets, functions and therapeutic applications of cAMP and cGMP second messenger systems in detail.
Presentation cellmole
This document discusses cell signaling via cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathways. It begins by explaining primary and secondary messengers, with an emphasis on the role of cAMP as a secondary messenger. It then describes the steps of the cAMP pathway in detail, including the G protein-coupled receptor, activation of adenylyl cyclase and conversion of ATP to cAMP, activation of protein kinase A by cAMP, and regulation of glycogen metabolism. The document discusses mechanisms of feedback regulation of the cAMP pathway to terminate the cellular response, such as receptor desensitization and degradation of cAMP by phosphodiesterase.
Adrenal antagonist (1)
(1) Adrenergic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that bind catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline. (2) There are two main types - alpha and beta receptors, which are further divided into subtypes. (3) Alpha receptors activate phospholipase C, raising IP3 and DAG, while beta receptors activate adenylate cyclase, raising cAMP. (4) The receptor subtypes are located in different tissues and have different functions, such as vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, increased heart rate, and lipid metabolism.
Second Messenger: cAMP Pathway
This document summarizes the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway. It describes how extracellular signaling molecules called first messengers bind to G protein-coupled receptors, activating G proteins that stimulate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to produce the second messenger cAMP. cAMP then activates the protein kinase A pathway and triggers cellular responses. Negative feedback mechanisms like phosphorylation and recruitment of arrestins terminate the signal by desensitizing the receptor. The cAMP pathway is an important intracellular signaling system that relays signals from surface receptors to drive changes in cell metabolism, proliferation, and other functions.
GPCRs and their second messengers
GPCRs activate secondary messenger systems through G proteins. When a ligand binds a GPCR, it activates an associated G protein which then activates downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors produce second messengers, mainly cAMP or IP3 and diacylglycerol, which activate protein kinases and trigger cellular responses. PKA is activated by cAMP and phosphorylates target proteins, while IP3 mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores. These second messenger systems allow GPCRs to regulate diverse physiological processes.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins were discovered in the 1930s and are locally acting lipid compounds derived from fatty acids. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Prostaglandins have diverse physiological functions such as regulating inflammation, inducing labor pains, vasodilation/constriction, and sensitizing neurons to pain. They are synthesized through the cyclooxygenase pathway from arachidonic acid and act through G-protein coupled receptors on target cells. Common therapeutic uses of prostaglandins include induction of labor, treatment of hypertension and peripheral vascular diseases.
Nicotinic receptors
The document discusses nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels composed of five subunits that form a central channel. nAChRs are found in the neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, and central nervous system. They are activated by acetylcholine and other agonists binding and allow cation passage. Defects in these receptors are associated with disorders such as myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy.
4.ion channels & secondary messengers
The document discusses ion channels and secondary messengers. There are four main types of ion channels - leak channels, ligand-gated channels, mechanically gated channels, and voltage-gated channels. Ion channels allow the movement of ions across the plasma membrane down their electrochemical gradient. Secondary messengers are molecules that relay signals from cell surface receptors to target molecules inside the cell, causing changes in cell activity. Common secondary messengers include cyclic nucleotides, membrane lipid derivatives, calcium ions, and nitric oxide. Secondary messengers work through various intracellular pathways and enzymes to elicit cellular responses.
Regulation in lac operon
The lac operon contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode proteins involved in lactose metabolism. The activity of the lac operon promoter is regulated by the Lac repressor and CAP proteins. Negative regulation occurs when the Lac repressor binds to the operator region and prevents RNA polymerase from binding and initiating transcription. Positive regulation happens when the CAP-cAMP complex binds near the promoter and stimulates RNA polymerase binding, increasing transcription. Together, these two types of regulation allow the lac operon to be turned on or off depending on the presence of lactose in the environment.
Regulation of gene expression ppt (1)
This document discusses various mechanisms of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through factors such as transcription factors, enhancers, repressors, RNA processing, and epigenetic modifications. A key example discussed is the lac operon in E. coli, which is regulated by the lac repressor binding to the operator site.
Adrenergic agonists essencial
This document discusses adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms of action. It begins by describing how adrenergic drugs affect receptors stimulated by norepinephrine or epinephrine. It then discusses different categories of adrenergic drugs including direct-acting agonists like epinephrine and norepinephrine, indirect-acting agonists like amphetamine, and mixed agonists. The document delves into detailed descriptions of specific adrenergic drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects, therapeutic uses, and metabolism. Key information covered includes the subclasses of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, how catecholamine and non-catecholamine drugs differ, and how direct, indirect and mixed agonists produce their effects.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It describes the synthesis, regulation of secretion, metabolism, and actions of these hormones. Catecholamines stimulate the nervous system and have effects on metabolism, heart, blood vessels, respiration and other systems through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Their secretion increases during stress to prepare the body for fight or flight responses.
More Related Content
What's hot
Cyclic amp
Cyclic AMP is a second messenger that mediates hormone signaling in cells. It is synthesized from ATP by adenylate cyclase in response to hormones like epinephrine and glucagon. Cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A, which causes effects like glycogenolysis, lipolysis, modulation of gene transcription, hormone secretion, increased gastric acid secretion, and regulation of cell permeability to water.
Cyclic amp
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important second messenger in intracellular signal transduction. It is derived from ATP and conveys signals from hormones that bind to cell surface receptors. Many hormones such as epinephrine, glucagon, and others activate adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP from ATP. cAMP then activates protein kinase A and triggers physiological responses in the cell. The effects of cAMP are terminated by phosphodiesterases that break it down or by phosphatases dephosphorylating protein kinase A. Deregulation of cAMP pathways has been implicated in cancer and cognitive disorders.
Neurophysiology in ped neurology
The human brain is incredibly complex, making it difficult to fully understand. Neurons are the basic functional units that transmit and process information in the brain and nervous system. They communicate via electrical and chemical signals. Imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission can lead to neuronal hyperexcitability and seizures. Changes to ion channels and receptors involved in excitation and inhibition can also contribute to seizures. Antiepileptic drugs work by various mechanisms that suppress neuronal excitability such as blocking sodium channels or enhancing GABA inhibition.
Cyclic amp pathway
Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. discovered cyclic AMP (cAMP) as a second messenger that allows hormones like epinephrine to trigger physiological responses in cells. cAMP is produced from ATP by adenylate cyclase in response to hormone binding and activates protein kinase A. Protein kinase A then phosphorylates other proteins to initiate downstream cellular effects. The actions of cAMP are terminated by phosphodiesterase breaking it down and by dephosphorylation of proteins. cAMP mediates many important processes like glycogen breakdown and gene transcription.
Epogen copy
Epoetin alfa (Epogen) is a 165-amino acid glycoprotein produced using recombinant DNA technology that stimulates red blood cell production. It binds to the erythropoietin receptor and activates pathways involved in erythrocyte differentiation and maintenance of circulating red blood cell mass. Epoetin alfa is used to treat anemia by increasing reticulocyte count within 10 days and red blood cell count, hemoglobin levels within 2 to 6 weeks. Common side effects include headache, body aches, diarrhea, and joint, bone, or muscle pain.
Adrenal medulla
The adrenal medulla is located within the adrenal gland and consists of chromaffin cells that secrete the hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine. These hormones are synthesized from tyrosine through a series of enzymatic reactions and stored in chromaffin granules within the cells. In response to stimulation, the hormones are released from the cells through exocytosis and act on target tissues by binding to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase heart rate, respiration rate, and glucose levels while also causing vasoconstriction. Their effects are prolonged compared to sympathetic stimulation due to slow inactivation and degradation.
Second messenger system
This document discusses second messenger systems, which relay signals from cell surface receptors to target molecules inside cells. There are three major classes of second messenger systems: 1) the adenylyl cyclase-cAMP system, which is activated by hormones like epinephrine and glucagon and uses cAMP as the second messenger; 2) the phospholipid system, which uses IP3 and DAG as second messengers; and 3) the calcium-calmodulin system, where calcium acts as the second messenger and binds to and activates calmodulin. These second messengers amplify signals and allow hormones and neurotransmitters to trigger intracellular responses.
secondary messengers
This document discusses secondary messengers, which are small molecules that transmit signals within cells during signal transduction. There are three major classes of secondary messengers: cyclic nucleotides, inositol trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, and calcium ions. These messengers are generated through pathways such as G protein-coupled receptor activation of phospholipase C, which produces IP3 and DAG from PIP2. IP3 triggers calcium release from intracellular stores, while DAG activates protein kinase C. Calcium then acts as a messenger by binding to and activating proteins like calmodulin. Nitric oxide is also discussed as a gaseous messenger.
Slideshare second messengers aj
1. Second messengers are small intracellular molecules that transmit signals within cells after extracellular signaling molecules (hormones or neurotransmitters) bind to cell surface receptors.
2. There are three main types of second messenger systems: cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), and inositol trisphosphate (IP3)/diacylglycerol (DAG). These systems activate protein kinases or trigger the release of calcium ions to produce a physiological response.
3. Second messengers amplify and diversify extracellular signals, allowing for precise regulation of multiple cellular processes. Their roles are important for understanding cell signaling, disease mechanisms, and potential drug targets.
Secondary messengers system
This document discusses second messengers, which are intracellular molecules that amplify and spread signals from receptors on the cell surface. It describes four main classes of second messengers - cyclic nucleotides, membrane lipid derivatives, calcium ions, and gases like nitric oxide. Specifically, it examines the cAMP, cGMP, IP3/DAG, and calcium-mediated signaling pathways, outlining the ligands, effectors, and downstream effects of each messenger. It also provides details on nitric oxide and calcium signaling within cells.
Second messengers cAMP and cGMP
Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules that are released within cells in response to extracellular first messengers like hormones and neurotransmitters. They amplify and propagate intracellular signals. Examples include cyclic AMP (cAMP), cyclic GMP (cGMP), inositol trisphosphate, and calcium. cAMP and cGMP are produced from ATP and GTP by adenylate and guanylate cyclases, respectively. They activate downstream effector proteins like protein kinase A and G. This leads to phosphorylation of various target proteins and physiological responses like metabolism, gene expression, cell survival, proliferation and apoptosis. The document discusses the mechanisms, targets, functions and therapeutic applications of cAMP and cGMP second messenger systems in detail.
Presentation cellmole
This document discusses cell signaling via cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathways. It begins by explaining primary and secondary messengers, with an emphasis on the role of cAMP as a secondary messenger. It then describes the steps of the cAMP pathway in detail, including the G protein-coupled receptor, activation of adenylyl cyclase and conversion of ATP to cAMP, activation of protein kinase A by cAMP, and regulation of glycogen metabolism. The document discusses mechanisms of feedback regulation of the cAMP pathway to terminate the cellular response, such as receptor desensitization and degradation of cAMP by phosphodiesterase.
Adrenal antagonist (1)
(1) Adrenergic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors that bind catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline. (2) There are two main types - alpha and beta receptors, which are further divided into subtypes. (3) Alpha receptors activate phospholipase C, raising IP3 and DAG, while beta receptors activate adenylate cyclase, raising cAMP. (4) The receptor subtypes are located in different tissues and have different functions, such as vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, increased heart rate, and lipid metabolism.
Second Messenger: cAMP Pathway
This document summarizes the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathway. It describes how extracellular signaling molecules called first messengers bind to G protein-coupled receptors, activating G proteins that stimulate the enzyme adenylyl cyclase to produce the second messenger cAMP. cAMP then activates the protein kinase A pathway and triggers cellular responses. Negative feedback mechanisms like phosphorylation and recruitment of arrestins terminate the signal by desensitizing the receptor. The cAMP pathway is an important intracellular signaling system that relays signals from surface receptors to drive changes in cell metabolism, proliferation, and other functions.
GPCRs and their second messengers
GPCRs activate secondary messenger systems through G proteins. When a ligand binds a GPCR, it activates an associated G protein which then activates downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors produce second messengers, mainly cAMP or IP3 and diacylglycerol, which activate protein kinases and trigger cellular responses. PKA is activated by cAMP and phosphorylates target proteins, while IP3 mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores. These second messenger systems allow GPCRs to regulate diverse physiological processes.
Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins were discovered in the 1930s and are locally acting lipid compounds derived from fatty acids. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes. Prostaglandins have diverse physiological functions such as regulating inflammation, inducing labor pains, vasodilation/constriction, and sensitizing neurons to pain. They are synthesized through the cyclooxygenase pathway from arachidonic acid and act through G-protein coupled receptors on target cells. Common therapeutic uses of prostaglandins include induction of labor, treatment of hypertension and peripheral vascular diseases.
Nicotinic receptors
The document discusses nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), which are ligand-gated ion channels composed of five subunits that form a central channel. nAChRs are found in the neuromuscular junction, autonomic ganglia, and central nervous system. They are activated by acetylcholine and other agonists binding and allow cation passage. Defects in these receptors are associated with disorders such as myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy.
4.ion channels & secondary messengers
The document discusses ion channels and secondary messengers. There are four main types of ion channels - leak channels, ligand-gated channels, mechanically gated channels, and voltage-gated channels. Ion channels allow the movement of ions across the plasma membrane down their electrochemical gradient. Secondary messengers are molecules that relay signals from cell surface receptors to target molecules inside the cell, causing changes in cell activity. Common secondary messengers include cyclic nucleotides, membrane lipid derivatives, calcium ions, and nitric oxide. Secondary messengers work through various intracellular pathways and enzymes to elicit cellular responses.
Regulation in lac operon
The lac operon contains three genes - lacZ, lacY, and lacA - that encode proteins involved in lactose metabolism. The activity of the lac operon promoter is regulated by the Lac repressor and CAP proteins. Negative regulation occurs when the Lac repressor binds to the operator region and prevents RNA polymerase from binding and initiating transcription. Positive regulation happens when the CAP-cAMP complex binds near the promoter and stimulates RNA polymerase binding, increasing transcription. Together, these two types of regulation allow the lac operon to be turned on or off depending on the presence of lactose in the environment.
Regulation of gene expression ppt (1)
This document discusses various mechanisms of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels through factors such as transcription factors, enhancers, repressors, RNA processing, and epigenetic modifications. A key example discussed is the lac operon in E. coli, which is regulated by the lac repressor binding to the operator site.
What's hot (20)
Similar to A.medulla
Adrenergic agonists essencial
This document discusses adrenergic drugs and their mechanisms of action. It begins by describing how adrenergic drugs affect receptors stimulated by norepinephrine or epinephrine. It then discusses different categories of adrenergic drugs including direct-acting agonists like epinephrine and norepinephrine, indirect-acting agonists like amphetamine, and mixed agonists. The document delves into detailed descriptions of specific adrenergic drugs, their mechanisms of action, effects, therapeutic uses, and metabolism. Key information covered includes the subclasses of alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, how catecholamine and non-catecholamine drugs differ, and how direct, indirect and mixed agonists produce their effects.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the adrenal medulla, which secretes catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It describes the synthesis, regulation of secretion, metabolism, and actions of these hormones. Catecholamines stimulate the nervous system and have effects on metabolism, heart, blood vessels, respiration and other systems through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. Their secretion increases during stress to prepare the body for fight or flight responses.
Sympathomimetics / ADRENERGICS / SYMPATHOLYTICS
This document summarizes sympathomimetics and adrenergic transmission. It discusses the endogenous catecholamines norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and metabolism. It describes the mechanisms of action of adrenergic drugs including direct and indirect sympathomimetics. The actions of catecholamines on various organs like the heart, blood vessels, lungs are explained. The document also covers adrenergic receptors, uses of sympathomimetics, adverse effects, contraindications, and sympatolytics.
03. ADRENERGIC DRUGS classification MAO uses
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the sympathetic nervous system. It summarizes that the sympathetic nervous system arises from the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord and uses acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters. It also classifies adrenoceptors and discusses the effects of activating different receptor subtypes on various organ systems.
03. ADRENERGIC DRUGS.ppt03. ADRENERGIC DRUGS.ppt
The document discusses the anatomy and function of the sympathetic nervous system. It summarizes that preganglionic fibers arise from the thoracolumbar spinal cord and terminate in sympathetic ganglia, while postganglionic fibers arise from the ganglia and innervate organs. It also classifies adrenoceptors and discusses the effects of activating different receptor subtypes. Finally, it summarizes several commonly used sympathomimetic drugs and their mechanisms and effects.
into
The document describes the sympathetic nervous system and its neurotransmitters. It discusses how acetylcholine acts as the preganglionic neurotransmitter while norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine act as postganglionic neurotransmitters. It also describes the effects of these neurotransmitters on adrenergic receptors, including their effects on cardiovascular function. Key drugs that act on the sympathetic nervous system are also mentioned.
Sympathomimetics
This document discusses sympathomimetic drugs, which mimic the actions of epinephrine and norepinephrine. It describes the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems, defines sympathomimetic drugs, and classifies them based on their mechanisms of action. The document also discusses the synthesis, storage, release, reuptake, and metabolism of catecholamines. It describes adrenergic receptors, where they are located, and provides examples of drugs that act on different receptor types. The actions and uses of epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine are explained. Therapeutic classifications and examples of sympathomimetic drugs are also provided.
ADRENAL MEDULLA.pdf
The adrenal medulla is located within the adrenal gland and produces catecholamine hormones including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. These hormones are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine through a series of enzymatic reactions within chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla. Catecholamines act on adrenergic receptors and increase heart rate, stimulate metabolism, and trigger the "fight or flight" response during stress. The secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla is regulated by the sympathetic nervous system in response to stressors.
ADRENERGIC AGENTS (WORD)
This document discusses the biosynthesis, storage, release, and effects of catecholamines like adrenaline and noradrenaline in the sympathetic nervous system. It describes the different types of adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta), their molecular effects, locations, and functions. The roles of the receptors in various clinical effects like changes in heart rate, blood pressure, bronchodilation, and metabolism are summarized.
Adrenal gland
It includes the histological , phsiological , pathological and histopathological charaterstics of adrenal gland.
Adrenal medulla
The document discusses the adrenal medulla, which is located in the inner part of the adrenal gland and secretes catecholamines including adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine. It describes the synthesis process of these hormones from tyrosine, and their actions on various target organs through alpha and beta adrenergic receptors. These hormones increase heart rate, metabolism, and blood flow during fight or flight responses. The document also discusses conditions like pheochromocytoma (catecholamine-secreting tumor) and Parkinsonism (dopamine deficiency in the brain).
01Introduction to ANS.pptx
This document discusses the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. It describes the roles and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems, including that the sympathetic system prepares the body for "fight or flight" while the parasympathetic system maintains essential functions at rest. Key neurotransmitters of each system are acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The document also examines cholinergic and adrenergic transmission in detail, including the receptors, synthesis and actions of acetylcholine and catecholamines.
Hormones
The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system and hormone signaling. It describes two main coordinating systems - the endocrine system which secretes hormones to regulate slower processes like growth and metabolism, and the nervous system which uses fast electrical signals. Hormones are classified by their range and effects. The endocrine system uses hormones to coordinate processes in the body and maintain homeostasis via feedback loops, such as insulin and glucagon regulating blood glucose levels. Disorders like diabetes occur when these regulatory processes are disrupted.
Cardiac biomarkers
This document discusses cardiac biomarkers used in the diagnosis and management of heart disease. It begins by introducing the members of a committee on cardiac biomarkers and providing definitions. It then discusses various biomarkers including creatine kinase-MB, myoglobin, cardiac troponins, B-type natriuretic peptide, and others. For each biomarker, it outlines their characteristics such as time of release, specificity, and clinical applications. It concludes by discussing the use of biomarkers in veterinary medicine to differentiate cardiac from non-cardiac causes of dyspnea.
03. adrenergic drugs
anatomy of ans ,sns, chemical mediators , classification of receptors ,agonist and antagonist andits pharmacological effects and its therapeutic uses
Adrenergic Drugs - drdhriti
A power point presentation on Adrenergic system and Adrenergic Drugs suitable for Undergraduate MBBS level students
Lect. Adrenopositiv.ppt
1. The document discusses drugs that affect adrenergic synapses, specifically adrenopositive medications that facilitate nerve impulse transmission.
2. It describes different types of adrenergic receptors (α and β receptors) and their locations. Common adrenopositive medications like epinephrine, phenylephrine, isoprenaline are discussed along with their mechanisms and indications.
3. Side effects of these drugs include tachycardia, arrhythmias and increased oxygen demand of the heart. The document provides a detailed overview of adrenopositive medications and their effects on different adrenergic receptor subtypes.
ANS - Doc Rasha
This document describes the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. It discusses the origin, neurotransmitters, receptors, and functions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. Key points include:
- The ANS regulates involuntary functions like cardiac output, respiration, and glandular secretions.
- The sympathetic division originates in the thoracic spinal cord and uses norepinephrine as its neurotransmitter. The parasympathetic division originates in cranial and sacral regions and uses acetylcholine.
- Target organs receive dual innervation from both divisions, with opposing effects. The overall response depends on the balance of activity between the two.
Adrenergic Drugs.pptx
Adrenergic drugs act on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors throughout the body to produce various effects. They can increase heart rate and contractility, cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation depending on the drug and dose, increase blood pressure, act as bronchodilators, and cause mydriasis through alpha receptor activation in the eye. The document discusses the mechanisms and sites of action of various adrenergic drugs in detail.
Adrenergic system
The adrenergic system involves proteins and drugs that interact with epinephrine and norepinephrine. Adrenergic receptors are membrane proteins targeted by these hormones, while transporters carry norepinephrine across cell membranes. Agonists produce similar effects and antagonists block effects.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine act as hormones and neurotransmitters, regulating processes like smooth muscle contraction and increased blood pressure/glucose levels. Norepinephrine is synthesized in nerve cells and stored in vesicles for release. It initiates the fight-or-flight response through alpha and beta receptors in various tissues.
Similar to A.medulla (20)
More from Dr.M.Prasad Naidu
Free amoebae
1) Amoebae are single-celled organisms that can change shape by extending and retracting pseudopods. They are found across eukaryotic life and include pathogens.
2) Well-known pathogenic amoebae that can infect humans include Naegleria fowleri which causes meningoencephalitis, Entamoeba histolytica which causes dysentery, and Acanthamoeba which can cause keratitis or granulomatous amoebic encephalitis.
3) Amoebae move using pseudopods, feed through phagocytosis or pinocytosis, and can form protective cysts. Their life cycles and pathogenesis depend
Enteric fever
Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi that spreads through contaminated food or water. It has varied symptoms over 4 stages including sustained high fever, abdominal pain, and delirium. Diagnosis involves blood or stool cultures and the Widal test. Treatment is with antibiotics like fluoroquinolones or cephalosporins. Prevention relies on sanitation, hygiene, and typhoid vaccines. Multidrug resistance is a growing problem requiring alternative treatments.
Filariasis
Filariasis is caused by thread-like parasitic roundworms that are spread by mosquitoes and black flies. The worms live in the lymphatic system and other parts of the body, and the females release microfilariae that circulate in the bloodstream. Over time, this can lead to elephantiasis with thickening of the skin. Diagnosis involves examining blood slides for microfilariae at specific times of day. Treatment includes medications that kill the microfilariae like diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and doxycycline. Controlling mosquitoes is also important for preventing the spread of filarial parasites.
Swine Flu
- Swine influenza, or swine flu, is caused by influenza viruses that normally infect pigs. It can sometimes be transmitted from pigs to humans.
- Symptoms in humans are similar to regular flu symptoms like fever, cough, and sore throat. It spreads when people with the virus cough or sneeze.
- Treatment involves antiviral drugs, which work best if started within two days of symptoms. Vaccines are also available to prevent swine flu.
Ebola virus
The document provides information on Ebola virus, including:
1. Ebola virus is classified in the genus Ebolavirus and family Filoviridae. There are 5 species that cause disease in humans, with Zaire ebolavirus having the highest fatality rate of up to 90%.
2. Ebola virus disease symptoms start suddenly and include fever, muscle pain, and headaches. Later symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, and internal/external bleeding.
3. The virus is transmitted through contact with infected body fluids and tissue. Bats are believed to be the natural reservoir of the virus. There is no approved vaccine or treatment, though supportive care can increase survival.
Free radicles
Free radicals are molecules with unpaired electrons that are highly reactive. They are generated through oxidative metabolism and reactions involving oxygen. Common free radicals include superoxide, hydroxyl radicals, and lipid peroxyl radicals. While free radicals can cause damage to tissues, the body has antioxidant defenses like superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and vitamins C and E that help neutralize free radicals. Antioxidants protect cells from the harmful effects of free radical formation and oxidative stress.
Eukar transcription
Gene expression in eukaryotes involves transcription of DNA in the nucleus, followed by RNA processing and transport of mRNA to the cytoplasm for translation. Eukaryotic genes contain both coding exons and non-coding introns. During transcription, RNA polymerase II binds promoters and transcription factors to initiate transcription. The primary transcript undergoes splicing to remove introns and join exons, producing mature mRNA for translation into protein.
Gene Expression in Eukaryotes
Gene expression in eukaryotes involves transcription of DNA in the nucleus, processing and export of mRNA, and translation of mRNA on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic genes contain both coding exons and non-coding introns; the exons must be spliced together to form mRNA before translation. Three RNA polymerases transcribe different types of RNA in the nucleus, with RNA polymerase II responsible for mRNA and some small nuclear RNAs. Precise binding of transcription factors to promoter elements upstream of genes is required for transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II.
ELECTRON TRANSPORT AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
The document summarizes electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. It describes how electrons from NADH and FADH2 are transported via carriers in the mitochondrial electron transport system to oxygen, with energy released used to synthesize ATP. Protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, building a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis by ATP synthase as protons flow back into the matrix. This chemiosmotic coupling allows efficient conversion of electron potential energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP.
ELISA
The document discusses the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a biochemical technique used to detect antibodies, antigens, or other molecules in a liquid sample. ELISA uses antibodies and color changing enzymes to identify target molecules. It is a sensitive, quantitative, and widely used technique in medicine and research. There are different types of ELISA including competitive, sandwich, and indirect methods depending on the target molecule being detected.
Energy Balance
Energy balance occurs when energy intake from food matches energy expenditure by the body. Energy expenditure consists of basal metabolic rate (BMR), the energy required for basic body functions, thermic effect of activity and food, and adaptive thermogenesis. BMR accounts for 50-75% of total energy expenditure and can be estimated using formulas factoring in weight, height, age, and gender. Tracking energy intake and expenditure helps determine if a person has a surplus, deficit, or balance of calories.
Ethyl Glucuronide
Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) is a biomarker for detecting alcohol consumption between 1 day and 1 week. It is formed by conjugating ethanol with glucuronic acid in the liver. EtG can be measured in urine, blood, and hair samples and remains detectable for up to 90 hours after heavy drinking. Studies have found EtG to be a sensitive and specific marker of recent alcohol intake that helps address the need for a biomarker in the timeframe not covered by other alcohol markers. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry is commonly used to precisely measure EtG levels in various samples.
Electrophoresis
This document discusses electrophoresis, which separates charged compounds using an electric field. It moves negatively charged proteins in serum towards the anode at pH 8.6. Applications include separating serum proteins, lipoproteins, hemoglobin variants, and isoenzymes. Zone electrophoresis is commonly used and involves applying samples to a support medium like paper, cellulose acetate, or polyacrylamide gel. After separation, proteins are visualized through staining and quantified using densitometry. Serum protein electrophoresis is used to analyze the albumin and globulin percentages. Abnormal patterns can indicate conditions like multiple myeloma or liver cirrhosis.
Ecosinoid metabolism
This document discusses the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids and eicosanoids. It notes that animals have limited ability to desaturate fatty acids and require certain polyunsaturated fatty acids from plants. These essential fatty acids give rise to eicosanoic acids that produce eicosanoids like prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids involves desaturase and elongase enzyme systems. Deficiencies in essential fatty acids can cause growth and reproductive issues in rats.
Electophorosis
This document provides an overview of electrophoresis, including:
1. Electrophoresis uses the migration of charged solutes or particles in a liquid medium under the influence of an electric field. It is widely used to separate biological molecules like proteins.
2. Particles with different charge-to-mass ratios migrate at different rates depending on factors like their net charge, size, and the pH and strength of the buffer solution. Agarose gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis are commonly used techniques.
3. The general procedure involves separating the particles in an electric field, staining to visualize the bands, then detecting and quantifying the separated fractions. Automated systems now allow high-throughput processing of
Cytokines in diseases
Cytokines are proteins that are involved in cell signaling and communication during immune responses and inflammation. They modulate processes like immune cell differentiation, activation of lymphocytes and phagocytes, and the development of adaptive immunity. Corticosteroids suppress immunity by blocking cytokine synthesis and release. Cytokines play roles in diseases like cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, and septic shock by regulating immune and inflammatory processes. They can be measured clinically to monitor certain conditions.
Cortisol assays & diagnostic laboratory procedures
This document discusses cortisol measurement and its importance in diagnosing conditions like Cushing's syndrome and Addison's disease. It describes the physiology of cortisol secretion and regulation by CRH and ACTH in the HPA axis. Methods for measuring cortisol in serum, urine, and saliva are also outlined, including their advantages and disadvantages. Total serum cortisol, 24-hour urinary free cortisol, and salivary free cortisol are the main tests discussed for assessing cortisol levels.
Colorimetry
Colorimetry is a common analytical technique used in clinical laboratories to estimate biochemical substances. It involves measuring the color intensity of a colored solution, which is proportional to the concentration of the colored substance. The solution is passed through a colorimeter, which measures the amount of light absorbed. Beer's law and Lambert's law describe how the absorption is related to concentration and path length. The colorimeter contains a light source, filter to select the wavelength, cuvette to hold the sample, and detector to convert light intensity to an electrical signal. Standards and blanks are used for calibration. Colorimetry is used to estimate many substances in blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid.
Chromatography
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify the components of a mixture. It works by allowing the molecules present in the mixture to distribute themselves between a stationary and a mobile medium. Molecules that spend most of their time in the mobile phase are carried along faster. Gas liquid chromatography uses an unreactive gas as the mobile phase flowing through a tube, with an involatile liquid held on particles of a solid support as the stationary phase. Thin layer chromatography uses a liquid as the mobile phase flowing past a thin layer of powder on a solid support, with substances less attracted to the solid or more soluble in the liquid moving faster up the plate.
Chromatography
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify components of mixtures using the principle of partition between two phases, a stationary phase and a mobile phase. There are several types including paper, thin layer, and gas-liquid chromatography. Gas-liquid chromatography involves passing a sample through a column containing a stationary liquid phase using an inert gas as the mobile phase, which separates the components into individual peaks that can be analyzed to identify substances.
More from Dr.M.Prasad Naidu (20)
Cortisol assays & diagnostic laboratory procedures
Cortisol assays & diagnostic laboratory procedures
Recently uploaded
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptxMGM SCHOOL/COLLEGE OF NURSING
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
STIs may cause PID. For the both disease, herbal medicine Fuyan Pill can be a solution.
Journal Article Review on Rasamanikya
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
A Classical Text Review on Basavarajeeyam
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Efficacy of Avartana Sneha in Ayurveda
Avartana Sneha is a unique method of Preparation of Sneha Kalpana in Ayurveda, mainly it is indicated for the Vataja rogas.
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Swisschem Dermacare has mentioned the List of The Best Antifungal Soap In India 2022. All of these soaps are trusted by various Dermatology Experts.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
The Electrocardiogram - Physiologic Principles
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Top-Vitamin-Supplement-Brands-in-India List
Swisschem Dermacare provides the Top 10 Vitamin Supplement Brands in India. To know more about us give us call at our official number
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recently uploaded (20)
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
Identification and nursing management of congenital malformations .pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
How STIs Influence the Development of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Muscles of Mastication by Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Ear and its clinical correlations By Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Basavarajeeyam - Ayurvedic heritage book of Andhra pradesh
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Top Effective Soaps for Fungal Skin Infections in India
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptx
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdf
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
Role of Mukta Pishti in the Management of Hyperthyroidism
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptx
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control program
A.medulla
- 1. M.Prasad Naidu MSc Medical Biochemistry, Ph.D.Research Scholar
- 3. Medulla is the inner part Forms about 20% It is made up of interlacing cords of cells, which contain fine granules. granules are stained brown by K2Cr2O7 These cells are called chromophil cells or pheochrom cells or chromaffin cells. Chromaffin cells are of 2 types 1.Adrenaline secreting cells (90%) 2. Noradrenaline secreting cells (10%)
- 4. Adrenal medullary hormones are the amines derived from catechol called catecholamines. 3 catecholamines are secreted by medulla 1. Adrenaline or epinephrine (3µg/dl) 2. Noradrenaline or norepinephrine (30) 3. Dopamine (3.5µg/dl of plasma)
- 5. CCA are syn fromTyr in the chromaffin cells of A.medulla. Various stages in the syn of CCAs:- 1. Formation ofTyr from Phe in the presence of the enzyme Phe.hydroxylase 2. Uptake ofTyr from blood into the chromaffin cells of A.medulla by ActiveTpt 3. Convrsion ofTyr into dihydroxyphenylala (DOPA) by hydroxylation in the presence ofTyrhydroxylase. 4. Decarboxylation of DOPA into dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase.
- 6. 5. Entry of dopamine into granules of chromaffin cells. 6. Hydroxylation of dopamine into norEP by the enzyme dopamineβhydroxylase. 7. Release of NEP from granules into the cytoplasm. 8. Methylation of NEP into adrenaline by phenylethenolamine-N-methyltransferase(PNMT PNMT is present in chromaffin cells.
- 7. Half life of CCAs is about 2 minutes. 85% of NEP is taken up by the sympathetic adrenergic neurons. The biological inactivation (degradation) and removal or remaining 15% of NEP and adrenal occurs as follows: 1. EP is methylated into meta-adrenaline. NEP is methoxylated into meta-noradrenalin .The methoxylation occurs in the presence of Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) Meta-adrenaline and meta-noradrenaline are together called metanephrines.
- 8. 2.Then, oxidation of metanephrines into vanilylmandelic acid (VMA) occurs by Monoamineoxidase (MAO) 3. CCAs are removed from body through urine in 3 forms. i) 50% as free or conjugated meta-adrenaline and meta- noradrenaline ii) 35% asVMA and iii) 15% as free EP and free NEP
- 9. The actions of EP and NEP are excerted through some receptors (adrenergic receptors) present in the target organs. There are 2 types of receptors called α&β adrenergic receptors. Receptor Response Mode of axn α1 More for NEP>EP Activates phosplolipase C & IP3 Α2 More for NEP>EP ↓adenyl cyclase and cAMP Β1 Same for both ↑activates the above β2 EP>NEP same as above
- 10. They give more response to NEP > EP α1 receptors exert their actions by activating the 2nd messenger inositol tri phosphate (IP3) through phospholipase C. α2 receptors exert their effects by ↓ adenyl cyclase and reducing intracellular cAMP.
- 11. β1 receptors have mostly same degree of response to both EP and NEP. β2 receptors are larger than β1 receptors and show more response to EP than NEP Both β1 β2 receptors produce their axns by activating adenyl cyclase through G proteins and increasing intracellular cAMP
- 12. Effects on metabolism:(via α&β receptors): EP influences the metabolic functions more than NEP. 1.General Metabolism:- i) ↑ O2 consumption and CO2 removal. It ↑ BMR. It is said to be calorigenic hormone. ii) Carbohydrate metabolism:- EP ↑ blood glucose level.(↑ glycogenolysis in liver and mus) iii)fat metabolism:- ↑ lipolysis in AT ( for this function Cortisol need the presence of Cortisol)
- 13. Adrenaline ↓ blood clotting time. It ↑ RBC count and Hb content in blood by causing contraction of spleen and release of RBC into circulation. Effects on Heart:- EP has stronger effects on heart than NEP. It ↑ the overall activity of Heart.i.e. rate (chronotropic effect) , force of contraction (inotropic effect) and excitability of muscle.
- 14. NEP causes constriction of blood vessels throughout the body via α- receptors. NEP is called generalVasoconstrictor. EP also constriction of blood vessels. However EP causes dialation of blood vessels in skeletal muscle, liver & heart via β2 receptors.
- 15. EP ↑ systolic blood pressure by ↑ the force of contraction and cardiac output. But it ↓ diastolic pressure by reducing the total peripheral resistance. NEP ↑ diastolic pressure due to general vasoconstrictor effect by ↑ the total peripheral resistance. It also ↑ the systolic blood pressure by the actions of heart. Hypersecretion develops in excessive secretion of catecholamines.
- 16. Effects on respiration:-(via β2 recptors) EP ↑ rate & force of respiration. EP also causes bronchodialation. Effects on skin (via α & β2 receptors):- EP ↑ secretion of sweat. Effects on skeletal muscle:- EP causes severe contraction & quick fatigue of skeletal muscle. It ↑ glycogenolysis and release glu into blood. It also causes vasodialation in skeletal muscles.
- 17. Effects on Central Nervous system:- EP ↑ the activity of brain. Release of EP ↑ during fight or flight reactions after exposure to stress. Other physiological functions:- 1.CCAs cause vasoconstriction in salivary glands leading to mild ↑ in salivary secre 2. CCAs also ↑ the secretary activity of lacrimal glands. 3. EP ↑ the release of ACTH.
- 18. During stress conditions, a large quantity of CCAs is secreted. During rest, a small quantity of CCAs is secreted. These hormones prepare the body for fight or flight reactions. CCAs secretion is also ↑ in conditions like 1. Exposure to cold 2. hypoglycemia