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GPCRs and their second messengers
GPCRs activate secondary messenger systems through G proteins. When a ligand binds a GPCR, it activates an associated G protein which then activates downstream effectors like adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. These effectors produce second messengers, mainly cAMP or IP3 and diacylglycerol, which activate protein kinases and trigger cellular responses. PKA is activated by cAMP and phosphorylates target proteins, while IP3 mobilizes calcium from intracellular stores. These second messenger systems allow GPCRs to regulate diverse physiological processes.
